we see the debate on world what is being debated is without those who have more can express in terms of him agency in solidarity with the rest of the country. these are difficult times for argentina, years of recession and inflation, and the impact of the pandemic have left millions in need of finding balance between providing aid and stabilizing. the economy is seen as crucial to help the country leave its economic troubles behind. it is how and to cedar point aside. yes, this is all just 0. these are the top stories. the u.s. has confirmed. it'll reduce the number of troops in afghanistan and iraq by mid january. so leave both countries with around 2500 soldiers there. but senior u.s. military and political figures are expressing concern over the plans. similar 14

has reaction from baghdad. the office of the prime minister here in iraq published a statement saying that the prime minister spoke to secretary of state mike pompei o over the phone and that the 2 sides continued to cooperate in the future. but that the troops were being reduced in light of the growing capabilities of iraqi security forces to address terrorism in the country. and of course, eisel was officially declared defeated in 2017. but the coalition has still been engaged in fighting an insurgency and trying to contain sleeper cells that remain operational. donald trump has fired his chief of cyber security just days after we've rejected the president's claims of electoral fraud. chris crabs and his agency are responsible for election security. he said the poll was the most secure in american history. trump's legal challenge to the election results has suffered another setback. pennsylvania's supreme court has rejected his campaign's arguments,

that republican party observers did not get close enough access during vote counting president elect joe biden is projected to have won the state. through this new interim president francisco suggested he has been sworn in as the country's 3rd leader in just over a week and have been widespread protests ever since. former presidents martin discover was removed over corruption, allegations 3, former pro-democracy politicians have been arrested in hong kong with their suspected of destructing, a legislative meeting in june to discuss a law which criminalizes any insult to the chinese national anthem. ethiopia's government says to ground forces are destroying bridges in an attempt to stop the military's advance to their main city. in the on tuesday, prime minister abu ahmed announced what he called a final offensive to end. the conflict in the region to grand fighters have refused to comply with government demands to put down their weapons. those are the headlines. the news continues here on al-jazeera after inside story,

by the keno fast. so is heading toward elections, but spiraling insecurity is overshadowing the vote. hundreds of thousands can register and much of the country is off limits, thanks to roaming groups. so what real change can these elections bring? join us as we assess now on the phone to africa's most troubled states. another promising sign in the fight against covert 19 u.s. drugmaker. madonna says it's vaccine is nearly 95 percent effective. is there an end in sight to the global pandemic? this is inside story. hello, welcome to the program and burn. it's a 2nd potential covert 19 vaccine is raising hopes around the world. u.s.

drug maker, madonna, says trials have shown its vaccine is nearly 95 percent effective against the virus . last week announced similar results, but many challenges remain. regulators in the united states and elsewhere still have to approve the new vaccines. then there's the question of supply and demand, as well as how to distribute billions of doses globally. and some countries may not even be able to afford them. but then as president spoke about the work that lies ahead it's a really important milestone in the fight against the pen demick because it demonstrates that our magazine, our morning 1273 is able to prevent covert 900 disease including severe disease in people who've received it. it's really just a milestone. we have a lot of work ahead of us knowing the vaccine is going to be effective is great news, but we still need to complete the regulatory process, which involves completing the study,

generating more to follow safety. and then of course, we need to get busy manufacture with all this and courage and news about vaccines as a risk. some may let their guard down when it comes to cope with 19 matches. world health organization is encouraging people to keep wearing masks on socially distance. this is not the time for complacency. while we continue to receive encouraging news about kovi of 19 vaccines and remain cautiously optimistic about the potential for a new tools to start to arrive in the coming months. right now, we are extremely concerned by the surging cases we are seeing in some countries, particularly in europe and the americas. now let's hear from the volunteers who took part in the dearness vaccine trial and how they feel about their experience. as a phase one trial participants,

the purpose of that trial of the initial trial is to test safety in humans. and i happened to be the 1st human to be injected with this trial that same and it was went great and then they'd go again and i was just kind of threw my name in america to see if this was something i could do to help me grow and it's been kind of ruined to see how badly this is for a lot of control in countries that are working down and taking the progression seriously. so it's definitely something that could help the world. i want to bring you this vaccine or else in fines or says it will start a pilot delivery scheme for its experimental vaccine. it will test distribution, methods across 4 states in the u.s., rhode island, texas, new mexico and tennessee. but the company says, this doesn't mean those states will have preferential access to the vaccine. if approved, preliminary results show pfizer's inoculation to be more than 90 percent effective, but it must be shipped and stored at minus 70 degrees celsius.

