our monthly climate crisis is a problem many fronts not least butterbean al-jazeera has teams on the ground to bring you more rewarding documentaries and life needs. hello norn taylor london the top stories around jazeera chile's president has announced tough new measures in an effort to stop 3 weeks of anti-government protests descending into more rioting and looting president sebastian pinera is proposing nourse to congress to toughen penalties for looting and acts of violence especially by people hiding their faces with hoods and mosques hooded protesters attacked upscale areas of the capital santiago on wednesday a series of concessions of failed to pacify the protesters who are angry at economic inequality or national merica editor you see in human has more from santiago. right behind me is the headquarters of

a political party that is part of the ruling coalition and it was attacked by a group of people according to its leaders to the leaders of the party this was a coordinated effort it was sacked they are trying to rebuild it now there are police that you can see behind me that are trying to protect the outside and there is this fear certainly in growing parts of the country and the city that this situation is getting out of control the least in terms of being able to stop violent groups from carrying out acts of looting and vandalism in general so the problem is that he has been focusing mainly on that and he hasn't said very much at all about increasing penalties against abuses by the police for example and that's going to perhaps make the protesters who are going to continue coming out on the streets and already they are doing so in about an hour they are shuttled to come to this neighborhood yet again if they can make it this far that is making the very

angry because these they believe that he is not being even handed when it comes to the criticism of abuses most of the peaceful demonstrators say that they don't want violence but i don't know if this is going to provoke those who are carrying it out even more we're going to have to wait and see that in the meantime i need to tell you that in a few more hours the president is going to be meeting with the national security council of chile which is this hasn't happened since 2014 a very very rarely meets and that kind of gives you an idea of just how how severe or rather how serious the situation is the death of a protester on wednesday night has brought the number killed in violent protests in bolivia to sri parts of the capital of parts were lit up in the early hours of thursday as rival demonstrators groups clashed with each other. sporadic and intense demonstrations have gripped the country since the disputed election last month opposition supporters say the result was rigged to allow

president evo morales to stay on for another 5 the is he's been in power for 13 years already or others has accused the opposition of trying to stage a coup. and he's for antigovernment protesters have been shot dead by security forces in iraq's capital baghdad clashes started as demonstrators tried to remove barriers leading to 2 bridges ahead of baghdad security forces says there's now a ban on the use of military grade tear gas grenades on demonstrators after amnesty international said they were used to kill protesters not disperse them a crackdown against mostly unarmed protesters has killed more than $260.00 people since unrest burnt out last month. the former national security adviser to u.s. president donald trump has failed to appear before the impeachment inquiry john bolton was formally invited to testify on thursday but his lawyer quickly made it clear that his client was unwilling to appear voluntarily bolton who was fired by

trump in september says he will only be willing to testify if a federal court backs a subpoena the peach winterfest occasion centers on whether president trump abused his power by pressuring ukraine to investigate his political rival joe biden. the leaders of a band cambodian opposition party have been blocked from returning home sam rainsy and. have been living in self-imposed exile and was stopped from boarding flights in paris and malaysia and vowed to return this week to lead demonstrations against cambodian prime minister who. there's a top stories do stay with us the caliph division is coming up next it looks at the divide between sunni and shia for more news for you straight after that day so the city can.

the caliph are. a form of rule in a slam. that lasted for almost 13 centuries. from the death of the prophet muhammad. to the overthrow of the last ottoman caliph in 1924. the arabic templar caning against $25.00 which actually in essence simply means a successor already adapted to. the ruler of the islamic world would call himself clifford resort in our success of cults most of. the centuries. the title of qana is a term that has been used. at the time of use.

in june 2004 to. a militant group calling itself the islamic state of iraq in the event or i so. declared the establishment of a caliphate. they call rejected by most muslims around the world. maisel took root and expanded in iraq and syria. 2 countries flung into violence by the political turmoil and foreign intervention of recent years. the turmoil revived sectarian differences that go back over 10 centuries between sunni and shia almost. to the we don't look at them as us yes you know it's unthinkable. deep in the sun i just miss not talking football to sonny bill took his assessment a little bit about the problem of you know as

a human you know you'll know. this is the story of the great split within islam. of how the split a rose from a dispute of who should succeed the prophet i'm like. this is the story of the common.

