mix st kilda the archipelago increase the british crowns claim by 160000 square kilometers st kilda has been deserted ever since its $36.00 remaining inhabitants left almost a century ago but humans lived there once and they could live there again at least theoretically. what does the u.k. want with all this water. do you mean by opening a piece of the ocean. the idea of the ocean has changed over time. moves from the pros to show how goods and their cult talk of his mum saw the world and what they flew into an ocean is very much sure what was important to them and most of.

the 41492 before columbus's journey to the americas the ocean as a broad portion of the world's surface as a major space that figured into our sense of the globe really wasn't there in the middle ages the world was thought to be a single large land mass a veritable mega continent without ocean. so the ocean really plays no role at all except to show a limit the ocean shows the limit of society and shows the limits of actually of god's kingdom of the kingdom on earth to the east beyond the ocean clay eden lay that the promised land lay heaven beyond that there was really nothing baptist. for most of human history the oceans were projection screens for the imagination unexplored and irrepressible loved my. area the place of terror.

despite its dangers the ocean became more and more important over the centuries. as global trade developed merchant fleet is transformed the oceans into vast shipping lanes people from past centuries would never have dreamed of laying claim to the ocean for them it was a blue expanse formed with dangers an obstacle that needed to be overcome a sailor's journey to foreign lands. of course the 2 dimensional but it's ironic because the ocean is so material a 3 dimensional you know we you step into the ocean you sink. yet in the 19th and 20th centuries something happened that changed our idea of the ocean for ever the seabed became a place of exploration in 858 as the transatlantic cape was being late

engineers noticed variation in the oceans could this be evidence of undersea mountains the 1st scientific study of the ocean floor was undertaken by the german survey vessel meteo in 1925 scientists today likened the expedition to columbus's 1st voyage which began the exploration of a towering incognita a previously unknown land over the next few decades a picture of the undersea cosmos gradually emerged. suddenly kind of developed this new awareness of the seabed of the underneath of course this itself is also kind of a fantasized idealisation of the ocean because you're imagining that you can see through the water column the water is missing from here the fish are missing a subtle way the topography of the seabed is quite literally brought to the surface . of the discovery of the seabed radically changed our idea of the ocean

the ocean was no longer just water it was 1st and foremost a land mass a vast expanse that belongs to no one but that could perhaps be seen just. this man had a groundbreaking idea. the president of the united states harry else truman a man whose influence or reaching of any other man on earth. harry truman asserted his country's influence with nothing claiming this ocean was a territory to retreat under water that could be annexed just. part of the united states. enormous quantities of oil befell in the gulf of mexico but the oil lay beyond the 3 miles island in which coastal states could exercise their song rights

truman wanted more people wanted new term a story for the night it states the superpower needed more more oil. or oil reserves on the mainland no longer sufficed. our dependence on these minerals and raw materials is so fresh and our supply so uncertain that we are moving as rapidly as we can and by every means that ingenuity and divide to expand facilities to step up production find new sources develop substitutes and bring in increased supplies from foreign sources. after to 2nd world war in $1045.00 then us president truman issued a proclamation. declaring that the natural resources in the. seabed and subsoil belong to the united states of america.

in convincing the world that the american president not only had the will but also the right to incorporate undersea territory truman used an argument that built on a recent discovery some areas of the seabed oceanic others a continental. the us had to have this kind of basis of a jew logical link between its land mass and the land mass submerge and lead to its territory. andy an idea of the geological continental shelf is the basis which the us saw as. a legal basis as well they had to find a link and the bases that they found most convincing most of course science.

but the. odds of it at c.n.n. not. by ever there should be. 15 year olds like this name yes. we did our business in the us we are by. the argument that the continent continues on made up the court of truman's justification this was more convincing because the historical events the legitimacy of this theory which by far into history. simply fall. entire do if keep this. time in. terms.

