al-jazeera. where ever you. i'm how i'm here in doha the top stories on al-jazeera the u.s. envoy to the e.u. has altered his testimony in the impeachment inquiry into president donald trump gordon's on the coals a conversation where he said that u.s. military aid was likely to be dependent on ukraine launching investigations demanded by trump heidi joe castro has more now from washington d.c. . the transcripts reveal that a key witness has reversed his testimony regarding the question that is at the center of this impeachment inquiry and that is whether trump used u.s.

security aid to bribe the ukrainian government to help him with his reelection campaign the witness in question here is ordered some of the u.s. ambassador to the u. and initially he had testified that there was no quid pro quo but upon reviewing the transcripts of other witnesses who had implicated him directly he now says his memory has been jarred and in fact explicitly remembers telling ukrainian officials that this security money was contingent on ukraine issuing a public statement saying it would investigate the son of trump's political rival joe biden now what is the significance of this reversal in testimony while some land was widely considered to be one of trump's closest allies he was a donor long before he was named ambassador and the fact that his 1st instinct they had been to protect the president and now he's moving away from trouble is

indicative of the growing strength of this case to impeach the president the white house has responded to the release of these testimonies by ignoring most of the information contained in these pages that seem to implicate trump. yemen's internationally recognized government and signed a power sharing agreements with southern separatists that's who was brokered by saudi arabia and seems to end months of fighting that opens a new front in the war on the plan yemen's governments will return to eton and cabinet positions will be given to members of the southern transitional council or diplomats critser james based house reaction to the deal. i think people are welcoming this it's been talked about for some time and clearly we have now a peace deal in place that if it is followed through by by those on both sides will mean potentially some peace in one part of the violent conflict in yemen it is

though of course one part of this very complex multi dimensional war iraq's government is lifting an overnight curfew in baghdad but there's been no improvements in security to protest as were killed earlier in the day and and another 30 were killed in the through that 6 the total number killed since the beginning of a tolbert more than $216.00 the latest report indicates a demonstration related violence from the 25th of october or november 4th cause at least $97.00 further deaths and thousands of injuries or the iraqi security officials can displayed more restraint than in previous protests earlier in october particularly in baghdad the unlawful use of lethal and less lethal weapons by security forces and armed people requires urgent attention to this president sebastian pinera is refusing to resign after 3 weeks of violent protests police found water cannon and tear gas on hundreds of people who once again came out on to

the streets of the capital santiago at least 20 people have died during the demonstrations u.s. president donald trump has offered to help mexico white pants the drug cartels blamed for an attack which killed 9 americans they were attacked by suspected cartel members security officials believe the gunman may have mistaken them for a rival gun. so for africa's so conquering rugby team have returned home after their world cup triumph in japan the squads are set to go on a 5 day victory tour around the country. became the 1st black captain to lift the trophy after the win over england on saturday. well those are the headlines to stay with us here and i'll just reiterate the use continues after the telephone to.

the caliph. a form of rule in islam. that lasted for almost 13 centuries. from the death of the prophet muhammad. to the overthrow of the last ottoman caliph in 1924. the arabic $10.00 to $28.00 can be found which actually in essence simply means a successor or a identity. the owner of the islamic world would call himself clifford resort and successor cultures. through the centuries. the title of caliph is a term that has been used. at the times abuse. in

june 2014. a militant group calling itself the islamic state in iraq and the levant isis. declared the establishment of a caliphate. play call rejected by most muslims around the world. by so programmed its leader the buckle but that. a callous. the man no love would 1 go at the appropriate thing a title imbued with a religious and political significance. and cost a dog. over a rich history. this kind of baghdad in the hands destroying tempting to destroy much of the legacy the scaly ifs and want to preserve and to foster. innocent in with us and he said let's have the

steady let's unlock. the assault and keep. calling home a small 90 kind of mental disease among so how to name a famous one. this is the story of a type 2 of the originator 1400 years ago. that spanned one of the greatest empires the world has ever known. this is the story of the kind of. medina saudi arabia.

