we meet with global news makers and tweet about the stories that matter is iraq. hello i'm barbara starr in london these are the top stories on al-jazeera hong kong is reeling from one of the most violent the days of anti-government demonstrations in more than 5 months one protester is in critical condition after being shot at close range by police while demonstrators are accused of setting a probe aging supporter on fire chief executive kerry lamb called the protesters the enemy of the people and said that she will not yield to pressure sarah clarke has more now from hong kong. protesters started blocking roads and ran lines during the morning rush hour at a crossroads inside one home district on the east of hong kong island

a traffic officer was filmed as a graphic with a demonstrator and then pointed his gun at a 2nd protester and shot him in the tool so the peach was good enough to live on facebook and then underwent surgery and was put in intensive care of a horse home. that point without any warning and it's ready it is very very very vigorous i will. read this and whole thing is all run by 5 needed to fix me and they are in the in the neat though the. police have confirmed 3 bullets were fired during the incident right place moved in to clear the barricades the shouted at by hundreds of people to gas his 5 to clear the roads some witnesses were quote by surprise despite to gas being fired by police these protesters have returned and they tried to once again block the intersection where that protester was shot early this morning on monday morning with that live round of ammunition and they came with a focus is to try and keep create once again the 5th communique all slow godly say

of high beijing support it was also sent lot by protesters. in a chaotic scenes across hong kong as the anti-government movement called a general strike targeting the road and round up the niger highways were blocked with them 20 train stations closed in flash mobs paralyzed parts of the city to gas rubber bullets and pepper spray the 5 by police in at least 10 districts the press conference on guns chief executive kerry then condemned the bonnets if there is do anything. wishful thinking that by escalating violence the hong kong as a government will yield to lead to pressure. to satisfy the so-called political team on this. i'm making this statement key. and loud. that will not happen. violence is not going to give us any solution to the problems

that hong kong is facing the members of the public hears the police of using unnecessary and excessive force against them during this event. that we are hungry citizen we are home grown dozens of people were taken to hospital and others arrested as police crackdown on the demonstrations violence like this has become the new norm in the city with the shooting of one protester and sitting on fire as another escalating an already fragile situation. al-jazeera hong kong. the organization of american states is to hold a special meeting on tuesday about the situation in bolivia following the resignation of president ever moralists it was called at the request of the us brazil canada and colombia it comes as many schools and shops in bolivia remain closed on monday after further unrest overnight there's been weeks of protests against last month's election result which gave morales another term in power he's

continued to say that he was forced out in a coup after the military asked for his resignation. china's government has bowed to public pressure and agreed to write a new constitution replacing the current one which dates back to the pinochet dictatorship it's been one of the central demands from protesters who have been demonstrating across the country for weeks the government has agreed that congress will lead the process with a new document then be put to a public referendum. a court in the hague has ordered the netherlands to repatriate 56 children of women who joined the i saw in syria 23 dutch mothers asked the court to allow them to return because of the poor boy living conditions in a camp in northern syria those are the top stories coming up next the calif division looks at the split between sunni and shia and i have more news for you in half an hour.

the caliph. a form of rule. that lasted for almost 13 centuries. from the death of the prophet muhammad. to the overthrow of the last ottoman caliph 1924. the arabic term for caning. which actually in essence simply means a successor a deputy. leader of the islamic world would call himself a. successor goldsmith. through the centuries. the title is counted as a term of. the time you.

in 2004. a militant group calling itself your stomach state of iraq in the. vons or i so. to plant the establishment of a caliphate. they call rejected by most muslims around the world. meisel took root and expanded in iraq and syria. 2 countries flung into violence by the political turmoil and foreign intervention of recent years. the turmoil revived sectarian differences that go back over 10 centuries to insult me and she almost. didn't want to be done to them is us yes yes i think what they did in the sun i just now feel like a fool all to send it all took his assessment a little bit about the public i'm looking as

a human you know you're going to have. this is the story of the great split within islam. of how the split a rose from a dispute of who should succeed the prophet. this is the story of the common.

the mosque. outside mecca and saudi arabia. it was here in the year 622 that a delegation from the town of medina made by on a pledge of support and shelter to the prophet muhammad. shortly after he left mecca. and the greeting to medina with a group of followers. over the next 10 years muhammad built the 1st islamic state.

