away from its reliance on oil production at 83 years old the new amir has been serving in senior leadership positions for more than half a century including his minister of interior and minister of defense house if no one comes to meets quits challenges is yet to be known but many will look to his choice of era parents and prime minister to indicate what sorts of direction he intends to take. and now a reminder of the top stories on al-jazeera international pressure is growing on armenia and azerbaijan to end their fierce battle over the disputed region of nagorno-karabakh both sides are reporting more military and civilian casualties after a 4th day of fighting but the country's leaders are digging in and rejecting demands for a cease fire. u.s. president dollar trump and his democratic rival joe biden are back on the campaign

trail after a chaotic 1st presidential debate marred by insults and interruptions most controversial was trump's refusal to condemn white supremacists but in the last hour he changed his message to extremist group the proud boys i don't know who the proud boys are but you have to give me a definition because i really doubt that they are i can only say they have to stand down let law enforcement do their work law enforcement will do the work more and more as people see how bad this radical liberal democrat book but does it how we the law enforcement is going to come back stronger and stronger but again i don't know proud boys are but whoever they are they have to stand down let law enforcement do their work. family members and protesters in india continue to call for justice over the gang rape of a teenager who later died from her injuries that 19 year old suffered a spinal and neck injuries after the attack by 4 men in uttar pradesh police

arrested 4 suspects her family who came from the so-called low caste valley community say police then cremated her body against their wishes. russia has recorded its biggest daily rise in cases of coronaviruses since june and more than 8000 new cases of 177 deaths were reported in the past 24 hours moscow's mayor has advised the elderly and anyone with chronic health problems to stay at home. kuwait late emir share his alarm at us about has been laid to rest the day after his death a funeral procession was held in kuwait city for the 91 year old former leader she waits knew and near shaken our fallen middle saba has already been sworn in the news and half an hour at the stream is the ext.

color i'm melissa chan and i'm just hosting the stream home edition today we're going to be talking about endangered languages there are some 50027000 languages out there depending on how you count it and 50 to 90 percent of it it's estimated could be gone by the end of the century we'll take a look at why and speak to some of those who are working to. preserve these languages as always on you tube post your comments and questions we'll try to get to as many as possible see you too you can join the stream.

welcome to our guest today we have david and we had rock or a we have beat us to get quick if you can each introduce yourselves to everyone let's start with david. i am a listener and good morning to all of our viewers and my name's david harris my most successful geographic explorer now i study law. and endangered languages and i work with last speak. to world to help them change their language just david you broke up there so i'm going to let the viewers know that you are affiliated with national geographic. now be considered introduce yourself to everyone. how bush will gain a lot of aspic randoms in a cause that probably current will devolve to them hi everyone mind here it's the us again. i am from the affluent minnesota and my clan is bare

and i work every go to learning center which is an immersion school located in the south with the atlas reactor a tell us about yourself. but they're not kowtowing among the ilario or tell me on the can't quit my name is ricky holland i come from pattern a key which is one of the provinces problems is in new zealand out there at all and most of my work and if it has been community based really are without language revitalisation effects and this very much where i would now. it's very interesting with these languages that are being threatened about one 3rd of all the languages out there have you or than 1000 speakers and it's just a big challenge in this day and age to maintain that david i'm curious where are

some of the regions that you see around the world that are most vulnerable to losing languages. listen. i bet and study and with diversity. by we have noticed that it's not evenly distributed so there are what you could call language response which are areas in the world which have extreme diversity of languages and there are global forces that are pushing languages and exchange but fortunately there are also strong local force despite being to say why should i really. compliment my fellow get today because they are with me which warriors who are fighting to save their own what i'm getting so it is a dire situation globally as we see almost half of the world's 7000 languages threatened with extinction but of the signs that languages are being revitalized.