last resting place of muhammad. the prophet of islam. it was here in june of the year 632. that he died after a brief illness. the prophet left behind a young and fiber to samik state uniting most of the tribes of the arabian peninsula. with medina as its capital. amman plan while the assessment value that a noble safad did not be in the exam a man and some thought would win so does the many sobs of the yes yes there is a mob and has so far tame. but country must look at the hondas. and

reset it and who would lead. to 10 years earlier mohamed and a group of his early followers would come to be known as a more headroom for the emigrants had fled mecca and persecution by the pagan leaders of their own try for a huge. war. will the prophet and the emigrants were given shelter by the citizens of medina. for their off to be cold alone song. meaning the supporters. together these 2 groups formed. the close companions of the prophet the

successor would come from one of them. and i would be in the home and he had been led to and i that well he then he can have him and yet i would rule that bad unless we were. in a humble building that used to stand on the sights of this public god. but the supporters gathered to decide which of them would be the prophet successor. but 2 of the leading emigrants. and almost interrupting their deliberations. had util an idol internationally and i thought it cannot be learned in ohio just now know that in islam and i was in the navy that it again it did him a hijacker. says. hours of heated debate. the claim of the emigrants was judged to have precedence.

at our moon are. done while awake and contented there were lots of our but none of us would only do the adecco by yak he that as an hour by hour had a history here let me highlight in which peter lando band and barry are all my buddies. for burial. in a humble building in medina a new age had begun. a new title written into history. a title that would ring down the ages. the 1st caliph of islam the successor of mohammed was to be a buckra city. the

following day a box position was confirmed when the most in community gave. an oath of allegiance to the new caliph. o.-p. put a pic task has been assigned to me. now it is beyond doubt that i have been elected european. but though i'm not better than you. obey me as long as i obey our laws and his prophet. when i disobeyed him and his prophet. then obey me not. at all but was the 1st of 4 would be known as the russia doing the right to god did

caliphs. they were all people who had been very close to the prophet muhammad during his lifetime as his companion as those who had converted. to islam and had dedicated themselves to the formation of the community the spreading of the message here that folks in any campaigns and. internets of the prophet mohammad in lands. well out. that have a. lot of those laws have. to. look very have been muslim in. there in miami. to come and be a 2 month. was

a profoundly spiritual and modest man. but when some of the arabian tribes rose up in rebellion refusing to submit to the new caliphate he was quick to act. as a much to someone who knows a hell of a rate that he knows all the tribal details the genealogies the clowns the weaknesses the strengths who can be employed against whom and he transformed himself into this extraordinary powerful man. a book critic led war on the rebel tribes and after a year of heavy fighting. he emerged victorious. his attention was now turned to the territory of the 2 superpowers of the era the

sas and its in persia. and the by sun times of the east and the roman empire. in an old day shift move taking on both empires at once he launched the muslim conquests. but crucially he gave his men orders to preserve. not destroy. the who lost. a loved one. a genie well you will see. ballet i thought a little in the set. of alluding with a day guinea and every mabbitt in. the box commander in the east had made good ground in iraq fighting the sas and.

the 4 armies sent to attack by sun time garrisons in the levant meeting heavy resistance. on the order. which he moved his men across the desert to the west of the. oldest 634 on the fields of here in palestine. the most i'm on he's gathered to take on the mike down to. the most. wicked and. wonder. in the. yeah.

so has some of the filming of. but in the wake of victoria as that. and after just 2 years this kind. of book by. 61. there's no moment where there's an election or a council and we just have this placement as it were like a vice president coming on to the throne of the kind of what of the comes out. over the next 10 years. almost. the 2nd right he got it kind of. show himself to be a great strategist and state but. a

few days after he became callous. almost on this once more under fairly conquered damascus. was soon to be stripped of his command. obama i mean who are you seeing. what obama said that you know might have by the of the what and the how did file and you. know and then had run out of milk in the. well i'm the lab you're almost well. after 2 years the caliph would recalled his brilliant commander to the battlefront once again. this time here in northern jordan in the tranquil valley of the yarmouk

river. in august 636 this was where the by sun times army clashed with muslim forces underfed. one small victory to the muslims. a woman by the name of the intrinsic out. of the off the hook and the heavy handed and miss with the new technique i'm wouldn't shit you're all. about. the muslim conquest smoothed on words in all directions capturing the rest of the live on i did great cities. finally they laid siege to jerusalem it's so.