but in june 6th 32 the prophet died in his capital medina. leaving the young state without a leader. there's a tradition that says that the muslims on that day were like sheep on a rainy night they were frightened and huddling together and it's not clear whether or not the prophet had made any plans for his succession. within hours of the prophet's death senior figures in the most and community came to. other to choose a successor to the prophet a caliph. the debate was long and intense. it was the emigrants from mecca was afraid.

because he was chosen to be the 1st caliph in islam. and it was so with that i will leave him alone but about the fear was so with deni. that a belly and with. well home that minute are you to him and how they were. but though they were from his tribe. the immigrants were from the prophets close family the hashemites. the descendants of muhammad's great grandfather passion. at that time in arab society the family was understood as a much larger unit collateral lines uncle brothers cousins

and so long all considered to be part of the clan. senior among the haitian mights was a. muhammad's cousin husband of his one surviving don't fall to mother and father of the prophet's only living grandson. under hussein. but when the decision to choose the caliph was taken and i was busy elsewhere. at the time of the prophet's death we know that he was ali who was in charge of the payroll arrangements. as a jew to full respectful son and all cousin with caring for the prophet's body. the next day in the medina mosque i walk was given by on the oath of allegiance

by the majority of the muslim community. ali however was not one of them. what happened that day which saw the seeds of a political divide that would gradually evolve. into a deep religious schism. the division of a slam. into soon and she. if you ask a sunni or shia muslim about that moment of mohammed's death and the decision about the leadership you will get 2 very different aunts as the sunnies suggest that he hadn't actually made any clear plans for his succession eyes death the shia would say that he had and that he was to be succeeded by his 1st cousin and son in law ali. 3 months before his death.

the prophet muhammad made a famous speech here and he had the home. an ancient resting place on the route from mecca to medina. a speech that has been interpreted ever since in 2 very different ways. all people of forms whoever i've been mustered. i live here just to be his mosque that. the support of whoever supports him. and then enemy of whoever opposes him and they feared that through the fact. there's this moment where if your silly you believe the prophet. gave ali the leadership of his family if. you believe he gave the leadership of the family but also the whole community.

the prophet speech is celebrated by to this day and. each year a feast is held on the anniversary. to commemorate what shia see as muhammad appointing ali to be his successor. but the mainstream majority the sunnis have no such friess. and no doubts about the legitimacy of a buck and the caliphs who succeeded him. shortly after becoming calif. i will buck faced his 1st major challenge a tribal revolt against the islamic state. in

this moment of peril. chose unity over division and gave the oath of allegiance to the kind of. and the man. back that caffeine lead with that in more i e n a says shell i'm ok send it in. for the miss anna. that she was the mean while the hoofy of the set aside harbor will walk a fee was she had a kettle and the kind of slam and the hole. at the bottom. of a box room lost to just 2 years. as he lay dying he nominated almost as a successor. 10

years later and 644. almost the 2nd caliph. was assassinated. while leading don't prayers in medina. on his deathbed he dictated how successor should be chosen. 6 of the closest companions of the prophet including ali would come 1st together and choose one amongst. the 4 days of deliberation last month was named the 3rd caliph. once again ali had not been chosen. passed over by abu bakar. and then for him the man when he's passed over in favor of. the new caliph came from

a family of the christ tribe called the oh-my yes. the founder of always convert to the leadership of christ. standing in his way was his uncle hashem the patriarch of the hashemite. this rivalry that put fester through the centuries. that's roots in mecca decades earlier. in the pagan years before the birth of the slack. will be. will. in the year 610. in this cave outside mecca muhammad received the 1st revelation verses of the

koran which set him on the path of prophecy. the emergence of a prophet among the hashemites antagonized the oh my it's. and their leader. and. another now been as a been man not one not. and them a lot of that with a muscle. when a noble one of them and i know that. for 12 years the maids led a campaign of persecution against muhammad and his followers in mecca. persecution which culminated in their emigration to medina and $622.00.