let's bring in our guests in grindle, walled in switzerland is dr. anneliese wilder smith, professor of emerging infectious diseases at the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine. and she's also a consultant to the initiative of vaccine research at the world health organization in can each or in morocco is as a teen ebrahimi. he's director of the biotechnology lab at robot medical and pharmacy pharmacy school and mom of the 5th university. and joining us from london is oksana. she's a lead at university college london, global citizenship program on outbreaks of infectious disease. welcome to you all and always a 1st of all. if i can start with you, modernity figures are based on the 1st 95 participants who fell sick. 90 of them had received the placebo. so is that enough for people to confidently say the

vaccine is 94.5 percent effective? so these are the results of the interim analysis, baseball a smaller event sized, the company has announced it will continue its trial and till they have reached the pre-specified number of events when they then will do the final analysis. once you have a final analysis, you can really look at the entire, you know, number of participants and look at have a better at, at advocacy and safety. also in and some populations like the old arrow or those with cuomo, bit he's. but indeed, the interim analysis do look promising. as a dean, you think it looks promising? why i think so, i think basically because they're the vaccines, a lot of them actually went through the phase one that was the toxicity to face through and it shows some difficulty. that was

a really good and now we have the 1st results actually good results. actually. i think between pfizer and between more, there are the results are very good. 90 percent of the population is actually having the antibodies against the cough too. and they think what's going to happen to agree by with my colleague actually we want to sue see the numbers. they create the numbers to have a clear of the year. and i think the sum population is something very good. they just want to remind everybody and provide the public. that's when the best think the best boxes that we are looking for. action is the back seat. we have no adverse drug reaction or an adverse immunization reaction. and the 2nd think will be that something that will be personalized since we don't have that yet. it will be some adverse reaction and we can talk about that. but i think finally that the result that are here are very encouraging. and i think more company, more companies are coming to prison soon. and as we now also want to do ask you 5, use this r.n.a.

method. what just for the layman, what is this and why is it so significant? why i think it's a great, great news. i think i'm more excited about the fact that this 2 companies use this technology. that is another company in germany using the same technology because it's often ups this era of genetic therapy, genic, gentlemen, therapy or things like that. and reminded me undermined everybody that's this year the nobel prize was with the bots, crisper cause mine. that is a technology actually that's aims to correct some of the genetic defect. so what happens instead of having and then to didn't introduce to it the body like have an inactivated virus or through and then of virus which we do actually is bring into our, in a misanthrope that's used the genetic called kind of feel that couple of proteins and bring gets into the says and be able actually to create into the center of the human sense to have dentures in and have done 2 bodies actually produced. and

that's people can see in a few years, maybe just acknowledge it can be used to produce fruitiness drugs and maybe correct some genetic defects. oxana, we're talking about billions of doses of vaccine that will be needed ultimately. what are the main components needed to make the vaccine practically, is going to be short supplies of things like a lot re, agents and vials and syringes. one of those challenges, what you've highlighted perfectly, some of the logistical challenges that some countries will face for a manufacturing perspective, even the basics that i forget what goes into the vaccine itself, including the regions, the active pharmaceutical in greedy and the persons, etc. what we will be looking at is just even the supply of syringes and many countries in the world already. since the beginning of the pandemic have faced shortages of essential supplies, there we go back to mark, you remember how hard it was to trace p, p e, that diagnostic tests,

etc. not also opened a big gap in the market for not only substandard but falsify products to enter. and this will of course, be an issue once the vaccine does become available to, to the wider population. due to the sheer demand, there has never been a mass vaccination campaign at base scale and within this time frame before. so we cannot underestimate how difficult that is going to be. but the job we have show through the kovacs facility is working with 186 countries. and economies to be able to really be a focus on manufacturing, as well as purchasing doses in order for this distribution to be a bit more equitable. because as you know, this is a biloba pandemic. we can't just focus on a vaccine reaching one part of the world,

but not the other, because that will continue to cross borders and reinspect and ultimately it will long pandemic. so the larger challenge after it clears the final safety hurdles, will also be around ensuring that these fragile pharmaceutical supply chains in some parts of the world are strengthened. which will mean will also have to increase regulatory prosody. ok, and i know he's what percentage of the population are we going to have to vaccinate for this to work and class does it if the function is more effective, can you get away with vaccinating less people to see what? well, that's or not please correct me if i'm wrong. so india does a lot of thinking going around how best to use this vaccine at a time when we know that initially we have limited vaccine supply and, and b. know that most of the deaths or, and a severe disease and customizations, i.c.u. care is needed for the older age group,

so the initial priority then would be 1st to have to, you know, edna's it in that scene to those at highest risk of severe disease outcomes. but also acknowledging that health care workers and putting down lies at stake for the sake of society that we will also to honor their service. we would also offered to the health workers very early home, even when we have limited banks in supply as it is a protection. ok, as i think, how quickly has the development of these back vaccines been compared to the time it takes normally for, for other vaccines. why i think that's a good question, but that would look like it's just come back to that. all of us question, just to say that we can have an impact on the clinical parts. if we can actually get to 20 percent of the population that needs actually to get protected. since we