the mosque. outside mecca and saudi arabia. it was here in the year 622 that a delegation from the town of medina made by on a pledge of support and shelter to the prophet muhammad. shortly after he left mecca. and the great thing to medina with a group of followers. over the next 10 years muhammad built the 1st islamic state.

but in june 6th 32 the prophet died in his capital medina. leaving the young state without a leader. there's a tradition that says that the muslims on that day were like sheep on a rainy night they were frightened and huddling together and it's not clear whether or not the prophet had made any plans for his succession. within hours of the prophet's death senior figures in the most and community came to. other to choose a successor to the prophet a caliph. the debate was long and intense. it was the emigrants from mecca was prevail.

because he was chosen to be the 1st caliph in islam. and it was so with that i will leave him alone what about the fear. the any. that a belly and with no well home. min the value to him and how there is. but though they were from his tribe. the immigrants were from the prophet's close family the hashemite. the descendants of muhammad's great grandfather passion. at that time in arab society the family was understood as a much larger unit collateral lines uncles brothers cousins

and so long all considered to be part of the clan. senior among the hashemites was a. muhammad's cousin husband of his one surviving don't fall to mother and father of the prophet's only living grandson. under hussein. but when the decision to choose the caliph was taken i was busy elsewhere. at the time of the prophet's death we know that he was ali who was in charge of the payroll arrangements. as a jew to full respectful son and all cousin with caring for the prophet's body. the next day in the medina mosque i walk was given by on the oath of allegiance

by the majority of the muslim community. ali however was not one of them. what happened that day which saw the seeds of a political divide that would gradually evolve. into a deep religious schism. the division of a slam. into soon and she. if you ask a sunni or shia muslim about that moment of mohammed's death and the decision about the leadership you will get 2 very different answers the sunnies suggest that he hadn't actually made any clear plans for his succession eyes death the shia would say that he had and that he was to be succeeded by his 1st cousin and son in law ali. 3 months before his death.

the prophet muhammad made a famous speech here and he had the home. an ancient resting place on the route from mecca to medina. a speech that has been interpreted ever since in 2 very different ways. all people of forms whoever i've been mustered. i think he has to be his mouth to. be supportive of whoever supports him. and then enemy of whoever opposes him and david the truth by. this is moment where if your silly you believe the prophet. gave ali the leadership of his family if. you believe he gave the leadership of the family but also the whole community.

the prophet speech is celebrated by to this day and. each year a feast is held on the anniversary. to commemorate what shia see as muhammad appointing ali to be his successor. but the mainstream majority of the sunnis have no such friess. and no doubts about the legitimacy of a buck and the caliphs who succeeded him. shortly after becoming caliph. i will buck faced his 1st major challenge a tribal revolt against the islamic state. in

this moment of peril. chose unity over division and gave the oath of allegiance to the cult of. eman. back that caffeine lead with that in more i.e. anna says shell i'm ok send it in a hopeful miss anna. that she was the mean while the hoofy and he said the sun harbor will walk a fee was she had a kettle and the kind of slam and the hole. at the bottom. of a box room last a just 2 years. as he lay dying he nominated almost as a successor.

10 years later and 644. almost the 2nd caliph. was assassinated. while leading dawn prayers in medina. on his deathbed he dictated how successor should be chosen. 6 of the closest companions of the prophet including ali would comfort together and choose one amongst. the 4 days of the liberation. was named the 3rd caliph. once again ali had not been chosen. passed over by abu bakar. and then for him the man when he's passed over in favor of. the new caliph came from

a family of the christ tribe called the oh-my yes. the founder of always convert to the leadership of christ. standing in his way was his uncle hashem the patriarch of the hashemite. this rivalry that put fester through the centuries. that's roots in mecca decades earlier. in the pagan years before the birth of the slack. will be. will. in the year 610. in this cave outside mecca muhammad received the 1st revelation verses of the

koran which set him on the path of prophecy. the emergence of a prophet among the hashemites antagonized the oh my its. and their leader. and. another now been as a bin man. and them a lot of that with a muscle oh i. want to know why the men i know. for 12 years old maids led a campaign of persecution against muhammad and his followers in mecca. persecution which culminated in their emigration to medina and $622.00.