often making the list and i don't see. a woman latina. yeah. well you. see. this. jerusalem significance lay as it still does today and its position as a holy place for the 3 great monotheistic religions judaism christianity. and islam. believe. the only for jerusalem was almost prepared to make his 1st and last journey a scowl if. not gone. almost often to small as that. she had a malice allah give him a d.n.a.

again a dollar on. the whole does rock was a slam oh a levy yet a bit like. for death and. down. the. whole ya. sophronia teacher welcome to mine given the keys of the city and then told them to come and pray in the holy sepulture of the holiest church of kristen them. who said no i will not pray here and when the patriarch asked why not just because if i play here then after me muslims will come and want to pray here take this church from you and i want you to have this church.

instead almost prayed just outside the church. in later years on the exact spot. this most was a red. herring the caliphs name. to this day a copy of the pledge that almost gave to the christians of jerusalem can be seen hanging on the walls of the smalls. this is an assurance of peace and protection given by the set of and to a lot of commendable to believe this to the people to see him. he gave them an insurance of protection for their lives property cherish and crosses. as well as the sick and the healthy only it's really just. it's a wonderful journey and so many stories about omar about the puritanical commando

but his journey jerusalem he's at his best he is sorting out the faith traditions. owning them in a city that can be shared by all faith communities. with the muslims now in full control of the levant so they moved west and conquered egypt. in the east the caliph's ami's triumphed over the south and it's called to say. an advanced on their capital. to see for. us. at the time the largest city in the world. all that remains today of tessie form. is the arch of course. once the

throne all of persia and. you have to remember the 2 great superpowers of the by sometime and the sustenance had screwed the world for the last 400 years they were. putting it in a modern parlance it's a bit like the eskimos taking on the united states of america and russia. in october 644 at the height of his powers and while leading the feds don't prayers almost was assassinated by disaffected persian slave. i'm not of the couple because i leave that question. that it is them who are

hostilities in many accidents that i should. who. knew i sissoko i did it. yeah i need to start. the ad you're out of the cut up see how my sis at it idea. was that it did see has yes the m y u feel. that the minute i let go when. the leadership of the muslims now post to a man with a markedly different character. became the 3rd day of the russia doing the right guy did caliphs.

the shrine and call it a 120. resting place of one of the. the prophet muhammad's close companion. was killed in the early attempts to conquer the area during the reign of the colors . a minimum of 1. 100 on the lot and he set it. off when you're not. the who. are wondering. what has a. bizarre thing. at 1st successful the campaign soon run into problems over the division of the

spoils of war. neff and foremost i don't want it i'm afraid i'm not a fan because shia and away at last get heat your home. can be. off mad about canada and i want to go ahead and ship but how many at. the. how will they settle out that. the ruling elite of this empire were all derived from hundreds tribe the tribe of koresh these people had become the rule is a very very wealthy empire and they also had large on me that had been drawn from across the peninsula and now were being settled in garrisons in egypt and iran and so i think the politics and the economics of the situation where almost inevitably going to drive conflicts. in $655.00

mutinies broke out against the caliph uncalled for and bustling. and in the garrison at the start in egypt. a year later on gravels march to medina and took up positions around off months house calling on him to step down. the blockade is has tended to see things get ugly but she's broken into and he's assassinated killed and it said that's an awful symbolic moment he was meditating reading the koran the company of one of his wives and the blood of the 3rd kid of the spilt on the cross on to the court that emblematic moment when the word of god is splattered with blood and it's as if this lamb the community will never know peace again.

once again a caliph had been assassinated. but this time the killers were muslims. less than a quarter of a century after the death of the prophet. calles could. win any p.o.p. in my. the push her daughter up for adoption she knew little of what was to come. with family boneset it a traumatized child tone between 2 world struggles to return home in a profoundly human story exposing deep roots in denmark's adoption system and. retired a witness documentary on al-jazeera. the

often as i put it from the questions to my special guest and challenging them to some straight talking political debate here on al-jazeera. and how my had seen in doha the top stories on al-jazeera the u.s. envoy to the e.u. has altered his testimony in the impeachment inquiry into president donald trump. recalls a meeting where he said that u.s. military aid was likely to be dependent on ukraine launching investigations demanded by trump castro has more from washington d.c. now what is the significance of this reversal will someone that was a loyal trump ally he was a donor before being appointed as to his ambassadorship and though his 1st instinct