but when the prophet returned to conquer america. and realized resistance was futile and joined slam. by 644. the rising islamic state had expanded into a vast empire. and the caliphate that come into the hands of an almighty. off money. with man was a genius but he employed far too many of his young cousins to me odds where they are stick rat of mecca and they'd been great leaders the pagan resistance and soap or making these characters who were his lovely cousins was also you know a bad political position. a rebellion erupted against off man's alleged nepotism. in 656. and after 12 years this kind of. he was killed and his house

in medina. by the un has. a sufficient lead what was at an inn and the nest a half of that in a how when and. how and when i can buy that that it was had to and i must the hutton islamiya. and yes that . was yahoo has you all know what i'm saddam. almost a quarter of a century after the death of the prophet. ali finally became the 4th caliph. who are bashed out of the cellar and when i was there when i let you know you knew me about it with my name in a fan that it. was

in my. many of us mom's relatives were hostile it's all his leadership. demanded that all the 100 of the killers. the dispute quickly escalated. to strengthen his position i removed the capital from medina to his own power base in kuwait from iraq. the islamic state was now divided into. the east under hushing my calif and the west under an oh my you gov. misha. you should fit in which. she out on the. shia. it was it will net you know enough and i can limit it she couldn't 1000 if you did it and

look meant that i didn't know how dead and when the american dead due to his ship forwarded what was it put. in 657. ali marched his army into syria to crush us mutiny. after days of bloody skirmishes and on the last day of the battle. the army of malia was on the 1st shock defeat. in my mind and i'm also that famous malia. malia. and then it can. college kind of ingestion of i don't. know who was. kind of slots in another i have got to look out of water when the

heads up when i can hold a company. well that it can color that it's. little enough. to cover the months achin that the foam on month look at that they have got to mother then the cut you know. these dissidents from ali's army now add fixed on the roof this way to bring an end to the struggle. the moment was chosen fresh dawn prayers of the 27th of january 6th 61. the 17th day of the holy month of ramadan. 3 assassins made their way to 3 different places to fight for. damascus for malia and for style to egypt from.

the last saw the film the office look at the wall of the surf and saw the finale of the horse that he could deal with teddy especially the one on one edge of. us. the. not just in iraq. a holy place to she almost since. they believe fallujah is buried here. for them he is more than a caliph he has an immense. imbued with religious authority that could be passed on only through his bloodline. so when i least the colorful past to his older son. but he would not

be long in the post. can i have some through 15 hour the care and no less cool in iraq a joy that is a lot while we are. with the car hyla and yet and there's a little has an even highly and he would be laughing well karma has a and i do with one as i know it. your mom. already. damascus 13 centuries ago the my your capital. though the caliphate remained in the great stride. it had passed from the hashemites to all my us. and there it would remain for the coming century.

the crunch point really comes late in the army's reign when he designated his son. as his successor and this was a real touch point for generating controversy and opposition. succession. on the death of ma we are in 68. triggered the series of events that resonate to this day. in a defiant show of opposition and hossein younger son of ali refused to pledge allegiance to his ear and set off towards mecca on pilgrimage. on the way. he began to receive messages asking him to come to iraq.

where his supporters plan to install a scholar. he gathered together his family and decided to move to confront his father's former capital. unfortunately for sane his plan got to the a myatt governor of iraq and he was able to block his route to the city of kuta and so hussein was trapped without substantial military support at a place called tabbouleh. and it was at karbala in october $618.00 that hussien and his small band of supporters met their bloody fate. about the makati team let in middle of folly when the. turn at the mill had metal at

that if the. yanni and the math all well how to do it at the. bottom of the us would in the measure see that. he and his entourage many of his family were massacred and his head was sent to his aid in to mask. each year on the anniversary of the battle of karbala. around the world marked the event in public displays of penitence. extending sometimes even to ritual self punishment. to atone for their forebears failure to support the forcing . it's really seen as the great tragedy of his law from the she respective this is the vic the great disaster is that the prophets family didn't get to take ala failing to lead muslims. but