of the korean talent left by mehdi army on minimum. will feed your cat is a geophysicist at the alfred baker institute in play my husband alfred vega noticed the coastlines of north and south america seems to fit together with those of us and africa like pieces of a puzzle. indeed carnegie lookee in the floor on fall on one of the dark horse dusty comment i'm up to some. very fancy that in the record scientists today believe there was once a supercontinent that at some point began to drift apart in the early 20th century this idea seemed completely preposterous. this being water sanitary. it. could turn. out to damage that kind of

supervisor. this is on the continent on them in the atmosphere to nothing when only outs work invalid as africa the american doctors and indian. muslim the fungus. and disease to cure the present. indian see it's here. to cause us as the con invite not. that. these are but i hear that's where the quote entire . one don't hear home is the only planet delegate's has as a. were these are up or kinder that condemned. to form yet on this have to be done not evil sausan of the feel of whom. you know gospel. they are the end of this submerged land mass is really

a prolongation of your land territory you know it's who can argue that this would not be partly right territory. the more people became aware of large quantities of oil and gas in the ocean floor the more coastal states tried to claim it for themselves they called for an international law based on the geological definition of a continental shelf yet many states resisted the earth's history has not favored each country equally to brushless learned how to answer biden chairs for finance in mind us as we both fear not limit our plight for. africa. particularly made up artist doesn't. want importing context picturesquely and. to balance out the geological differences that emerged over hundreds of millions of years the nations of the world abandoned the geological definition of a continental shelf in favor of

a legal definition that applies to all coastal states uniformly the godless of its undersea geology every country is granted a continental shelf extending 200 nautical miles to see its exclusive economic zone. so these did idea of these 200 as a magic number became acceptable to many states at the conference but the broad margin states did not accept this because of course they were as far as they're concerned they would come up a solution or it's not just the us and it also other states such as canada russia is also one of those states so they were not willing to give this up. ultimately states with a wide continental shelf prevailed a clueless with momentous consequences was quietly appended to the law of the sea convention the clause in question is article 76 it says that the state can lay

claim to his geological continental shelf in addition to his legal continental shelf provided in the state can supply data demonstrating the shelves outer limits within 10 years. the time limit triggered a veritable wound on the world's oceans and the largest land allocation in world history. for the 1st time in the history of humanity a land grab occurred based not only more on traditional forms of talent but rather on geological findings. the scientists have a special role in the k. . the ocean because the physical difference isn't as obvious it's not as experienced if you're on an island detention no you're on an island you can

experience where land meets water i have no idea where the seabed ends you know where the continental shelf fans and you know nobody does from every day observation. so i would like to explain you now actually article $76.00 of the convention to see actually works and it's all about natural. laws so we have a lot actually learned continues underwater something like this everything is decided by the point where the continental gradient drops off at the foot of the continental slope this spot is used to calculate the show outer limits the state can choose between 2 formulas it can extend its borders 60 nautical miles or 180 kilometers from this point seawards tran be more advantageously however to use the

sediment thickness because the settlements on the mainland the state has a territorial claim to this part of the sea bed the thicker the layer of sediment the better according to the thick list will the continental shelf extends until the point where the thickness of sediment amounts to one percent of the distance from the foot of the slope. because no one only chests understand geological data only thing can determine how far a state so when whites extend over the ocean hence a commission of expert was found in new york where the global community recognizes stakes and has some importers. love one knows. beside thousands by make believe the.

commission uns it limits of if as pows idiotic and zap it is as is g.'s e instead to join you bob peeped then join sed head busy sure feel if we had each really involved. but. call him him to this commission yes now he is among the fiercest critics. g. home in your. paper. clips are spot. yeah its bad when for. that hour i mocked. you not in president. of the $21.00 geologist of the continental shelf commission would see the united

nations plaza filming it is for me the. members may speak to the public in spite of precisely because of the fact that their decisions can change maritime nations. easily. i am confidentiality the. best i have seen the. hydrant. oh joe because you've run have you noticed that joe and day it down the dat even east zhan why this story i was trying to end there does. plague of country then g.-d. fond of nights crazy but does ice sheets rising you know how those. birds. take the worst possible material eurabia grinding to dust comparable to flour and

