well there there. we don't. and obama has a problem and with the headlines on al-jazeera the u.s. has a bad in its longstanding position on israeli settlements in the occupied west bank saying or no longer consider them illegal palestine's president has condemned the move but it has been welcomed by israel's prime minister who says it corrects a historic wrong calling the establishing of civilian settlements inconsistent with international law hasn't worked it hasn't invents the cause of peace the hard truth is there will never be a judicial resolution to the conflict in arguments about who is right and wrong as a matter of international law will not bring peace. this is

a complex political problem that can only be solved by negotiations between the israelis and the palestinians and all the news protests in lebanon have forced the postponement of parliament by blocking m.p.'s from entering where cars were attacked near the parliament building and beirut but more than half the m.p.'s had already chosen to call it what would have been parliament's 1st session since anti-government demonstrations began a month ago and another development banks have reopened after a weeklong strike by staff nationwide saying a ha the has more from beirut protesters are declaring victory what they did is since the early hours of the morning they gathered in different locations around parliament building this was one of those locations basically blocking the roads leading to parliament preventing m.p.'s from reaching the building where we understand 5 m.p.'s managed to reach the parliament and you will need a quorum of 50 plus one which is

a total of 65 and peace in order for that session to go ahead so it has now been canceled and no date has been set so people here protesters are declaring victory they're celebrating they have paralyzed parliament they believe the legislature is illegitimate and they believe that they were going to pass laws which benefit politicians and not the people so this movement which is now in its 2nd months really people are still standing around even though they have. people here are chanting is a liar liars they want the ruling elites to resign and they want a government of independent experts who do not have any affiliation to any political party to enact economic reforms and to prepare a new electoral law and hold early elections this is the demand from the street but the politicians remain define. and just

a short while ago the president of the country said that any future cabinet will yes include in the pendants and experts but political parties will be represented. now iranian media says protesters have stabbed to death 3 members of the security forces were days of nationwide demonstrations against petrol price rises have killed at least $11.00 people the cost of fuel soared when the government cut subsidies and announced rationing iran's leaders say they stand by their decision now more student protesters in hong kong of surrendering to police have surrounded the university for 4 days hong kong's leader has condemned students who threw petrol bombs and 5 arrows at police they responded with tear gas and water canon police appealing to all students of the polytechnic university to leave peacefully or east have been searching for peaceful resolution using force has always been the last resort to respond to violence of the battles. over the past

few days we've made it to the putative white is just a vendetta and if the campus however some still have warnings and we feel is 38 soldiers and burundi have been killed in what the defense ministry is describing as the largest attack and years dozens more missing after the jungle ambush near the border with for wanda no group has claimed responsibility for an explosion in a coal mine in northern china has killed at least 15 people and injured several others 35 miners were working underground in shaanxi province when the gas blast happened well those are the headlines on al-jazeera do stay with us the caliph is coming up next thank you very much for watching it's.

the caliphate. a form of rule in islam. that lasted for almost 13 centuries. from the death of the prophet muhammad. to the overthrow of the last ottoman caliph in 1924. the arabic term for caylee is $25.00 which actually in essence simply means a successor or a deputy. the ruler of the islamic world would call himself clifford resort in law the success of god's message. through the centuries. the title of caliph is a term that has been used. under the time abuse. in june 2014. a militant group calling itself the islamic state in iraq

and the levant or ice or. declared the establishment of a caliphate. they call rejected by most muslims around the world. reached into the past to appropriate the title of caliph. group claimed its leader the balkan but the dead. as a descendant of the prophet muhammad's own tried. to walk into an unoccupied i should want to cut off when i had a bit of flesh. that could have been offered and out of the flesh usually they have should be out there would be plenty maybe if you'd have a look. this is the story of how the title of caliph began in the prophet's tribe. and how 9 centuries later

the title was used by people of a different race. how different dynasties rosenfeld. ending with the decline of the ottoman caliphate. this is the story. of the caliph. saudi arabia. the holiest city.