i want to put everything in context here i pulled a washington post article it's super interesting because of the graphics on it take a look it says nearly 2 thirds of people speak one of these 12 languages as their native language you see chinese arabic spanish will be very do bengali english no surprises there and look at this next page or in the same article. english is by far the most commonly studied foreign language in the world so if you have 2 people speaking to different endangered languages for example and they meet there most likely if they wanted to communicate most likely to have english as a shared language to what extent i wonder is the fact that there are these main languages the fact that they're pushing out the ability for people to practice language as it was smaller with a smaller population of people. and curious about how racker

a thinks about this in your work. so quite obviously having global languages associated with government and the economy a definitely has an impact on local languages but i suppose that i don't focus so much on the numbers of speakers to me it's not about having a 1000000 speakers or 100000 speakers it's more around the quality of the interaction that takes place the intergenerational transmission and language can survive with a relatively small population had long as the quality of the transmission in the maintenance of that language is a part of the shared identity is strong so focusing on numbers sometimes is a is a huge distraction and we feel that because we don't have as many speakers there we're not doing as well but i tend to focus on the quality of the interaction and generational transmission. either civically i'm curious do you agree with what rock

or a says do you think it's more about quality not quantity. i completely agree there's a lot of instances where we have see the scene language that way star meant for a long time but as long as we get quality language that's being you know maintained and secured and like a great variety of resources that was documented you can definitely bring back language to thrive i do believe that as long as we have quality language that is being then i don't see any way that it couldn't survive. i'm curious about what you think in terms of why this is happening and there's a lot being written about in terms of the fact that urbanization is a contributor to people losing languages you know their language that they speak in their village or are in our area will area and they go into the big cities and they end up speaking whatever everyone else is speaking a city so there's urbanization there globalization there's also technology and

technology can be both a good thing or a bad thing it's bad that google translate determines which languages they want to include ray but it's good because you have apps like dual lingo where people are learning languages the technology is something that i'm curious about in terms of how you guys think about it as a positive or a negative david i see you nodding so why don't you jump ben. well taken ology. first say it can be a great platform to expand a language i have developed a platform called the talking dictionary which is the 1st presence on the internet for now nearly 200 endangered languages and these communities are using it to increase their presence i also want to comment briefly because you had a track to it on the bottom of the screens in the past the world's languages have no written form that is presenting writing and. writing.

most of the world's languages are oral and we we in literate cultures we tend to think of if you don't have writing you're lacking something you're deficient somehow but oral cultures are amazing in astonishing in what they can do with their minds. details who speak an unwritten language and they can recites 10000 lines of an epic story they can do things that seem miraculous to those of us and so there's a significant trade off between our writing in a language and other cultural things that you might lose that someone way progression that you should adopt already. and normally and what we've seen in the past is that there tends to be a view that a language without a script that is just oral is looked down upon unfortunately i want to bring in some of the comments that we've seen on you tube and jenny since america says that

hebrew and hawaiian are examples of languages successfully brought back from extinction or the threat of extinction why did they succeed when so many other attempts to save indigenous languages fare so i mean let's hold on to that top thought and let me go to 2 tweets that have also been written presently i'm having the same challenge so i make sure my children learn to speak minute a language which is a nigeria at a very younger age at home that it's not compulsory for them to speak new bay that's actually something that i personally also experience i was not allowed to speak english at home it was cantonese and mandarin chinese only here is some body else. for for forcing i thought about that some time back i think as a way to save them we direct the same energy and resources as the english language i mean dictionaries computer digitalization if the language with the aid of the people who are still in grasp of the language rather a and b.

jessica quick i'm very curious about. your your your method of educating what do you think about what people have said about starting from the home and that that being a very important component to get quick. i think it's really important i mean ideally you're setting up an asked for your family at home where you realize and recognize that this is a place where it's safe to speak your language and you don't have the outside impeding in on who you are and what your identity as we speak your language your heritage language i think it's very important and i love that everybody has commented so far and i think they're on the right path for everything they've. reactor a you think said to a war absolutely i think we need to start raising our children in these languages so that a becomes a neutral and

a normalized language in those communities but returning back to the earlier comment having a written language or having a large corpus of the language is really important however at the same time sometimes when we focus so much on the written form we focus on the language as something separate from the communities themselves and so that something has happened with modeling which there's been so much emphasis on the language understanding grammar and structure in the building corpus that in many ways we've left out one of the most important ingredients which other communities of speakers need to maintain the language and so we really really only come to terms with how we can reengage communities again with their language today here in this country. and i want to bring in another comment at this time we're talking about communities here is a comment from you tube. abdul fattah saying i personally believe that colonialism has a great role to play especially in africa and i hear rupert tribe in one theory i