don't have the virus actually for 80 percent of the population, we actually don't have any great centimes or severe symptoms. only 20 on the number had to be afterwards. so yeah, so if we can target actually this 20 percent for the 1st phases of where we don't have a lot of vaccine, it would be great because we could not reach the 75 to 65 percent for that. it did in your logical approach that we could get and a clinical impact. and for the quickness i think, i think it was very quick, actually, we're get to that. and that was one of the things that lots of the un team, boxers actually got to it and talked about it. but i have to remind everybody that's why we got there simply because we have great experience and the chinese and the asian population. that's a good research and actually that's a great experience with the source code. wonder 1st one. and evidently they started before since 2003, beginning with new approaches for to have the vaccine. so as soon as we get this

infection in, you know, what's happened in 6 days, we were able actually to have the genomes of this virus says, and then 60 days in china actually were able actually to get to clinical trials and out the thing that was really interesting, that's the political mendacious actually to bring together in a lot of cases face to in phase 3. and the other thing, why are we going to get the virus quick, sorry, the vaccine quickly. it was like and, and then implementation or accommodation for all companies that's got to the, the 3rd phase to start production and lots of countries put the money into it. so it's why we hopefully we get almost any year we get for a vaccine. i think it's big victory, not just for this companies, best for humanity is to get to this kind of response in one each of us. 4 phases of testing. i understand if you can very quickly take me through them. but, and so the question, but china and russia have approved that vaccine,

some vaccines without waiting for the phase 3 results. it is not a risk worth taking, was the face 3 result is, is the largest part of the trial. it has the, the most amount of people in it. so phase one in 2 is mostly focused on smaller groups to see about it, whether it's safe to continue and whether, what the dosing should look like. and then face 3, we take it into to the largest population group constable and with diversity and included in, not in, with the material vaccine. and the pfizer vaccines. we did have over 40 percent of different type population, which is really in or to understand how the vaccine can work in different groups. and so in this, at phase 3 trial, even when we get towards the end of it, it still may not may make what happens in the real world. there are still things that don't translate in terms of the levels, etc. and that's simply

a statistic here. but it does give us an understanding about the overall safety and the speed of which this has gone through is one that is world. it's a world record. but i would also like to add that, you know, these are circumstances in which the world has not, in least in modern recent times, have to have had to face. we look at the current the evidence that has come up, that our other panelists, it talks about how quickly we went from mapping the genome into, into those phase one trials. but there will be, this will be the most scrutinized a data that will be published in history as well. so there's no room to hide everything. all eyes of the world are going to be on these $210.00 that seem

candidates, $47.00 of which are in human faces of the trial. that space $1.00 to $3.00. and then we have 10 that are really at the front runners. there towards the end of the face 3 trials, and we see really positive, early interim results as well. so from my argument about the safety aspect is not that anything has changed from a standards perspective. those standards remain high, and they're specially high for vaccines because we're in unison people who are not sick. so the, the, the rigorous standards are even more so than for any other type of medical product . about what is different is that the world has screeched to a halt. all of the harms the tickle industry. researcher scientists have been focused on a singular problem. other r. and d. development has been put on cars in order to get a vaccine. and that's what's possible, this is the speed that is possible when we really shift our focus in terms of

whether the safety has been compromised. certainly not. well, despite the unprecedented scrutiny that the research has been under the roxana's referring to, there will be people who are nervous. this is all happening too fast. i don't mean on t.v. axis. i mean, people who are just worried, how do you persuade them on a lease to, to, to have the job. i think the most important message has been no, we did not cut corners. we went as fast as we needed to. but also i slowly, as we needed to be. so the difference to the past is that of course, there's more money involved, more resources dedicated, and added compressing timelines by not going sequentially, you know, in space one that they saw in this way, but that we are compressing a timeline, speculating a lot in parallel. so for example, the policy deliberations and i'm tired of already started before we had faced the trial so that we are ready for the time. and if

a stream results are out. so i think we have ticking all the big questions that we need. really, it's all as pre-agreed and we're all sticking to it and, and we have been doing it, you know, at unsafe safety monitoring and by are not cutting corners as a teen. those were sort of in france yesterday. the heart of french people would not want to be vaccinated against covert 1000 at the moment. how do you persuade them? well, it's also really a surprise and actually because there is a, a nature medicine paper that came out like cherington looked over. and the paper actually was saying that almost 71 percent of the, the work population it was done on ob, sort of the like, cent countries. but the most populated countries and this countries the got their average of 71 percent who accepts actually to take the vaccine. but will surprising that in france is a really this kind of numbers. but i think it's the people who are for the 1st sign

