and are willing to sacrifice everything for change. for the private us space firm space x. has launched its latest batch of satellites into orbit. the falcon 9 booster actually set to break a record for landing the same rocket 7 times space x. is goal is to reuse rockets to reduce the cost of space flight. and this payload of satellites is designed to provide global broadband access to use, especially in rural areas, in remote regions when they are in al-jazeera. these are the headlines the deadline, imposed by the ethiopian government for to ground forces to surrender, and set to expire later on wednesday. the federal army is threatening the use of artillery on to its capital. mackellar, if regional forces don't lay down arms. all this fighting has forced thousands of people to escape into neighboring sudan and as he morgan reports from the border

city of gather if the humanitarian crisis is getting much worse, we're talking about more than 40000 who have arrived just over the past 3 weeks. when you look at the u.n. projections, they say that they expect 200000 refugees to arrive over the coming next month. but when you look at the rate of arrivals with at least 3000 people arriving every single day, according to sudanese authorities, they're expecting the number of 200000 refugees to reach to reach that figure, much earlier sudanese authorities say that could happen in as few as 3 months if not sooner, and they're worried about the capability or their capacity to handle this influx of refugees. now the headlines, hong kong's chief executive has defended a crackdown on the opposition and praise the widely criticized national security law. caroline's annual policy address was delayed by a month to allow for further consultation with beijing. u.s. president elect joe biden is formally introduced to some members of his proposed

cabinet. biden's margin of victory against donald trump is also a growing pennsylvania in nevada. have now certified him as the winner of the election. a controversial bill that would limit the right to film or take photos of french police officers has passed its 1st hurdle in parliament. the lower house voted in favor of the security bill, as hundreds protested in paris rights groups, and journalists of criticize the proposed law, which makes it illegal to share images of police. police officers, sorry, with the intent to cause them harm. and france's president emanuel across, it says the worst of the 2nd coronavirus wave is now over. the country will start easing its lockdown from this weekend. more than a 1000 virus deaths there were reported on tuesday. up to that with the headlines on al-jazeera, the stream is next. as a 2nd wave of covert, 19 brings us surgeon infections. a few months ago, there were dozens of cases a day now it reaches 2000 and countries enforce new measures to curb contagion.

this is the 1st step of the government's aim of mass. i think the entire population of scientists are on the brink of releasing new vaccines to reduce the spread of the virus. will it be enough to bring the global health crisis to an end? the coronavirus pandemic, special coverage on a jazeera there, anthony ok. you're watching the home edition of the stream under the stairs in my house because it is 2020. we are in a global time to make. we have learned so much of the past few months about ca's 819. so here in the student wants to bring together some health professionals. who could tell us, what do we know now that we didn't know before? talk about vaccines because they're making headlines right now. and what to expect in 2021. i know you have questions we are gave. you can jump into the comment

section of asking questions and they can be part of today's show where we have doctors in the house. we have medical professions in the house. it's good to have you back. can you do you a special introduction to the well tell everybody who you are in mind. this genius who may have seen you before. thank you for having me on the show today. so i am somewhat of a doctor. i work in intensive care and emergency medicine. i am also a journalist and i've written for few pieces recently on the economic impacts of chronic are somewhat good to have you back at kiko. really nice to see you. can you introduce yourself to i would it's tell them he, while i thank you for having me on your cell. my name is i am a professor in your knowledge singing at the yale university school of medicine. my lab studies the immune response to cope with 19 and another doctor,

you have krishna was in with us on the strain krishna. introduce yourself to a global audience. tell them what eating are good to be with you on krishna like maher position based at duke university and have the pleasure of leading the global health innovation center here and to try to harness innovation to address health and healthcare challenges, including covert welcome everybody. none of you would have missed the headlines recently about vaccines. and so i want to show our audience this 3 vaccines that are making news right now, why they're making news. so let's start with the families of 195 percent efficacy thought t dollars is expected price. so that's the fines that $1.00 would earn. are $94.00 play, fight the same advocacy, and it may cost somewhere between 25 and 37 dollars and inflation only ask, just send meca up to 90 percent efficacy sunni dollars,

maximum cost. this $1.00 is way, way, way cheaper. i might add of those 3 region which you pick. i'm lying. i think it's really a difficult question to answer that particular in terms of the data that's available at the moment. not i might annoy a lot has been provided towards us, but it's important to also look at like the history of drug companies in terms of how they've actually impacted economies before. so in 2007, for example, pfizer was voted as the least reputable pharmaceutical company of the big companies out there. and this is, they've been, they've had quite a lot like 4 complaints and mike in 2009 that had the biggest education against them. so there are times where drug companies, especially in something that is so marketable. so i guess economically beneficial for a company where the whole world requires a coronavirus vaccine for them to maybe, you know, cut corners or try to jumps so and shortcuts. so for me to say which one am i going