make a hell of it and put it into a place where people live it is a cause colossal event i do as well and so many people afflicted with of the file include. but does it make you feel nice you feel like a murderer we have created an enormous and on a mental disaster. an investigation south africa toxic city on al jazeera. the latest news as it breaks it is long campaigned against what it calls at times to undermine the state of israel from within. with details coverage called power being replaced by eco friendly plants all over the world environmentalists hear the pulse of often concern. from around the wild things just as visible above ground and on the surface are underwater. our war on terror begins with outcome but it does not in there no terrorist state poses

a greater or more immediate threat than the regime of saddam hussein and this is a regime that has something to hide they have prepared a significant propaganda felician and guess what not one w m d shite was found in iraq since 1991 iraq a deadly deception on al-jazeera. and these are main stories and. hundreds of people in sudan's capital are back on the streets protesting against the findings of an investigation into the deadly crackdown in khartoum last month it blamed drug soldiers for the violent break up

of the sit in demonstration. of the i don't believe what happened today undermines the political process unless the military council looks for excuses to freeze negotiations or procrastinate the process what happened today is a natural response let the military council see this is a strong message that the people cannot remain silent as the investigation commission was formed not to establish the truth but to conceal the truth. more than a 1000 protesters have been arrested many violently at an authorized march and was co they were protesting the barring of opposition candidates from local elections hong kong police have again fired rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters after thousands of people defy the government bad and rally near a small town near the chinese border a group of men attacked protesters at a train station there last week the european union has called on bahrain to impose a moratorium on executions after 2 men convicted of terrorism charges were shot by

firing squad she activists. were sentenced over the killing of a policeman the executions went ahead despite international concern that their confessions were extracted under torture. now the leaders of mexico in honduras have signed a letter of intent to cooperate on ways to stem the flow of migrants to the u.s. it comes a day after the u.s. and guatemala signed a migration agreement under the deal migrants from el salvador and honduras who pass through got to mala would be required to stop and seek asylum there 1st or be ineligible for asylum in the u.s. 2 people died and 17 others were injured after a balcony collapsed at a nightclub in south korea it happened in the southwestern city of gwangju many of the injured were foreign athletes competing in the world swimming championships earthquakes in the philippines have killed at least 8 people and injured dozens

more to tremor struck early on saturday near the but that is islands and oceans monopoly continues stay with us. if you want to learn above the world might look like very soon regards 100 and hungry zillion extreme example of the predicament the whole world is going through. since mass immigration story we had one should question is the thing because yours and the problems that the culture of that these. cars should say to raiding the us is or is not comfortable with european culture this is not like food fascists. triumphal march. dreams of conquest and of global tribe. this is very very uneventful glide towards the precipice

without resistance we are pos the danger has already happened. it was then just 10 years ago. now this is it. but. before the commission of experts was founded in new york where the global community recognizes states and sort of imported us as pows who do you got their cards zachary's as jeezy institute surely bob peeped. for the 1st time in the history of humanity a land grab occurred based not only more on traditional firms of power but rather on geological findings. of the experts who tipped the scales in luling about maritime territories a notoriously unforthcoming one members agreed to speak about the commission on the condition the team meters not to new york but in which city in frons.

personally i always felt that we could do an effort to actually be more transparent and to communicate. so my name is walter roost and i'm reading your physicist work at it from here in france and i'm a member of the un commission on the limits of the continental shelf. well the 1st thing i should say is that you know the work of the commission yes it's true it's quite. 3 that very confidential fashion and the main reason behind that from the beginning while the 2 reasons one is that we're dealing with sovereign rights of states secondly many of the states submit data that are actually confidential data derives from petroleum industry francis so and those

data they have to be treated with a very high level of confidentiality there are powerful interests behind the state's petitions seabed data have enormous economic significance this information contains important clues for where natural resources might be located ready industries and states are not inclined to share this information which can be worth billions i think what we did what i could say is that as members of the commission i think we consider ourselves really scientific and technical experts but we also. cautions of the fact that our recommendations or decisions that we make have huge impact both politically economically. and so on so is it possible to distinguish those 2. geologists in the

commission to have the job of evaluating continental shelf data submitted by countries officially the commission only makes recommendations but since their conclusions are not cooperated by anyone else they have de facto or pfoa t. to decide which nations get which territories. 5 nations that border the arctic ocean are in a bid to extend their software in why it's in the direction of the north pole denmark china to us norway and russia each wants as much territories possible the area is best. managing to contain 10 percent of the wolves oil was. due to fire who of. edge's who shaped. if.