was here in the spring of the year 571 that muhammad the prophet of islam was born into a family belonging to a tribe called right. well to be more covered less as i'm a fugitive i mean you know how to just get out of here. what i. did not defend the act well be that then i'll be what i used gonna die it's not going to gamble up up . 61 years later. hama died in medina the capital of the new islamic state. with his death in the problem of who should be successor. one thing simply your. new kind of how to come from the prophets trying.

they had the infant the milk the i that's it i love being in lefty had the. lack in how the us and the other to have a shot of your own womb is emmanuel snow any other than a feeling what it was what and gun i don't but i must go buffy and all of that if you listen to him. for 300 years after the prophets death the kind of it remains strong. but by the mid 10th century the most of the road had from. divided now between 3 colors all 3 descendents of christ.

in centuries to come one by one. each of those 3 kind of fits would crumble and full. force. who are born. of the spain. of the undersea into my youth kind of. distance running the way you did history that drew from the mask. in the 7th and 8th century. the death of the 2nd caliph of hakan. in the hof a century of chaos among members of his family. and

1031 the 9th and last minute caliph the shan. was forced to stand down. to the most of the. i look on the board because i. love you with us out you know but you know. you know . until i'm going to answer some of. them is that you know full well. that out of. the. yeah. across the mediterranean the 40 minutes in cairo also fell victim to better inform the in 102106 college attack and.

mysteriously disappeared in the book at them hills outside his capital. his death almost certainly at the hands of his own family. would be the start of the father strong clause. from the late 11th century onward. is increasingly losing control of affairs and that the political and military elite are starting to take over the state. in baghdad. the ambassador was suffering a similar thing. by the middle of the 11th century. the sense jukes a rising turk in a city that seized control of the caliphate. and said.

i love the moon well in but out the lack in the 11 via let me. why in the am i gonna shout son but it. was cherie. the subject rulers were the 1st to take the title so tong. and arabic words meaning authority. in the trials to come the defenders of islam. would be sold tons of non arab birth. platinum all fronts. the statue of pope urban the 2nd pointing east. in november 1095 from the city. he launched

a christian campaign to recapture jerusalem and the holy land from the muslims. the crusades. clear more was planned by the pope to. be with you really so that his authority to declare war. and attend 96. the crusaders set out on arduous overland eastward journey. after 3 years of demanding travel and fierce battles. they finally reached their goal. in july 1099 kristie and it's

captured jerusalem. there's a major massacre muslims died jews dead even some eastern christian. to the pins and recognize as christians died and the chroniclers from the crusaders perspective present this is vengeance for the blasphemy that these saracens had done to the jesus is holy city of jerusalem. for not hof century sturdier jerusalem had surrendered to the 2nd kalif of islam almost. 10 like you knowing. as muslim saul to confront the marauding crusaders. slam faced a burning question where was the caliph.

be about at that point had no military thoughts which they could have sent the father caliphate they had lost their syrian lands to. local warlords so when they saw the crusaders coming in they probably were quite happy to see that these was up us we're now facing a major problem with these clearly quite strong military contingency moving in from europe. large areas of the levant were occupied. divided by the christians into 4 distinct fiefdoms. but after half a century of crusaders success muslim slowly began to fight back. but it was not the caliphs were led to fight.

damascus syria. in the middle of the 12th century this city was the capital of the zinc it's a turkish dentist founded by a man to. the governor of northern living. in 1144 he had secured the 1st muslim victory against the crusaders. well with a moderate to high product here in ottawa. a loosening we have an interest and maybe intent. and to. be an enemy in kenya. in 1146. succeeded his father in the struggle against the crusaders and

deliverance. 2 decades later he would be fighting over another crisis. one of the house of the so. full of as how can it fall to me. to be using key and you 2nd dolphy watch out so me and the other settle ascended be sure to call what time he can mature of course a little could be said. after 5 years of. should call noted dean's kurdish general succeeded both in defeating the crusaders and seizing control of the fata kind of. he was succeeded by his nephew salaheddine. a man known to the west

side of the. sun i had thought that his political career as the was leader of the falcons so he had to acknowledge the supremacy of the father he kept the for 2 years. but 1171. so long switched his allegiance. bringing an end to a hop centuries of the faults of its caliphate. and the glaring egypt's loyalty to the opposite calif but that is. why so late in that this is but most certainly is that i've been had one problem that he had no legitimacy. so the main selling point for sale he didn't throughout his career was about. the cutting costs of jordan. one of the largest crusader forts in the levant.