to trust? now it's difficult to answer that question. it's more of, let's wait for the data to come out before we can from the start say which one of those 3 is the one that's the most exciting akiko, just looking at these 3. can you tell us that if it's doing the finds him or done or, and asked insanity can't because at some point, either in the next few months or the next 6 months, people are going to be faced with a choice. maybe they won't have a choice, maybe they'll just have to take one of them. what's the difference treating signs or for instance, the fines of axing? what should we know about? so the fires are in the modern or vaccines are the m.r.i. vaccines. what that means is it's taking the blueprint to make a protein called the spike protein, which is the target of the immune response to sars coronavirus 2, which causes the cove in 1000 disease. and that's introduced into the cell by

lipitor capsule. and it's our own cells that make the proteins, the spike proteins that become the target of on to bodies and t. cells. the astra zeneca vaccine is a viral vectored vaccine, which means that we're using the ad in our virus as a trojan horse to deliver the material inside the cell. and again, it's the host cell that makes the protein, the spike protein that becomes the target of antibodies, intisar, s. . so all of these things are, you know, have a very high efficacy so far, and i'm very excited about the let me just go to abdullah. abdi and adeline, the new chief says, whose duty is it to conduct random, independent tests of the components of the vaccines? because he's really concerned about transparency. who is that? so in that use it already is like, i want to check the data and make sure it's ok. whose responsibility is it to do

that? well, i guess it's part of the whole process of peer review research normally and it's something that's not so rushed where drug companies trying to produce a product all go through various phases of research. i submitted to different journals where other people who are peers of who work in the same field will go through the recession, the data, and then come to a conclusion whether or not this industry is a bull or not feasible on a good through various stages. so there is always background checks that can happen, but in this, i guess more of a rushed process. corners are being cut even when it comes towards the f.d.a. or more nights in the u.k. . there are there are because it's, they're looking for emergency approval. what is occurring is going to her as much scrutiny. what are the coolness, akiko, do you agree that there could, as you will have you sitting there with excitement and a medicine that i think the consequence?

well, corners are being cut. certainly the phase 3 trials are looking at safety and making sure that no adverse events are happening. and so far, none of these 3 companies have adverse event that would stop it from going forward . and obviously the efficacy data, these are called press releases, which means that the companies that are conducting the trials are putting out news in the form of press release as opposed to what on that wants to see. what's in store, peer reviewed, or at least pre-print version on the raw data. and now we haven't seen those yet, but i believe those are forthcoming. i believe this is the scenario i wanted. i didn't big i should be projecting stary time right here. our viewers around the world, but a way out now and now to be christian. well, we don't know enough and we are living through a real crisis around the world. and so i agree that data is incredibly important,

but there's a strong role here for regulatory bodies as well, in addition to the peer review process. and so we have seen the f.d.a. and other regulators also step up and make sure that they are providing transparency as well as clear guidelines as to what they want to see from the data, including evidence the as well as safety. and maybe to go back to your 1st question, what excites me about that scene development is really all of the above. i don't think we can be in a position where we try to choose just one of these 3 candidates or even more that are coming online. we know that in the best case scenario, where all 3 of these vaccines are seen to be effective and get approved, that the total manufacturing capacity is about $5000000000.00 doses by the end of 2021. more than a year from now. and more than $3000000000.00 of those voters are already purchased and spoken for. so we're going to have significant shortages. and what we really

need to be thinking about is portfolio management. so how many different vaccines can we bring online and how quickly and make sure that the right type of vaccine is going to the right place at the right time? question and u.b.e. tweeted out just a few hours ago as i can see this beautifully hand on my laptop about how many doses will be available in 20202021. how many ricky people top. so we're looking by next year at the now i'm just going to make a quick one to thank for 1000000000 doses that meet. it's very quick to create mathematics. christian, i have a question for you. this question comes from uganda and this is going to have an issue. when you look at uganda police, then what is the take for us to get the right to do this? you plan to combat the spending in that timeframe. how i'm going to ensure the last minute we do nothing. you've got to find the scene. you need to get rid of the police that seem to be still. and one of the last of the cities not have time to

present how we're going to do a problem, because we need to ensure that people who might, if the scene see thank you. in a breath, i think that's a really critical question. and i would say, where have platforms like kovacs, the world health organization, gabby and sappy, have come together to really bring together a single platform to try to facilitate equitable access around the world. and under really alone, i know can i say she has received a medical? well, she says like, zach seems for affordable policies. low actually even free. chris? yes. that's right. and so there is room there. certainly for improvement. we need tens of billions of dollars more to be raised in this equitable way. and the idea that we might need ultra cold chain in places that are outside of cities,