but when the prophet returned to conquer america. and realized resistance was futile and joined slam. by 644. the rising islamic state had expanded into a vast empire. and the caliphate that come into the hands of an almighty. off money. with man was a genius but he employed far too many of his young cousins to me odds where they are stick rat of mecca and they'd been great leaders the pagan resistance and soap or making these characters who were his lovely cousins was also you know a bad political position. a rebellion erupted against off man's alleged nepotism. in 656. and after 12 years as kind of. he was killed and his house

in medina. by the un has. a sufficient lead what was at an inn and the nest a half of that in a how when and. how and when i can buy that that it was at the end and must the hutton islamiya the wyly and yes that she. was yahoo has you'll know when i'm saddam. almost a quarter of a century after the death of the prophet. ali finally became the 4th caliph. who are bashed out of the cellar and when i was there when i let you know you knew me about it with a mind of enough than you that it bothered him.

within. a sham. many of us moms relatives were hostile it's all his leadership imo always demanded that all the 100 of the killers. the dispute quickly escalated. to strengthen his position i removed the capital from medina to his own power base in kuwait from iraq. the islamic state was now divided into. the east under hushing my calif and the west under an oh my you gov. misha. you should benefit in which. she and the. shia. it will net you know enough and that can limit she couldn't 1000 if you did it and

look meant that and more how did and when the american did do to his ship forwarded what does it put. in 657. ali marched his army into syria to crush us mutiny. after days of bloody skirmishes and on the last day of the battle. the army of malia was on the 1st shock defeat. in my mind and i'm also that famous malia. malia well that often. that it can. did you kind of ingestion of i don't. know who was it that. kind of thoughts in another i have got to look out of water when the heads

up when i can hold a company that well that it can color that it's little enough. to know who. covered the months achin that the foam on month at the time they have got to matter and then the cut to go. through these dissidents from ali's army how it is fixed on the roof this way to bring an end to the struggle. the moment it was chosen fresh dawn prayers of the 27th of january 6th 61. the 17th day of the holy month of ramadan. 3 assassins made their way to 3 different places to fight for. damascus for malia and for style to egypt from.

other last saw the film the official could no longer sufficient saw the finale to be a force that it could deal with saudi especially the one on one edge. the . not just in iraq. a holy place to she almost since. they believe fallujah is buried here. for them he is more than a caliph he has an immense. imbued with religious authority that could be passed on only through his bloodline. so when i least the caliphate passed to his older son. but he would not

be long in the post. can i have some through 15 hour their care and no less cool in iraq a joy to swallow while we have a lot. with the car hyla and yet and there's a little has an even highly and he would be laughing well karma has a and i do with one as i am aware of human. org. damascus 13 centuries ago the my you capital. though the caliphate remained in the great stride. it had passed from the hashemites to all my us. and there it would remain for the coming century.

the crunch point really comes late in the army's reign when he designated his son. as his successor and this was a real touch point for generating controversy and opposition. is each succession. on the death of ma we are in 68. triggered the series of events that resonate to this day. in a defiant show of opposition hossein younger son of ali refused to pledge allegiance to his ear and set off towards mecca on pilgrimage. on the way. he began to receive messages asking him to come to iraq.

where his supporters plan to install a scholar. he gathered together his family and decided to move to confront his father's former capital. unfortunately for sane his plan got to the a myatt governor of iraq and he was able to block his route to the city of kuta and so hussein was trapped without substantial military support at a place called tabbouleh. and it was at karbala in october $618.00 that hussien and his small band of supporters met their bloody fate. about the makati team don't let in middle of folly when the. turn at the mill hammer to a dead is the. yanni of the math or. the hit at

the. bottom of the us would in the measure see that. he and his entourage many of his family were massacred and his head was sent to his aid into mask. each year on the anniversary of the battle of khan about a shia around the world mark the events public displays of penitence. extending sometimes even to ritual self punishment. to atone for their forebears failure to support the law saying. it's really seen as the great tragedy of his law from the sheet respective this is the vic the great disaster is that the prophet family didn't get to take kayla fate into leeds muslims.

but 70 years after karbala. a revolt would finally succeed in bringing the caliphate back to the family of the prophet. the hotshots. a story of black man. you'll have to kill i have strangled i have a story of current catch a lot of the fear is real. passion. and it's very similar just.