from this powerful position the crusaders began to harass muslim trade caravan. threatening even make it sound. so i've been unified to syria and egyptian political landscape and the only remaining. you would polities were the crusaders states so it was natural for them to move against them . in july 11th 87 here in northern palestine but the place known as the homes of. solid dean's forces crushed the crusaders. 00. 00. 004 months later jerusalem surrender. this time not to an arab calif but to

a kurdish soltani. but not for some time machine but can you make any feel beautiful if. and you fill out bessie. life and. let it be sure when i'm asleep and i'm like a lot of different. check in. the defeat at the team was a turning point for the crusaders. driven back to a strip of much to rainy and coastline. they consolidated their position with massive costs a strategic points like side 11. but just as this threat to the islamic world was subsiding. a danger of even greater

proportions was gathering strength. this time. in the east. an ancient school in baghdad. built by the ambassador. it was part of a desperate effort to recapture the golden age of the early our best caliphate. in 1242 and most awesome succeeded his father as the 37th calif. but he would soon face a new danger. the approach of the moment boards to.

the patients by the mongols overall was seen as the major turning point in the recent history and when the moments came there was a clear sense of. the way of holding things. they will continue to. generate 1258. the mongols reached that. within 2 weeks the us a capital of been brought to its knees. the caliph and the stasi was executed. the great city reduced to ashes. a 500 year caliphate had come to an end. it was a moment that was but is

a watershed but also a confirmation of a situation which it actually existed for quite a long time. some scholars of agi that it was of not any great significance because the real power of the apostates had faded away hundreds of years ago when they were just sitting around in that baghdad's palace and that their existence had very little meaning for the majority of mr. islam was now in peril. the only remaining hope was the new soto's of egypt the man who looks. brought the slaves from central asia to form an army for the e.u. bits. they had supplanted some other demons dentist. in september 1216 here at the in general in palestine. remember the

army but the mongols and that's. was a decisive victory for the most. the man looks at save the muslim world. and their tenuous legitimacy. was about to be strong. there was a member of the boston family who managed to escape from the slaughter in baghdad and make his way to cairo where the man lucas of egypt subsequently recognised his descendents as kate lives in cairo and derive benefit in the seat from this kind of shadow puppet caliphate. bolstered by the caliphs indorsement in 12 months he won. the man looks put an end

to 2 centuries of christian crusades. aker. the last crusade the fortress on the mediterranean was captured. meanwhile in anatolia a new muslim power was on the rise. of power which would carry the banner of islam to the gates of constantinople. in 629 joining the life of the prophet muhammad. the 1st ever battle between muslims and by sun times took place here in. southern jordan.

oh the fight ended with the muslims defeated and their withdrawal to medina. but the setback would be temporary. the great progress. guys of constantinople still back and. stumbled into the pavan but i found the miss that one measure of pity how these civilians that if 100 costantini evelyn m.l.a. miriam it all when any measure. the tent is down you can only see the stumble to fit the. you read arab jargon for years of the 10th and 11th century constantinople us described as the apple the ultimate prize that someday muslims will win and often the taking of constant noble is presented almost apocalyptic terms of something that will bring on the final victory of islam.

that final victory would fall to the ultimate it's a turkic most i'm trying to emigrate from central asia to settle in i'm told. they get these a lot of the british out lot of mud the money of it the protestant on them at the beginning it died in it is that in a quarter to that yet it's been a holiday yeah then you stumble a little. in april 14th 53 minutes army siege to the great city. 7 weeks later the altar months back to their way to constantinople.