hardly understand some media of words as a father how do i teach my children and that leads me to the community video submission that we have from grassy n at team dog base he's a professor of african language sticks from camera have a listen. the legacy of organizational on account with these is the adoption by the newly independent missions of the east of the follow up must as we've just been used the policy patents and. those languages and only one would ease at the expense of the mother tongue it's. so there's and are the absolutely right yes go ahead at the end and i love the examples from africa and you're the person who tweeted said they were from nigeria you know nigeria is part of a language hotspot that has their men's language diversity more than 500 languages

and i've been speaking to a friend of mine who's a nigerian linguist he's a speaker of b.b.s. which is a language with millions of speakers in the 1st days of school. history type area. in the 4th through 6th grade it was entirely in english and they were discouraged from speaking in mother tongue and then as soon as he reached the 7th grade. they were not only discouraged they were punished by being beaten or being forced to perform hard labor if they were caught in their mother tongue so that the irony is that he still speaks both languages and he didn't need to give up if he be of it in order to earn. the right encourage with. yes so institutions and government have a big role to play out when you think about colonialism it really is about institutions and how governments decide what languages are important i think about

these days of course some of the headlines is china trying to impose teaching and preventing mongolian from being toxic and they have of course also trying to control the language in this scene jan territory where they're article readers as well and of course tibetan for quite a number of decades and so i really am curious ruach are agnes yes a good question about your respective languages because they were essentially a victim of the institutions and the governments in place ruprecht can you just let people know a little bit of the history. modeling which was dipping at least. if it be used by the government to ensure that modeling which wasn't maintained so just as they that is just explained nigeria. the language in 867 you could only get funding for schools if you only spoke english

and in probably about 70 or 80 years ago punishment for speaking marty wards was still very much the norm. though. that they had a government one national language and all the other lane with the interface make it on their own. there's a common theme i think around the world since of nationalism associated with one common dominant language. is something that denies the voices denies the identities of localised communities and quite often we associate ourselves in moving ahead in the world with it leaving behind a diversity certainly was the case in not an alky or in new zealand. when you look at languages that are dying i want to pull up a video of christina calderon she's over 90 years old she's the last person on

earth who speaks this language called young don have a listen. i would have to be in this if. sometimes when i think about what i was going to say and then i i don't remember i used to speak with my sister when she was still here that my sister died the children did not let me again bring none of my nephews learned you know i have no one and no one no one to speak to that's how it is you know it's a shame to not be able to speak again because i really miss that. melissa you know i've hunted up ahead. christina's story is very touching of course and i've met many speakers around the world who are truly to the left which is you know. your language become silent it becomes into sly's people in the community a sense of loss to regret 2 of the stars it may take

a generation or 2 before they come back and realize the value that it has for them but her story is true common among last speakers it's very heartbreaking and on you tube we have another comment from expect oh patrolling as language is important it is the most important symbol of one's culture the issue cannot be overlooked just because we have more pressing issues like climate change they have their own importance and i think that really echoes what you just said david so looking at what can be done i also want to share another community video that was shared with us from naive lotto and i'm yes wilker there's founders of lower languages in mexico this is what they have to say. i think all around me is a need in our language and over $300.00 a month of class in there with the new modern many of the countries of iraq and this is the language of the day sitting in my hair we sat you and i know we made

a mission. to learn the language and this is the 1st that will break baghdad and make people very probably get. so much show that every guy didn't show the view the m.f.t. that they were my friends and that we also prevented all the use of the nation because with them feed us make it quick i'm curious what are methods that have worked for you in terms of teaching the language that get young people engaged . i just want to point kind of a comment that i have that everyone has talked about how like oral proficiency has been more of play there's a lot of languages that are oral and it's been a tough transition to making them more about literacy for the language a language is one of those languages that it was almost entirely oral oral speaking and you know the literacy is just now starting to be like that's a thing that we teach the students and you know it's