especially in low resource that ngs are going to be very difficult. which is why getting the positive data on the astra, zeneca oxford, that scene as well as some of the others that are in the late stage of pipeline is going to be really important. and in addition to kovacs, i think we're starting to see things like the african union and the africa c.d.c. come together to protect your funding from across the continent so that they too can make purchases to cover their own populations. so we are starting to see some movement, but a long way to go, akiko, i feel, and i'm picking up from our online community, some hesitancy about taking the vaccine. this is sure c 100 on you say i want to take the vaccine, but part of me is worried about its safety. but mostly because of the people i feel as though i don't know why. ok, so that's all of us and protecting our fear is our concern. but we also tracked down rather who is in south africa. she's in johannesburg and she's been taking

part in oxford university trials. and she has a very different perspective for guiding, taking a vaccine. here's what i chose to take part in the south africa in aspen back scene from the cove a 19 virus because i think it's incredibly important to have days that is relevant to my local context. i also would like to believe that my taking part, who would, in some way, shape or form enable the people of my countries have access to that when it's finally improved. in terms of whether i will trust the vaccine when it is available . absolutely, and i think partially this is involved by the factors that have been on the trial. i've been able to witness firsthand the different safety measures and the corrections that they've taken to show that safe and effective. ok can pick up on that. yeah, so i think

a lot of the sphere comes from the fact that they emanate axes, for example, is a new platform that has not been approved for any other infectious diseases. yet. however, there is very little to fear about any of these facts. and as i mentioned, the safety is number one and the woods are through the trial, are people really paying attention to what kind of side effect they might have or what kind of adverse events that these volunteers that are taking the vaccine my suffer from? and so far we have seen no concern nost of your concerns from any of these vaccines . and secondly, the m.r.d. vaccine. essentially what we're doing is we're just sort of telling the cells to make the virus protein that otherwise you would name it, you would make up on exposures of the virus. so sort of giving us a leg up 1st to produce our antibody before being exposed to the virus,

gives us the ability to block and neutralize and really help us from getting severe diseases. so i think, i mean, i would be the 1st one to line up to get the vaccine if any of these things are approved. so i asked him, which one, which he pick, which one would he choose? i'm tempted to do that 95 percent one efficacy, which one would you pick? if you had a choice? like i said, it's no complicated. depends on availability or should it be me that goes 1st, it'll be other people, but be that receive the vaccine for us. so we're sure would i take that step that was to keep her because she i could go is very confident about this. yes, let's, let's look at her for the hard question again. which one i would take any one of them because i, like i said, they're all thin so far and safety concerns are not there and efficacy is pretty

great for them. and 9594.590 percent, these numbers might change as we test more and more people, but they're going to hover around that range. so i don't think there is intrinsically anything that different about the efficacy of these 3 x. means. let me go to it for him. if we have missed it, but he has 2 questions for you, so we'll go straight to him and be great team if he could answer his questions, he would get i missed all those things from getting in the business with plenty of physical problems over the ocean of agricultural interest greenberg's entails, but a lot of the rivers he has one of these of us is there. the organization here is rather easier to

do just let's go with that 2nd point 1st. are there any african or developing countries who are nightly to get the vaccine 1st? critically you pick that one? well, i do think we are going to see more equitable distribution once. and some of these candidates become available in a more formal way. every game is exactly right in that we have a core history around the world of ensuring equity in the way that we develop, evaluate, and then make available different innovations around the world. i think there have been attempts and new forms of art or ships related to coba, but also in ensuring that the way that the trials have been conducted include the diverse populations. and i'm hopeful though, i think it may be

a bit of time before all countries get access to this vaccine when it's available that at least will start to see some distribution early on. and hopefully early in 2021 is when we start to see distribution, not just in high income countries, but also in low and middle income countries. and in the 2nd question, how to keep them going to get in this one. if you take the vaccine does not mean that you can't get coverage 19. so how the facts scenes are evaluated is such that they are looking for people who are either in a placebo versus the vaccine arm in getting symptomatic infection. so symptom symptomatic, plus the virus positive where the, whether you will be completely protected from ever getting infected or not, is not what they're looking for. and so it's possible that even the vaccinated you