70 years after karbala. a revolt would finally succeed in bringing the caliphate back to the family of the prophet. the hotshots. mass protests forcing the government's hand but are we seeing the picture the answer just trying to past this we follow journalists on the frontline fish tank the free press committed to reporting the facts police officers pointing guns at journalists the same don't panic the hong kong fact and fiction truth is in any way on al-jazeera. the grim doomsday cultist knew it hundreds of followers to a tropical. wonder when a student mr gates the secretive sect accused of abuse and violence in featured. on

al-jazeera. hello i'm barbara starr in london with the top stories on al-jazeera police in hong kong have shot and critically wounded a protester in another violent day of clashes while demonstrators are accused of 1000 of probation supporter with petrol and setting him on fire chief executive kerry lyon has called the protesters enemies of the people and said that she would not yield to pressure. if there is still any. wishful thinking that by escalating violence the hong kong as our government will yield to pressure. to satisfy the so-called political demands. i am making this

statement clear and loud here that will not happen. violence is not going to give us any solution to the problems that hongkong is facing the organization of american states is to hold a special meeting on tuesday about the situation in bolivia following the resignation of president ever moralists it was called at the request of the us brazil canada and colombia among others this is many schools and shops in bolivia remain closed on monday after further unrest overnight there have been weeks of protests against last month's election results which gave morales another term in power he has continued to say he was forced out of a coup after the military asked for him to step down on sunday. a quarter in the hague has ordered the netherlands to repatriate 56 children born to women who joined the i saw in syria 23 dutch mothers asked the court to allow the families to

return because of quote the horrible living conditions at a camp in northern syria a judge found that only the children must be sent back to the netherlands. britain's prime minister boris johnson has been given a boost in the country's election race after the head of the brics it party. said that he would not challenge the conservative party for seats both parties are in favor of the u.k. leaving the e.u. but the forward over the terms of the exit agreement faraj said his aim was to stop anti breck's of parties winning that the center vote he hopes it will prevent another referendum and make a hung parliament less likely that i have borne all those stories on the al-jazeera news hour that's coming up in that less than half an hour from now coming up next though the calif division continues thanks for watching.

at home i'm a southern jordan. in the 8th century it was a settlement of one of the 2 major branches of the hashemites. the prophet's own family of the christ troy. known as they are. these were descendants of. one of mohammed's uncles the other branch where the al it's descended from ali the prophet's cousin and son in law. in 716. 1 of the. arrived in and how my name and with

a strange story. had. a man to have been many of them who had. well she i wouldn't. know what i shall be modeled for. some minister they met. up the luddite than at home imo. but in his final hours he confessed to his our basset cousin muhammad that he was the head of a plot to topple my. boss not a do well with only me his be a living i'm a little luck of the and the only min and hashemi in the living into someone that even everybody in a. home a limb you only know me and then i'm going to do well in them i live. i'm gonna.

be die a little we have men. over the next 30 years this message persuaded many islet she has to join the opposite cause. in 746. the secret movement turned into full blown revolution in the eastern part of the islamic empire and what is today the shia state of iran. it's very very hard to say whether the abbasids used the attic. they certainly wanted to accrue as wide a support base as they possibly could and they were certainly wanted those who supported it and cayle if to join them if meant.

within 3 years the opposites had captured coup for. the colorful capital of ali. it was in this mosque that the name and identity of the caliph in waiting were finally revealed. they proclaimed a man a scale if called abu allah sufiah and he was a descendant of one of the prophet mohammed's uncles and he based his claim to the caliphate on that kinship with the prophet mohammed. and 750. bastards entered damascus the capital of the mighty mighty it states. the largest empire yet you know. but in the years to come

they would struggle to maintain the unity of the vast state they now controlled. by the mid century. bussard said seize control of the caliphate but did little for their cousins. a sense of betrayal to coal and fermented among the islands. in a bold and dangerous move they declare the rival caliphate in medina. and a busted army was rushed to the city. its ruthlessly crushing the rebellious. and diminished the but who ordered it up but she knew of it and. of the moment they let the server. and then they had

let the corn in a little murky libby. as she. will we know if she. the so now bus it's consolidated their dominance of the center of the state from their newly built capital but that. but they had failed to exert the same control over the provinces of the far west. in 756 and homemade fugitive prince called abdulrahman reached under new c.e.o. . only

6 years after the collapse of his grandfather's kind of. he succeeded in reviving my youth in a state with go to. as its capital. and them up as it will be that will send to them what you want to be done is not a hole to the defense if you must come up obviously done on your own don't you know another. one and i bet you know full well that was on the other have you. thought if it out of that. well the gulf and the us. the omega and the written under the c.e.o. was the 1st to break from the caliphate. but it would not be the last.