may have been to protect the president by claiming that he couldn't remember the details now the fact that he is moving away from tromping revealing more of his conversations is really telling about the strength of this impeachment case is growing as investigators hear from more and more witnesses. yemen's government has signed a para sharing agreements with separatists in the south the deal was brokered by saudi arabia the southern separatists were backed by the u.a.e. which has been fighting with the governments and societies against rebels in the rest of yemen are diplomats gets there james bays has reaction to the deal i think people are welcoming this has been talked about for some time and clearly we have now a peace deal in place that if it is followed through by by those on both sides will mean patton surely some peace in one part of the violent conflict in yemen it is

though of course one part of this very complex multi dimensional war. chile's president sebastian pinera is refusing to resign after 3 weeks of violent protests police fired water cannon and tear gas on hundreds of people to mount and better social services and an end to economic inequality at least 20 people have died during the demonstrations u.s. president donald trump has offered to help mexico wipe out the drug cartels blamed for an attack which killed 9 americans 6 children were among the dead security officials believe the gunman may have mistaken them for a rival gang well those are the headlines now it's back to the caliph foundation.

the year 656. just a quarter of a century has passed since the death of the prophet muhammad. and the foundation of the caliphate. the 3rd caliph. has been murdered by a group of rebels in the capital. baghdad . gonna live a. that's the way i can. help when i mean i mean. what in the hell you all i could mean and my duty in. cousin and

son in law of the prophet. to the pressure becoming the force of the russia doing the rightly guided caliphs. the media's plunge fall from being a spiritual sort of lost philosopher poet theologian he's plunged into having to cope with a very very mucky political waters. iraq . bedrock of support for the new caliph ali. abandoning medina he moved this capital here in the face of a growing threat coming from close to the prophet himself. calling for the punishment of off months killers. one of the prophet's wives and 2 of his closest companions. and his superiors gathered an army to do battle with the

new caliph. it came to be known as the battle of the camp. they set the scene for violent conflicts between moments for my companions he was victorious and taunts a battle defeated are you sure withdrew from public life after this defeat. the islamic state had fallen into its 1st civil war. the 1st but not the last. damascus the syrian capital.

and $634.00 and after almost 7 centuries on the roman rule. the city was conquered by most. an army commander was appointed governor of the mosques and later the entire province. i mean i mean look at that he shot me well and good as an incentive. and that's where you are i mean a home with ideas at the n.c.i.c. who are let you lay a pile a him. some high level below. or the valley a shammy your own shadow be on them while we are well as law in a. while yet came from the same family of the correct strike the oh my yes as the murdered caliph. he refused to give the oath of allegiance to the

new caliph. many of us mons relatives began to mom but only hand over those killers for justice and the center of a myatt resistance to ali was syria which was governed by a member of a finance family his 2nd cousin michael olea. and $657.00 ali marched northwards to quell malia's mutiny. they met a battle called brushless a feat which was inconclusive and they agreed to negotiate this proved to be a canny decision on the part of me because it's. splits elise support some of his supporters felt that he shouldn't be negotiating as the kale if he should just fight until he does stop missed his power. in january of 661. the dissidents in ali's arm decided to try to wrest

power from the elite. they plan to assassinate ali maju and is. the governor of egypt. but their conspiracy ended with only one victim ali the count. after 3 decades the 1st chapter. of the russian doing the right to god. was only. gonna say that they never do and i leave that would mean i still. really need it any lay in the sense that he is

c.s.e. while we have been answered yet when at the end the c.s.l. know that. i would assure the law that at the. law we emerged triumphant establishing the almighty caliphate. a new dynasty no longer primarily religious. the caliphate now begun to look more like a model. in the ruins of anja in eastern lebanon. once thought to be by sometime roman the city was in fact my domain.