al-jazeera. where ever you. and owner and taylor in london with the top stories around his era chile's president has announced tough new measures in an effort to stop 3 weeks of anti-government protests descending into more rioting president sebastian pinera is proposing laws to congress to toughen penalties for looting and acts of violence especially by people hiding their faces with hoods and masks on wednesday hooded protesters attacked upscale areas of the capital santiago a series of concessions of failed to pacify the protesters who were angry at economic inequality at least for anti-government protesters have been shot dead by

security forces in iraq's capital baghdad clashes began as demonstrators tried to remove barriers leading to 2 bridges ahead of baghdad security forces says there is now a ban on the use of military grade tear gas grenades on the demonstrators after amnesty international said they were used to kill protesters not dispersed and. politicians that destroyed the country you plundered our wealth for 16 years get out enough we don't want you the security forces of both the ministries of defense under interior with you hitting us why are you subordinate to these parties these parties should be rooted out no party will have them and. the former national security adviser to u.s. president donald trump has failed to appear before the impeachment inquiry john bolton was formally invited to testify on thursday but his lawyer quickly made it clear that his client was unwilling to appear voluntarily bolton who was fired by trump in september says he will only be willing to testify if a federal court backs

a subpoena or the inquiry centers on whether trump abused his power by pressuring ukraine to investigate his political rival joe biden. the leaders of a banned cambodian opposition party have been blocked from returning home sam rainsy and. have been living in self-imposed exile and were stopped from boarding flights in paris and malaysia they vowed to return this week to lead demonstrations against cambodian prime minister when saying the international criminal court in the netherlands has sentenced a former colonies rebel leader to 30 years in prison the harshest penalty it's ever given us going to gondor was convicted of 18 war crimes including murder rape and using child soldiers. the caliph division continues next morning after the.

at home i'm a southern jordan. in

the 8th century it was a settlement of one of the 2 major branches of the hashemites. the prophet's own family of the christ troy. known as a bus its these were descendants of a law bus one of muhammad uncles the other branch where the eyelets descended from. the prophet's cousin and son in law. in 716 abdulla one of the eyelets arrived in and how my name a with a strange story. had i thought any been a. model i listen if it informally sulaiman it up to many of the middle who had. well he i would if he you know medina you know what i shall be modeled.

some minister they met. up the luddite and my mom. but in his final hours he confessed to his our basset cousin muhammad that he was the head of a plot to topple my it's. not a do. is be a living i'm a little luck of the and the only min and hashemi in the living and to someone that even i mean by that in a. humility you really know me and then i'm going to. walk in them i live in real life i'm gonna. be die i live we have i mean the mohammed. over the next 30 years this message persuaded many islet shias to join the opposite cause.

in 746. the secret movement turned into full blown revolution in the eastern part of the islamic empire and what is today the shia state of iran. it's very very hard to say whether the abbasids used the attic. they certainly wanted to accrue as wide a support base as they possibly could and they were certainly wanted those who supported it and cayle if to join them if meant. within 3 years the opposites had captured coup for. the colorful capital of ali. it was in this mosque that the name and identity of the caliph in waiting were

finally revealed. they proclaimed a man a scale if called abu allah sufiah and he was a descendant of one of the prophet mohammed's uncles and he based his claim to the caliphate on that kinship with the prophet mohammed. and 750. bastards entered damascus the capital of the mighty or might it states. the largest empire yet you know. but in the years to come they would struggle to maintain the unity of the vast state they now controlled. by the mid century. bussard said seize control of the caliphate but did little for

their cousins. a sense of betrayal to coal and fermented among the islands. in a bold and dangerous move they declare the rival caliphate in medina. and i busted army was rushed to the city. its roof to sleep crushing the rebellious. undiminished the but who ordered it up but she knew of it and. of the moment to let the suburb. and then they had let the corn in a little murky libby. as she. will we know if she.