of the. soon another states at the western edge of the muslim world and the mass of it would break away from the abbasids. and this time. it would be their own cousins the islets. but at the canal of the sort i don't know if. and when it's it must look in the event i don't because they don't have also gotten off of it after i took. a lesson on how do you say no and the whole you. had. in 788 you did east and alledge fugitive arrived here in the moroccan city of my will a decent room. a city that now carries his name. recognizing

him as a descendant of the prophet's local burma tribes were quick to offer him their oath of allegiance as ruler of the region. and so was born the at the recent emirates the 1st independent state. that is how. you'll get until the. sort of assessment of. what the will be for said if a. shot because i did and then i did what the rules the would up. them and that may have been a bit of money. but with the new and expanding state just 3 years old is to be nice guy. he was laid to rest here in the city that still bears his name.

had the legendary been poisoned on the orders of harun al-rashid. the most famous soviet bus caliphs. the statue of shah and she doesn't invest that. the 2 main characters of 1001 nights. legendary stories inspired by the opulence of her own little sheets court. the golden age of the a bus in calif it. but that a spot but you know to do nia and then the who had it in that you know you had.

for that the hell could all of them occur in with a few. could not. or could 100 sea island or could not abide island one of that excitement here on the. under our she'd scholars began the great task of transcribing and translating the cultural and scientific works of former civilizations. encouraged and supported by the a bus of caliphs. muslims began adding their own scholarship to the stock of human knowledge. laying the groundwork for europe's run of songs and centuries to come. in siena or the west gnosis and the center had written not only philosophical texts

but also a very important treatise and medicine was transferred into latin became the standard textbook for european medical schools for centuries. but the golden age of the a bus its was destined to be short lived. in 836 the 8th a bus that kind of a not awesome moved this capital here to some era in iraq. it was also to be a military base for the caliphs new army. an army of turkic mercenaries. toughened by life on the steps of central asia. an army. that would soon erode the power of the caliphs. but that i'm certain i will be yes died she and she and i'm assigned it all more if

we don't and i better see how you like that martha sim milat that iraq was wow i'm a sob and know when at 80. in 847 here and some era. turkic army commanders installed a motto a kill as the 10th of a bassett calif. to do. and for a century to come. they would effectively root the caliphate. appointing deposing torturing and even killing a string of 12 caliphs who are little more than puppets. yanni . me was sherry at. the above us but you know what's even worse. the

caliphate really had become a symbol and we had no effective power anymore and in the muslim world we had a motive of different political regimes in the various reaching from us today spain to the separation continent often this period is seen as a period of decline because of these political divisions. but it wasn't just a matter of the slow fracturing of the state. as its western edge and new threat was on the rise. this small town on the 2 newseum coast would soon emerge as the seat of a rival caliphate. and this new caliphate would not be sunny. but shia.

iran heartland of shia islam in the modern world. today shia make up around 15 percent of the. global muslim population of more than one and a half 1000000000. and their belief it is the title of eman a not caliph that confers the right to rule. the vast majority of shia in the world are known as 12 years. they follow a hear read a terry line of 12 a man's descended from the prophet's cousin and his wife fatimah the prophet's daughter. a line ending with the last eman al maddy. the 12 belief holds that are maddy disappeared in some era and 874.

he will reemerge at the end of the world as the ultimate savior of mankind. you know sharon is benny in the mimic the male human yes shia. militia it was here the clue to look her not home here with us he should lead it at a shrewd maneuver that he for people whom. were bitterly for in her the youth. for the better will she be will a ship liberty. but this holy commandment was no protection against the deep divide the belief. of cause i'm a

a mosque back that. the shrine of the man who mocks the division of she has him into 2 strands. it is the tomb of the 7th of the 12 years in man's. cause i'm. who died here in the year 71009. dollars however dispute his status. they consider the real 70 a man to be his brother is my. they came to be known as this my. the 2 over. which additionally. not interested or did not strive to take political power because they believed that they were waiting for the return of the man the so that at that point the righteous regime would be installed and anything in between would basically you have risen to rule and in the

flesh. but for the ismaili shia. there was to be no waiting for the return of the man. by the late 19th century. there preaching the taken root among the berber tribes in north africa. a new movement was on the rise. with this roots firmly in the shia tradition. added an outward and higher up and after. all i've been a couldn't sleep and the thought of off. yet again for assess how dekha there it is. but the head oh what. bait. in the year 909 in cairo on tunisia. by the law

a man claimed to be a descendant of dismayed was declared the caliph of the 1st ever shiite caliphate. it would be known as the phantom and after the fall to my daughter of the prophet muhammad. an ancestor of all the men. the concept of the ismaili caliphate is completely different from the opposite kind of thing because of the claim to divine inspiration and divine guidance which the thought put forward they certainly developed institution which was theoretically completely different from the past that. the fatah meds now began to expand their state westwards into the mass of it.