take in their lives seriously and look in not to the expert to give them the answer . but the other way in the risk benefits themself, and i think it's just the test will take time actually indicating people i was a reader surprised looking at this paper because in the u.s. it was 71 percent were women actually to take the, the vaccine. and in france, actually we were around 50 percent, and i think that's needs us actually to engage the community is something very important if we cannot build distrust between us scientists and between the population explaining to them that absolutely. if we don't explain all of this adverse to immunization effect, that really gets because we go to the billions of people. if we not communicates correctly with them, i think we're not to get easily to the must next nation. i think that's a very interesting thanks. even if we get the logistics,

if it would get to that mr. ration if we would get to the vaccination, if we don't get people to mistrust the, the population trusts it will be very difficult to the point. persuading people to be vaccinated if their own for seeing problems in a vaccine, one of those problems, usually a pair, is it in these clinical testing stages or is in weeks, months, years further down the line? well, it's very common for firms, especially new medicines to be monitored over their, at a time. so likely in this instance, anyone who's receiving a vaccine there will be monitoring for 2 year period in your doctor's pharm says they're usually have a monitoring system here in the u.k. . we have the yellow card through the m h r a, which is our regulatory body to really assess what type of problems may arise in the future. it's not possible for everything to be caught in a clinical trial. however,

what we do have in terms of the history of vaccines, is that the benefits far outweigh any risks and so far in a clinical trial. the 1st facts have been really limited to wards and site injections and irritation of the skin really mild issues. however, once we do broaden to a wider population, there could be further information that is gathered. and again, at this, this is something that we closely monitor in every country. but if we look through the history of vaccines, really significant problems from vaccination. how that has not been the main story here. mostly what we've seen is that we have been able to almost eradicate polio which the memory of the history of that, especially for many young people can't really think about what an irony long even looks like. so again, throughout things like also color,

which is and has been such a killer. all of these means that our life expectancy has grown and improved around the world with almost a very little were negligent amount of adverse effects. but this will be closely monitored as a dean. what are some of the challenges going to be for delivering the vaccine from factory to all, particularly some of the light where you are yourself morocco in the developing world, which doesn't have available resources that european or the north american countries might? well, i think it's a great question actually just bringing on the plane of vaccine would be a very big challenge. actually. it's why i think it will since the beginning and they think they're w.h.o. recommendations were very great. and this is because it's really helped each country actually to have its own strategy looking at it's capacity to do it. so that logistic is very important things there and they're not thinking about also or

just morocco, but africa in general. i think if you have a vaccine like the more there are no one where you were like the pfizer one where you were in will need actually 80 80 refrigerators freezers. it's going to be tough to have this kind of vaccine enough because so i think it's more classical approaches for what seems like the one that developed by astra zeneca or sing a farm would be something more appropriate for countries in, in morocco. so i think it's a, something that's we can you have each country has to have its own strategy to do its protect. think that africa's will be looking to the w.h.o. to give them the best recommendation for that. and also very quickly from you on elise as well. the challenges of delivering this vaccine to places with really heavy out concentrated outbreaks like india, pakistan, other developing world countries. what are those challenges? oh so, so, so many intelligence because this is now unlike the child vaccination program where we have the expertise, we have the track record,

we have to make innocent place here be a 1st time getting, you know, hold hold of people. so for countries that have experience in delivering influenza vaccine, they actually can, you know, to all the people they can, that they can use that experience now to roll out to commit 1000 maxin as well. and just let you know as a dummy to a developed am like a country readiness assessment tool as a government need to look at this. do we have our event? do we know how to deal or do we know how to, you know, stuart this with, with the culture cold chain requirement that, well actually both, both the 1st front has been a vaccines have do we have enough there. 'd how, how do i really get to them very old? and how do i deliver to health care workers in a big hospital systems? and as a lot of work going on, this training modules now, just now i in fact i attended a simulation exercise. so we,

it's all countries need to go through a similar list relation exercises. now, in preparedness of the, these 1st 2 or 3 or 4 vaccines to be approved, you know, within probably by december or early january. ok, well unfortunately, we are out to fund the so much more to discuss, but we'll be back on this subject many times, i'm sure, but for the moment, thanks to all our guests on ali's wilda smith as edina brahimi and oksana, pizz ache, and thank you too for watching, you can see the program again any time by visiting our website, al-jazeera dot com and for further debate, go to our facebook page. facebook dot com forward slash a.j. inside story. you can also join the conversation on twitter. we are at a.j. insights from me, bernard smith and the entire team here halfway

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with every trumpet, ministrations says it will pull more troops out of iraq and afghanistan, slashing levels to the lowest in nearly 2 decades. the mothers and this is all to see a live from doha. also coming up through swears in its 3rd president, within a week after days of protests forced his predecessor to resign. cleaning up after

how to can iota, the storm weakens after causing major devastation in parts of central america and sharing the economic pie will argentina's very.