and as the victorious tone entered the city through this gate. an 800 year old prophecy had come to pos. this involved importance was known to muslims and also for european christians suddenly one of the major capitals of kristen to become a muslim. just as they tasted the fruits of victory. at the far end of the mediterranean. 800 years of muslim civilization. was about. to come crashing down. in china cancer drugs can be pretty bit of leeks pensive some desperate patients

travel to india to buy cheap generic versions at what cost when a state follows those smuggling to survive on out 0. alarm is a problem in doha with the headlines on al-jazeera the u.s. has abandoned its longstanding position on israeli settlements in the occupied west bank saying it will no longer consider them illegal palestine's president has condemned the move but it has been welcomed by israel's prime minister who says it corrects a historic wrong and other news protestors in lebanon have forced the postponement of parliament by blocking m.p.'s from entering or cars were attacked near the parliament building in beirut or the hof the m.p.'s had already chosen to boycott what would have been parliament's 1st sitting since anti government demonstrations began a month ago and in another development banks have reopened after

a weeklong strike by staff nationwide. iranian media says protesters have stabbed to death 3 members of the security forces days of nationwide demonstrations against petrol price rises have killed at least $11.00 people well the cost of fuel soared when the government cut subsidies and announced rationing iran's leaders so they'll stand by their decision downswing rioters as bandits and who diggins that more student protesters in hong kong are surrendering to police who surrounded the university for 4 days leader has condemned students who threw petrol bombs and fired arrows at police they responded with tear gas and water cannon police are appealing to all students for the polytechnic university to leave peacefully or east have been searching for a peaceful resolution using force has always been the last resort to respond to violence of the battles. over the past few days leaving it to be

a putative white is just a vendetta and if the campus however some still have one in us and we feel is to leave. 8 soldiers and govern day have been killed in what the defense ministry is describing as the largest attack and he is dozens more are missing after the jungle ambush near the border with wanda but our group has claimed responsibility. an explosion in a coal mine in northern china has killed at least 15 people and several others 35 miners working underground in shaanxi province when the gas blast happened officials say 11 of them escaped unhurt well those are the headlines on al-jazeera i'll have the news hour for you in just under 30 minutes coming up next continuing next as the caliph thank you for watching.

leon humber. a muslim sit in the palace. one of spain's most famous spawning woods. for more than 2 and a half centuries this palace in granada was the scene of the last. the last muslim dentist in the idea of insulin. but i say jack one day or they don't pick a new or a no not study sort of old school they stood up and if they get the new york body or the in to the court of the president but it will signals he will not get to

a pickle michaelis over this is the notice with either tonight i'm busy. in the early 8th century. muslims conquered most of the eye derian peninsula the province they called and that of sia. her. but the compering on me was on able to drive home their success. the remnants of the former rumors the physical fights took shelter in the mountains in the north. of the cult but some of them it's called a lot of you want. a lot of the. e.c. a lot of the. mountains of northern spain

would become the cradle of new christy kingdom. thanks. kingdoms that would start a holy war not a complete stop to reconquer by barry and peninsula and end what they saw as muslim capacious. last. can. laugh that it will cause all kind of look at that did anyone see if he. can it's a party to feed his body up. look at that a gun and do 70 m. hota hai no a minute no i mean the old no i mean it's how dad hokum no i mean is that i said it . in 1031 after the

folder made promises of quotable. under the sea a broke up into several minor city states. easy prey for the christian. help was needed from across the mediterranean. america she. founded in the 11th century as captain of the moral. the sperber then esteem and the success of. the young ones crossed the sea to under

the sea and to confront the threats from the spanish christian kingdoms. done wonderful that i wanted to know is that it also if i don't know that the hut that you know that's a symbol to muddy will go to what in your feet does the see what you missed in the few minutes of those. bud oh heck if the leather the hamburger was the whole jihad if you defend one enough you know that and then knows. the whole while the other one. more than a century that it. was held at bay. until the year 1212 when the christine kingdoms of custody. are gone. portugal united against them walked. here east of cordoba. a battle took place which immortalized the name of this man

for. us not just the most. unwelcome forces heavily defeated by the united states. but i can. go to the house of this wasn't going to be why they wanted to have that we all know that you know if it's not if. the up. he has even. with the you know if you monica above me and i don't. pristine forces continue to press south winds and by the late 13th century the muslim presence in spain was reduced to the tiny mosque with kingdom of crown on the. top a good bit. and the media who did what was team ready and made enough

above the more i didn't lie that's what i mean it's fuck yes it's fun it's. how do you need the money idea to win with. this animal it's a world where they know you're doing it hope millen missed it is used as the wow team. in $1491.00 united on me's of the 2 christian monex is a man lost custom and king for non-dogmatic gone they'd siege to bring out the. muhammad the 12th the not so it's a long sentence desperate your quest for help. but this time there was no answer.