but this would lead to a clash with another major muslim power. and soon the islamic world would find itself in a surreal position. yeah . by 912 though my emirate in under a cea was over a century and a half old. ruled from cordoba by the 8th i mean obdurate among the thirds. after crushing all rebellions. and uniting under the sea and he looked towards expanding

southwards across the mediterranean. yes banishment of the fucking caliphate what is now the news you. meant a big threat for them i yes terms of the political control of the better but it is that existed in india. to strengthen his position. in 929. abdurrahman declared the under the sea an emirate an independent oh my god caliphate. 3 centuries on from the founding of the title the islamic world was now divided between 3 caliphs. to sony and one. the ultimate result of that really was

a decline in the value put on the notion of the caliphate itself so it leads to rifts politically speaking within the community as well as the religious differences that these different caliphate seek no. in but that the suffering of the abbas of caliphs continued under turkish military domination. but by the mid 10th century a new force had emerged. a persian then a city. but an end to turkish control of the caliphate. but no boy was home shia. live and nor. shia in a manner in the i'm older look at the american morning when the lovable and the i

have the sunni when i'm out of the them going to become clearer. we're still what's to come for the our bassett's. and $969.00 a phantom it on me captured egypt. 3 years later the forefront the macallan and moyes abandoned his capital. in tunisia and headed east. for the next 2 centuries the newly built city of cairo which served as the seat of the shah kind of. the fatah it's considered back caliphate universal so ideally they wanted to expand that palace from their original base in north africa back into each it on into syria and ultimately to encompass the whole islamic well they weren't able to

achieve that and will instead happened in the 10th century was the islamic world became divided between a number of different caliphates. meanwhile in the west. a storm was gathering. christians uniting under the banner of the cross. were looking eastward to conquer the holy lands. the approaching struggle could not have come at a worse time for a divided muslim world. and for the caliphs were at their weakest point as they turned to face the crusades.

a story 1400 years in the making. a story of succession leadership. and jersey has the story of a decline of venus. the count of. 3.

i will take a look at the weather across australia where we have catastrophic conditions in the east of the country into new south wales into queensland as well no sign of any rain in the forecast do have this band of cloud that's a cold front that will swing its way across the southeast and colder through victoriously go on through cheese day no rain on this side no significant rain at least the winds are going to pick up storm force winds will finalize flames temperature in sydney on the rise it's very dry a record could touch 37 in sydney approaching the 40 degree mark across that eastern side of australia and i'm not sure as it makes its way into wednesday bryce a fresher weather comes back in behind but as i said no rain on that the main focus for those catastrophic conditions. will shift

a little further north was in the process there is some wet weather making its way towards new zealand just rolling across the tasman so we are going to say some cloud and right just filtering here over the next couple of days temperatures getting up to about 16 celsius in christchurch on she is day 317 or 18 there in oakland for wednesday there's that cloud and right pushing into the south island as you make a way into the middle part of the week that a bit of wet weather to the moment for to pat that's in the process of pushing east . from the al-jazeera london broadcast center to special guests in conversation the resistance and i see joy in the midst of pain your books do that unprompted uninterrupted why are all of us people of color and they're just one color didn't work that is why don't they should they be people of no color but exactly fatima bhutto meets marc lamont hill i very much thought i was going to look at

a bad movie studio be unscripted on al-jazeera. whole. al-jazeera. hello i'm barbara starr this is the al-jazeera news hour live from london thank you for joining us coming up in the next 60 minutes police shoot a demonstrator at close range as hong kong's protests take another violent turn a probation supporter was also set alight. the opposition senator tipped to become bolivia's interim leader after the sudden departure of president ever more out of. a course in.