they had adopted the architectural style of the by sun times along with the structures of imperial rule. but underdog numbers this year see a busy water 100 can all of. been the mahatma bizarre and put out the lead for this is for after the one in the main the hut they have no desire. but there's a much finer food and the and the. will for arnold got enough to where solid in cern. under maja the caliphate changed its form. and as a king would have done he named his son jesse as his successor. began the caliphate was not dynastic people were chosen by being designated by fact

trade assessor or by groups and he consulted amongst themselves so it was if you like elect even the least this possible sense of the word and that's how the 1st full caniff which chosen by for a consensus of the only muslim community. became color from his father's death in 68. his rule was to plunge the states into another civil war. in medina the 1st capital powerful figures in the most of. immunity we're beginning to build strong opposition to. particularly important examples are after all of the song of the bear who were challenged in the 1st civil war also who is sane the son of ali who had been tail if during the 1st civil war he also resisted the

call for a pledge of allegiance to his ear. to signal his rejection of years it's kind of. seen left medina for america from there he set off for coup for former stronghold of his father. but in october 680 here in karbala iraq has its forces trapped and killed hussein and most of the members of his family. nonetheless opposition to a made rule was far from over. and done remains a pair refused to pledge allegiance to. he described himself as the one who seek sanctuary in god's house and went to mecca sought refuge there easy decided to send

an army against up to ribbons of bad but after a bit of the bear was saved by the premature death of years and at that moment in 683 he proclaimed himself. meanwhile in damascus ma you know the 2nd son of yours he was installed that's the 3rd kind of of the my dentist. but within a few weeks he died leaving no son no successor. a power vacuum seized on by the rival caliph and. co here tomorrow the back to lety. the lebanese are being rushed how do you cover a lot of a year can buy him in iraq. welcome back i need. a new fantasy.

i'm in the jordanian capital. the city overlooked by the remains of a bison time castle. and the palace of the inmate govern. the tribes of jordan with a loss to stay loyal to the mites. in 684 a tribal gathering held here chose marwan as a new my youth kind of. lose. and it was his son i didn't melich would reunite the islamic states under the firm rule of the almighty it's.

the dome of the rock. jerusalem's most recognizable lung. built on the orders of the in my youth caliph domanick this is the 3rd holiest sites in islam. but at that time the 2 most holy sites the mosques of mecca and medina lay in the hands of the almighty its rival calif it was obeyed. in 691 as a judge a ruthless made general set off for islam's holiest place with a powerful army. sent him to besieged mecca. and defeat even so bad perhaps because i'm done i can self didn't want to be too closely associated with the damage to the shrine. i

was just put on the scene. and a desperate mr bailey took shelter in a slam is most sacred shrine. the kaaba. but the hijazi was not to be deterred and bombarded it with a couple. after 8 months of determined resistance. that mr bear was killed and last ditch fighting. was stopped by the many women my one and your 8 though he did know that it's not me yet mother what then jenny that was a new age she has at the had the 2nd in line why i'm behind i can't afford to hide woman just sad to see about that said the many below when you see i've been at the u.n. i don't believe. after 2 decades as callous demanding the legacy of stability to the sun. and that

foundation. would build a still great and. probably . the capital of modern morocco. it was here in 708 that the armies of the all made calif and well he reached the atlantic coast. after more than 50 years of fierce resistance by local berber tribes the muslims had finally conquered the whole of north africa. our way before i don't mean that. when and when his i met miss the crowd water avoid a shut up where the shade harder for no obvious stuff. having

been conquered the berbers discovered that this land had much to offer and began to convert and assimilate. one of them. thought of goodness yes. i was about to write his name in history. jumbled thought. the mountain of thought. gibraltar. southern tip of the iberian peninsula. it was here in the spring of $711.00 torics army of berbers landed after crossing the mediterranean. inside 3 years he had toppled the visigoths rulers. and secured almost total

control of the peninsula turning it into a colorful province known as under lucio. power about me what i can now mostly gone public with the army doesn't f a didn't he did. the other thing a did and he did not follow. along with the great conquests in europe there was more success in asia. muslim armies began advancing towards what is today pakistan afghanistan and the central asian republics. within 10 years they had reached the borders of china. had built the biggest empire yet no. have you know how zima entity command the general men in military i mean us. command the general.

municipality command to their fullest coverdell minister 30. meanwhile as well you're outta here. unlike the traditions of earliest. the walls of foresight armor in the jordanian desert are painted in a by sometimes style. here a well is depicted not as a religious figure but as an emperor. in just 10 years he had made himself the most powerful man on earth.