was. he. come. in. with no sign of help appearing. the city surrendered to the spaniards. her mother. her. son her. mother.

in january 49002. responded and 3 grown up. on a computer stuff. was complete. then we sure. got off. the scene and did a survey. a minister who couldn't x. could not do well and fast behind a father for that he was. 1492 . marked the end of muslim rule in spain. could. not same year christopher columbus arrived back in grenada. he broke news of his

discoveries to a sponsor. is about. a new world was about to open for the christian. while the muslims were about to start fighting each other over an old title. the count of. 1453. istanbul. no longer called constantinople was made capital of the old time and. an empire that already made inroads into pristine europe.

but the silt on whose remains lay here in this mosque of the difference struck. selim the 1st came to power in 1512. 5 years later he had toppled the man looked in history in egypt and tripled the size of the ultimate empire. when the altman's conquer egypt taken from the map. they can claim to be protective of the holy muslim sites mecca and medina and they feel like in harry the mantle of being k laughs from shadowline of apostate cain ifs in cairo. so ponce you are

one of those who did what if you knew the truth to relieve him of the stone. wasn't right that it got it. hardly fit their it. they get it or really can get away that you stumble but you don't think. you could turn it their way we can do it and hung its door to force one kind of a lot of done. but it is then. the topkapi palace. legendary residence of the mike to. see. it 1517. the sultan's awarded themselves another honor talking to. some of. the most annoying centuries after the foundation of the kind of 6 that. the title

had slipped from the hands of arabs on the floor of. the prophet strong. the ottomans don't seem to have made a huge amount of being k.f.c. and whilst they did claim the title it was more of an honorific or something that indicated that they were 1st among muslim on. so the ottomans were not initially in the 16th 17th 18th century really claiming to be universal muslim really. yet after a slow decline of 3 centuries. the successors of these great ottomans all tones. were turned once again to the caliphate. in a desperate attempt to rescue their falling empire.

palace istanbul. the residence of so far not the the 2nd who came to the throne in 1876. he was a skilled carpenter. crafted most of his furniture. but as he chiseled in plain the carpenter salt on was contemplating the gradual loss of territories. by the late 19th century. much of the mighty ottoman empire was disappearing

from the mouth. of the yet and he never locked up a hill after. that but if but if it got to jemaah islamiya it's something that's monumental know joe oh how will. you add that what you thought of to figure out. at the moment that the bonus money and that of the match. it could be at. the bottom just i mean cut them down or else funny it would be of a but she's. had to be in to be a plot and i like that he's us the onion and medina and the work. you've done as a. nothing. but the soul tones attempts to exploit the spiritual power of the title kind of could not save. in 100009 up to jaime it was deposed.

measurement that. was it's told us the 35th so-called ottoman states. can go his coronation was marked by lavish traditional festivals. in truth it was powerless. little fishies book is that it divided or smaller then let it be a stick down or small a day that did it up the polish i let it out at me i may fade out it here because i think that i can get the nice bit of eternity that it you did good by committing god of the year. in november 1914. the ultimates entered world war one on the side of the central powers.

cold evil in the name of the colonists a war that refused disastrous for the coming. on the other side of the trenches western powers saw an officer. put it on a conflict in the caribbean monopoly on my neck and back and may summon monopolists not. he went up. when he got it from going to know how to fix up. a friend and said that somebody. we thought of the man who survived. and to encourage the arabs to rise up in revolt. the british to return to the ancient power of the coliseum. and the person of. the gusto get. mad as shit for $700.00 the super hornet ashcroft even you would know something.