the so now bus it's consolidated their dominance of the center of the state from their newly built capital but that. but they had failed to exert the same control over the provinces of the far west. in 756 and homemade fugitive prince called abdulrahman reached under new c.e.o. . only 6 years after the collapse of his grandfather's kind of. he succeeded in reviving in a state with go to. as its capital. and

them up doesn't that we're all sons of the well you want to be honest about the whole to the defense if you must come up obviously done on your own don't you know another. one and i bet you know full well that was on the other had the i'm not enough of a clown doesn't fit out of that for me well it doesn't fit and thus. the omega and the written under the cea was the 1st to break from the caliphate. but it would not be the last. of the. soon another states at the western edge of the muslim world and the mass of it would break away from the a bus routes. and this time. it would be their own cousins the islets.

but at the canal of the sort i don't know if. and when it's it must look in the event i did because they got it all off i thought after i took. a lesson on how to file yes you know and the whole you. had. in 788 you did east and alledge fugitive arrived here in the moroccan city of my will a decent room. a city that now carries his name. recognizing him as a descendant of the prophet's local burma tribes were quick to offer him their oath of allegiance as ruler of the region. and so was born the 3 said emirates the 1st independent state. that is how. you'll get

until the. sort of assessment of. what the will be for said if a. soft because i did and then i did what the rules there would up. at and that may have been a bit of money. but with the new and expanding state just 3 years old is to be nice guy. he was laid to rest here in the city that still bears his name. had the legendary been poisoned on the orders of harun al-rashid. the most famous soviet bus caliphs.

the statue of shah e r and she doesn't invest that. the 2 main characters of 1001 nights. legendary stories inspired by the opulence of her own little sheets court. the golden age of the a bus in calif it. but that a spot but you know to do nia then who had it in that you know you had. for that the hell could all of them occur in with a few a lot of liberal could not. or could 100 sea island or call out a bad island or that except with your aunt emma.

and that are all she'd scholars began the great task of transcribing and translating the cultural and scientific works of former civilizations. encouraged and supported by the ambassador caliphs. muslims began adding their own scholarship to the stock of human knowledge. laying the groundwork for europe's run of songs and centuries to come. in siena or the west gnosis and the center had written not only philosophical texts but also a very important treatise and medicine was transferred into latin became the standard textbook for european medical schools for centuries. but the golden age of the a bus its was destined to be short lived. in 836

the 8th a bus it kind of a not awesome moved this capital here to some era in iraq. it was also to be a military base for the caliphs new army. an army of turkic mercenaries. toughened by life on the steps of central asia. an army. that would soon erode the power of the caliphs. but that i'm certain i would be yet died she and she and i'm a sigh and it all more of a don't you know. how you like that martha sim milat that iraq was wow home. and know of with an ak 80. 847 here and some era. turkic army commanders installed a motto a kill as the 10th of

a basset calif. and for a century to come. they would effectively root the caliphate. appointing deposing torturing and even killing a string of 12 caliphs who are little more than puppets. yanni . me was sherry at. the above us but you know what's even worse. the caliphate really had become a symbol and we had no effective power anymore and in the muslim world we had a motive of different political regimes in the various reaching from what is today spain to this up asian continent often this period is seen as

a period of decline because of these political divisions. but it wasn't just a matter of the slow fracturing of the state. as its western edge and new threat was on the rise. they. this small town on the 2 newseum coast would soon emerge as the seat of a rival caliphate. and this new caliphate would not be sunny. but shia. iran heartland of shia islam in the modern world. today shia make up around 15 percent of the. global muslim population of more than one

and a half 1000000000. and their belief it is the title of eman a not caliph that confers the right to rule. the vast majority of shia in the world are known as 12 years. they follow a hear read a terry line of 12 a man's descended from the prophet's cousin and his wife fatimah the prophet's daughter. a line ending with the last eman al mahdi. the 12 belief holds that are maddy disappeared in some era and 874. he will reemerge at the end of the world as the ultimate savior of mankind. you know sharon is benny in the mimic

a male human being has shia. militia it was here the clue to look her not home here with us he should lead it at a shrewd maneuver that he for people whom. were bitterly for in her the youth. for the better will. be well a shot at liberty. but this holy commandment was no protection against the deep divide the belief. of cause i'm a a mosque back that. the shrine of the man who marks the division of she has him into 2 strands. it is the tomb of the 7th of the 12 years in man's. cause i'm. who died here in the year 71009.