for. us we're doing is his hindes has put down. russians. who. understood him to take advantage of the new. in 2002 he was one of the 1st countries to submit a claim to the continental shelf commission the russians asserting to no less than the entire essential arctic an area of $1500000.00 square kilometers including the north pole coal hinz was known as the man who shot down blushes claim on account of insufficient scientific evidence employed a trick that many states are using to push through their claims even after they

rejected. in this country. this is a boat. or d.l.c. este. ron. i'm a fresh one of. those . missions. in the race to control the world's oceans data is key if a claim is rejected nations can have with searches collect information this effectively allows countries to circumvent the commission's 10 year deadline governments can submit new reports until their claims who approved each additional geological submission brings with it a fresh womb for interpretation the name of the game is if you want to have the

best answer for your time boundaries. nor the best answer for your extended continental shelf you go out and collect the best modern day data possible to go in use for your final application for law to see to ensure that the answer is the best that it can be. russia has since submitted it with fines to date to the continental shelf commission but canada and denmark want to know home. how can other countries with the same scientific documents claim the same territory . is an ocean and water is a continent it is a question of just speak to the commission evaluates the scientific data and makes

a decision either for or against a state's claim once a claim is approved it is binding and cannot be with 1st. i don't know i mean we have no. if we replace all members of the commission hypothetically if we have 21 new members and we would give them the same case it would be get the same result i can be quite certain we will not get exactly the same result so i. i don't believe that the commission can be a 100 percent right because 100 percent right does not exist in natural sciences we're talking about interpreting based all right up to this past date of. the commission is a clip of textbooks selected by the channel to save the united nations of the $21.00 members on the commission 19 come from countries that of others like the territorial expansion to national interests playing decisions of its members

inserts against the recommendations and tested. and the phased plans of the commission on. on top of. this is that the workload charm in every age i did my. country or they have put all your. talk of problems short nobody. wiking son well there were 2 candidates. from all i can say is that john mccain wants. michael loved puts his

international seabed to. say it is a type of executive council of the ocean floor they supervise what the states are on able to get their hands on with continental shelf claims the i.s.a.'s official says is that the deep sea bed is the common heritage of mankind they believe that the ocean belongs to everyone the common heritage concept includes. a number of basic ideas the 1st idea is that. it's an area over which no single state can claim sovereignty and it has to be administered for the benefit of all mankind. the seabed all 14 years the tosca distributing witches that are not in the sovereign areas of national states if a country or company makes a profit from mining minerals the i s a ensures that poor countries and countries

without coastal borders receive a share. when founding the i s a states agreed to make environmental regulations as strict as possible for deep sea mining in international waters because no one knows its effect on the merits of the ecosystem . so the i.r. say has no standing in the continental shelf commission it's not an observer to the commission it has no right to object to a recommendation of the commission. the commission's recommendations go only to the coastal state that is making the submission and not to anybody else. the ocean compass ever 360000000 square kilometers almost 3 quarters of the earth's

surface. and. over 40 percent of this area has been assigned to continental shelves. claims on expanded geological continental shelves make up another 10 percent of the ocean. which is now projected to around 57 percent of the oceans will eventually be under the control of the coastal states. in the year 2000 and that's the latest set of figures that we have the international seabed authority which is based in jamaica they came up with an estimate as they saw that governments were starting to work through this more recent component for a lot of the sea for the extended continental shelf they have a figure just just below $12000.00 us trillion dollars is the in-situ estimate of seabed resources in the expanded continental shelf.

estimates about the quantity of natural resources buried in the seabed the highest .