about a pilot. and you might. well a day he had been kidney of some of. the folks. in june 1016. what was called the great arab revolt erupted in. a desert region in the west of what is now saudi arabia. under the command of sharif. and with the advice and the help of a british officer. lawrence. forces of france northwards supported by the british were tacked on to. within 2 years in 1918 the joint forces had taken the whole of the levant and iraq. in october of that here

and promised it was concluded. the ultimate suffered a humiliating defeat it. in july 19th 80. 4 months before the end of world war one. a new super spring. he was to rule over what was left of the alterman empire. virtually nothing anatolia and istanbul. but even this would soon be lost.

just 2 days after the end of the war french and british troops marched into lucky boy in the autumn and companies are. you and i told you was divided between the western powers. to make it what do ya is it in they can't take this all respond they have it. with them it's. in the business easy on the the other one changing the bombs as they did just that yoke. turkish nationalist resistance broke out. after 3 years of bloody fighting. the turks succeeded the brits and it took.

only a stumble was left occupied. and in it was a small town now if you would by nationalist turks as a traitor. be taken to court to select a new president was laid out there like that if they're followed up by the fair cautious am not obliged to the same instead of. the it up shit is. i know is a monday sign. but i don't want to mustn't use them yet. you claim india how to get a caution given the steady lead. on the 1st of november 19th $22.00. the turkish national assembly abolished the sultanate. 2 weeks later. midway did dean soltani and calif. left the dome a budget palace. the residence of ultimate rulers. through this gate

bound for exile. optima geed the 2nd was chosen to hold the now largely symbolic tie to come. to the kitchen with the mom says they got it down the aisle for that at the. civic now that they can order. on the let them in the honey thing called a must see the same day as that and then all the bushwalk. all molly that had leave it there ought to be made. on the 3rd of march 19th $24.00. the last vestiges of the caliphate were

dismantled by the new turkish republic. the title of the university of islam. a title 13 centuries old. and been terminated by muslims themselves. to much. the last autumn in color. was sent into permanent. washington dualists not me i'm a predator she. knew before putting. them in the can be. one of the top of my. head. that when you feel india. the name your love. all over

the call the call that a lot. of the. honey think that should that. there's that. underneath. that caylee is meant to be a universal figure who draws support from the misnamed community as a whole that is obviously not the case with a bucket and the fact that all the historical records also shows that when people con game broad based consensus that caliphate automatically becomes invalidate. the caliphate is such an extraordinary entity. as an outsider i wish that the islamic world like you had something to represent all that

. traditions of political violence or civil war what about the other side of islam which i'm afraid the west doesn't really. eat. eat eat eat meat. this december make the heroes of europe asia africa the middle east oceania. feel welcome to a stage made for legends make connections makes a state compete for the on becoming one its best see the site will be sure to say i want to be. told this before the comp. make cats on your goal.

how i would get lots of hot sunshine across central parts of south america the heaviest i was up into the i was in central possibly still i was also west sings them live you down poles a little bit away whether it's a for timing to know the cause of argentina but the shot was hey will be few and far between $27.00 who want to say i was be getting up towards the 40 degree mark in a sense and over the next couple of days. at least the sight of brazil and i would towards the western side of the country as well i could all see some shallow some

shallow as that only spells of rain into a columbia and some of the spells if i'd also affecting parts of the caribbean we've got a couple of bands of rain this one here just coming across the greater antilles will introduce some life showers into jamaica spent a little wet here recently and those showers and all going anywhere too quickly and some showers also grassy make their way back towards the lesser antilles is because for the next couple of days this warm temperatures here getting up to $31.00 degrees celcius will see some rain soon to the southwestern corner. for the us over the next day i see some showers still down towards southern parts of california some west of weather some wintry weather further north that's going to make its way further east which is we go through the next couple of days becoming widespread by state. sponsored by cat town and it's. going to me maybe often as i put it up from questions to my special guests and

challenging them to some straight talking political debate here on al-jazeera. this is al-jazeera. and all of the problem and this is the news out live from doha coming up in the next 60 minutes they are replacing international law with the law of the jungle. palestinians condemned the u.s. for a verse in a decades old policy on israeli settlements. took a what mrs who had the contentious fun call between donald trump and ukraine's leader get set to testify at the impeachment inquiry.