of those however dispute his status. they consider the real 70 man to be his brother is my. they came to be known as this my. the 2 over. which additionally. not interested or did not strive to take political power because they believed that they were waiting for the return of the man the so that at that point the righteous regime would be installed and anything in between would basically you have risen to rule and in this land. but for the ismaili shia. there was to be no waiting for the return of the man. by the late 19th century. there preaching the taken root among the berber tribes in north africa. a new

movement was on the rise. with this roots firmly in the shia tradition. added an outward i know how to. find after that. happened. oh well i've been a couldn't sleep and the thought of off. yet again for assess how dekha vet what. but the head oh what. bait. in the year 909 in cairo on tunisia. by the law a man claimed to be a descendant of a smile was declared the caliph of the 1st ever shiite caliphate. it would be known as the phantom and after the fall to my daughter of the prophet muhammad. an ancestor of all the men.

the concept of the ismaili caliphate is completely different from the opposite kind of thing because of the claim to divine inspiration and divine guidance which the. look forward they certainly developed institution which was theoretically completely different from the a past that. the fatah meds now began to expand their state westwards into the market. but this would lead to a clash with another major muslim power. and soon the islamic world would find itself in a surreal position. yeah

. by 912 though my emirate in under sia was over a century and a half old. ruled from cordoba by the 8th. obdurate among the 3rd. after crossing all rebellions. and uniting under the sea and he looked towards expanding southwards across the mediterranean. yes starvation and of the fighting the caliphate what is no. one to us conflict here that meant a big threat for them i yes terms of the political control of the better but it is

that existed in india. to strengthen his position. in 929. the raman declared the undersea an emirate an independent oh my god caliphate. 3 centuries on from the founding of the title the islamic world was now divided between 3 colors. to sony and one. the ultimate result of that really was a decline in the value put on the notion of the caliphate itself so it leads to rifts politically speaking within the community as well as the religious differences that these different caliphate signal.

in but that the suffering of the abbas of caliphs continued under turkish military domination. but by the mid 10th century a new force had emerged. the boy it's a persian dynasty. but an end to turkish control of the caliphate. but no boy was home shia while my baloch i. live and all. shia in a manner don't look at the american morning well no lovable and the i have the sunni when i'm out in the gym going to become clear we're going to. we're still what's to come for the our bassett's. and $969.00 a phantom it on me captured egypt. 3 years later the

forefront the macallan and noise abandoned his capital. in tunisia and headed east. for the next 2 centuries the newly built city of cairo which served as the seat of the shah kind of. the fatah it's considered back caliphate universal so ideally they wanted to expand that palace from their original base in north africa back into each it on into syria and ultimately to encompass the whole islamic well they weren't able to achieve that and will instead happened in the 10th century was the islamic world became divided between a number of different caliphates. meanwhile in the west. a storm was gathering.

christians uniting under the banner of the cross. we're looking eastward to conquer the holy lands. the approaching struggle could not have come at a worse time for a divided muslim world. and for the caliphs were at their weakest point as they turned to face the crusades.

springtime in tasmania suddenly got cold it snowed it snowed in the victorian alps as well this came up from the antarctic when of course you get these big variations in temperature in spring surtees as it slightly brightens up in melbourne 30 in hobart rain more likely than snow come friday is $28.00 in sydney but it's warmer still in perth weakening up to the highs thirty's next couple days a proper little heat wave in fact 44 seems likely that further north and east to west of australia in fact there's a contrast between this part and the southeast corner a day and night of about 50 degrees celsius proper springtime variation we've had

rain in new south wales is no more significant rain to come the next couple of days for the system is moving across the tasman sea and from the south on that cloud will bring a little bit but not a lot of right now i think that is largely joining friday the wind direction a northerly means it's quite worn oakland 23 degrees cools down a little bit to get to saturday 90 with the increasing cloud and rain creeping up through the south island directly north and story here is actually not that dissimilar we've had the 1st snow of the season in her car a day which is largely fine day on friday and quite warm in tokyo. in 2020. the power. of the nation is a troubled history. one i want to.

disability. on how does the euro. zone. this is al jazeera. hello i'm 19 of this is the al jazeera news hour live from london coming up chile's president announces tougher penalties for but it vandals and looters after weeks of riots and protests. the u.n. calls for peace in bolivia after a 3rd protesters killed and a female mayor is dragged through the streets. the french president a man you're my whole ruffles feathers lamenting that.