a new way the new age kind of thing and i think with the oral speaking what comes in the hand is you get all these cultural teachings and remembering where to fall on them i mean one of the comments that you had earlier was about like climate change if you have if you rely on your language for like oral practices and that language that falls in hand with it you will get teachings from your elders or resources that were passed on from generation and those teachings can teach you about like climate change or how to take care of your community i mean it's those things that you can genuinely fall on to take care of yourself and your community all together that's what we do with immersion teaching it's an experience a learning we use all those cultural teachings to teach our kids what was passed on to us that's very interesting so it's very holistic rockeries that the same experience you have in terms of getting younger people engaged it's not just about the language it's very holistic. and so much so much focus goes on language

acquisition. and in many cases for us we've become very good at teaching language but we're not very good at using language and so establishing those immersion environments absolutely what's needed within our environment and using and then all the or but the key pointers as if we wait until children school age or we wait until we're adults to start learning a language it's hugely inefficient it's far easier to establish a lane which was when children are picking up their languages in the 1st instance that expose them to communities or domains where language is a normalized is a part of culture and identity and they pick it up so much more quickly and so much more. that the integrity is so much stronger for them is they grow up so that.

rather than focus and are learning a language and i'm not saying that we don't do that on just simply saying we can't leave aside the importance of the immersion demand outside of the learning environment and sometimes we leave those behind or we don't put enough effort into those spaces kerry culture and i didn't. yeah i got a lesson at that was at least yes go ahead yeah i could just kind of like to pick up on the das a good quote is really wonderful point about the environment but. we need language diversity just as we need biodiversity for a healthy planet for a healthy society and most of what humans know about the environment plants and animal species that are not yet known to scientists are well known and well under stood and then there's languages and cultures so without those languages we're missing the huge chunk of the human knowledge base and we're missing the ability to take care of our planet but that knowledge. it's very interesting as is going to

say that in many ways that question that was asked on you tube earlier how do i teach my children is in many ways based on what you guys have said it the wrong question to ask almost that it isn't just about going into a classroom and it's about so much more that david i do want to follow up on that what what if if a parent does ask you that though what would you say to them. about the importance of transmission generational transmission is how languages survive and it has to be incentivised and for the parent we underestimate the amount of agency that children have in deciding whether to keep a language or not if you create the right social conditions children will make a rational choice in the. language if you make them go ashamed of their if you're in it it will give up the language when you're in the very end of our shows i want

to go to each of you to ask if you can say something in the language that you teach and specialize in and what it means let's start with a rock or a. no hold on michael. nouri teenie done even a completely pretty chordal bit i just explained. a seed farewell but also. using the witty put on me which is i would put into nick since that is that is a coming together or source or container for lang which got a. bit as to get your final thought. that i could all. i could go and i'm up with a call have you sick. you know i think you know our week which was in delhi and i would like to say that i speak 10 phrases at home every day if you have 10

phrases you can use those 1 and polite and also then from there and then i also want to say thank you for having me and the co-op a man i'll be seeing you know. david your quick sentence into the language of the pneumatic you are herders when you're saying sure we'll use our balls to move your ruby because why does the secret color to color to work for some . rock or a bit as sickly and david thank you so much for joining this program.

business leaders just want to find the brass paul.

business leaders just want to find the brass paul. of all my friends and coworkers who were detained i am the only one who survived they were all waiting for news of their menfolk and was only one word on limits to much smaller though just saw a boy killed in his father's arms i saw a man kill next to his son i have only once in my life seen men who are scared to death one of the bosnian war is darkest secrets bosnia the count on al-jazeera. we're heading to the place so deep in the proving it was on it's taking us 2 days on this boat just to get there from the search through. techno look at what is being done to protect one of the region's most iconic creatures of the piles are disappearing because he and legal pad trade with booming researchers wanted to see if reintroduction of macleod's was

a viable option to save some of these population pretty good. techno on al-jazeera . or. hello i'm barbara starr in london these are the top stories on al-jazeera international pressure is growing on armenia and azerbaijan to end their fierce battles over the disputed region of nagorno-karabakh both sides are reporting more military and civilian casualties after a 4th day of fighting but the leaders of both countries are digging in and rejecting the manse for a cease fire shelob ellis says more. as the international.