but the successes would struggle to retain that power. the peyronie's. the don't sing natural barrier between spain and france. in $732.00 under the command of up the russian monitors off of the governor of under lucio. them forces across these mountains into french territory. seemingly unstoppable they advance north capturing one city after another. from the left at the unity and it's look it's easy thing. to be hugged.

and at each unknown. illness had the unsolved talk of the same me here. the day of the new i mean. look. on this field to the north of the french city of what is. the advancing troops were stopped by frankish army under shock and mocked as. the muslims were defeated and their commander up to rama kill. muslims remember this battle of the martyrs young. but european history knows it as the battle of tool a victory that stopped the northern spread of islam and saved pristine europe.

it then came to symbolize for later historians in particular for the great english historian edward gibbon he saw it as a decisive turning point in the battle between europe and the muslim world and he famously said that if it hadn't been for. charles martel and who are we would now be preaching the koran in oxford. this defeat in europe in the reign of the 10th of may it caliph a sham brought an end to a my youth invincibility. and just as his palace in jericho palestine lies in ruins today. is shams death and 743 through the whole state into chaos.

after almost 2 years of all made family infighting over the caliphate one the 2nd emerged as the 14th and last in my youth calendar. for my javelin few of my one. gun a. desire to talk. and the arctic. absolved by his efforts to contain trouble at the heart of the state the new caliph was oblivious to grave events unfolding in the east. a rather mysterious leader who is remembered by the name of a muslim was calling for pledges of allegiance to the prophet's family and he managed to draw a substantial following from eastern iran into an army to oppose a minor role. the rebel army marched westward and captured coup

for in iraq. in november 749 here in the city's mosque by on the oath of allegiance was given to the 1st a bus in calif. they proclaimed a man as called abu allah. and he was a descendant of one of the prophet mohammed's uncles and he based his claim to the caliphate on that kinship with the prophet mohammed. in january 750. on the banks of the zab river in iraq the omegas led by their color not a want for their last battle against the us at all. after a heavy defeat marwan escaped westwards. that summer of the year 715 he was killed by the

a bus. after 90 years in power you might caliph it had been brought to an end. why the mayans lost power what exactly happened in the aussie revolution is a difficult question but it seems to be related to this ongoing sense that the profits family had a right to rule the kayleigh fight and this was a problem of the a my it's never really successfully contained. some muslims believe that the caliphate should always have remained strictly within the prophet's bloodline. this belief would lead to the biggest splits in the history of islam. a split which is still exploited to this day.

the centuries old divide. between sunni and shia. a story 1400 years in the making. a story of succession and the leadership. as jesse that tells the story of dispute and division of the hall an empire. look out of episode 2 on a jersey. well

there is surveillance of a quiet picture across much of the united states so some winter weather advisories the north and all this cloud you can see is actually bringing in some cooler air and that line of tide is where the rain the snow is going to be developing we in the next 24 to 48 hours so through wednesday with some of that snow across into the great lakes it's not too bad out tools the west those santa ana winds have died down to manageable levels but look at this still fine and dry out towards the west and cloud pushing towards seattle and then quite a developing line here of rain and of course further to the north and in that cold air on the back side of this system we have got that turning over to snow meanwhile

down across into the caribbean probably on wednesday some heavy rain across into the windward islands and also that rain quite heavy again across into panama and on into nicaragua but it's a fairly quiet picture further to the west yes we've got one or 2 scattered showers across the yucatan peninsula i mean could also see a few more rain showers into southern areas of mexico but they should really be dying out as they head to as we head off into thursday 20 is the high few that i met on thursday and not about picture generally across the caribbean so 30 celsius in havana and a mostly sunny skies. the 1st hand glimpse of the challenges faced by journalists in the age of donald trump we are fighting the fake tears fake phoning the enemy of the people through the eyes of a veteran white house correspondent what do you base your legs on the series or

down the press is not after truck after the blacks were not the enemy of the people we are the usa the current battle ground truth is it anyway. this is al jazeera. hello there i'm how am i hidden in doha and this is the al-jazeera news are coming up for you in the next 60 minutes. a key witness changes his testimony in the impeachment inquiry heaping more pressure on president trump. yemen's internationally recognized governments reaches a parish sharing deal with separatists to end the conflicts in the south. the.