could get infection, but that does not lead to symptoms or severe disease. so all to many what we want to do is to protect as many people as possible from getting sick from this infection. and that's the goal of these facts, things. thank you for answering the questions. it was like as a spin around of questions, really appreciate that. we've learned a lot and speaking of learning a lot, i want to remind you. i was lucky on my laptop, the 2 occasions that we asked dr. ahmed twats to be on asho. the 1st time was coronavirus. how can we protect our health care heroes?, that was in march, you know, every was banging their pots and pans in the u.k., and then the 2nd time was in may when we were just really worried about how are you doing, how are you managing? because the cases for corona virus had not necessarily dropped around the world, what have we learned on it in all of these months since then when you were on the

front lines as one paycheck that you can actually see your mask, the marks of a mask on your face while you were doing this stream, what would you say is the most important lesson that we've learned, or you've learned, or your colleagues have learned in the past 8 months or so? i think in terms of the actual disease, we've been able to learn how to pick up the symptoms quite quite quickly. whereas before, people come in with like the difficulty in breathing when really sure what's going on. but now we can just pick up without having to wait for the actual code that result to come back. you can kind of see the pattern that's developed to be like, yep, that one's code. that one isn't. and then i think for us, what's really important is to know when to start treatment and it's always start treatment early. that's it. with other diseases. sometimes you kind of like, you know, you can wait it out a bit more. but with code, it is always start treatment early, and we also know the complications and for us to know how to make it stop the spread, that's probably, i think,

i guess is that towards actually improving how we deal with this pandemic. if we're able to stop the spread, less people are infected, whether that's preventative medicine through vaccines, by the moment this moment time, we don't have the bison to use that. we have to look at other ways to stop the spread. and now we're seeing maybe 2nd, perhaps 3rd wells, and anguish the northern hemisphere going into winter terms. it seems like the cases what advice would you give us as a global community knowing what you know about dealing with because it 19 what is the same as what we were we've been saying for the past year. i guess it's that this disease is real. it's affecting people, so you need to try to prevent as much as you can if you need to go out where the facemask like, where there is no reason feature, not with a face mask. there don't change your studies or sure it doesn't actually cause suffocation. you can wear and breathe normally. so if it's things like that and you

know, if you don't have to go out, don't go out like you don't need to my precious office or risk contaminated others . but that's, i guess for us is the best way to understand and if you have symptoms stay at home like it did don't risk. it might just be the cold might just be the flu. it might be nothing that you have an aco that but why risk it is their home and protect those around you? i want to see them bring well more person into our conversation. this is clear and clear points out. the fact that we've been talking about vaccines for a big chunk of this show doesn't mean that curve at 19 will disappear. yes. although over the past 2 resources, some excellent news about more than one vaccines being over 90 percent effective against sars kovi to this is not sufficient to halt the spread of the disease immediately backs in asia can only move at the same pace as manufacturing. they were simply don't have enough capacity to produce doses for the entire adult population within 2021. we also do not know if the vaccine is effective at stopping

the transmission of the disease. finally, immunity is built over the course of about 6 weeks from the 1st arose of the vaccine. this means that it does not matter so much when the 1st person is vaccinated by rather when the last person is vaccinated and has been unity until then will have to have some control measures in place. when christian has such a good point, you pointed out how many billions of doses and already been purchased of various vaccines. but in terms of human behavior, what difference will these vaccines make in the next 6 months or so? what would 2021 begin to look like? yes, i think clear was exactly right and i'd say 2021 will be better than 2020, but that's a pretty low bar. we will not return to normal in the next year or 2 years. and you're right, vaccines are not going to be the silver bullet that gets us out of this pandemic in the next 6 to 12 months. even if we produced hands of billions of the summit was

saying what we've learned is how to be functional as a society without a vaccine. and countries like new zealand, like taiwan and others have shown us that it feasible to be close to normal. if you take appropriate uggla calc measures and we've also seen in parts of europe and the us that this can be a horrible disease that an individual and a population level. if we don't do those things. while i'm optimistic about that scene development over the coming years, i'm also very scared for what we're going to go through over the coming winter. i've just spent the last 2 weeks in the hospital every day taking care of patients . and as i meant that this is very real and we need to take it very seriously, and we can't become complacent just because there may be light at the end of the tunnel. i want to leave everybody just as a reminder, because you can create how to talking about sex scenes. but i want to leave you with some because 80 he is really to 2 on to sing or

a couple of months spent. he's got his thing on his young whole concrete image for those worst affected the road back to full health can be a long more use of vive to mom in an induced coma and 17 days on ventilation machines kept him alone live. as his body ceased to function inventors, lucy, quite a while. just looking out, it was just to commit a complete if you was real decision to go to notice you today. we're not out of the woods yet, but thank you so much. and krishna and akiko, for getting us up to date, what we know, what should we expect from vaccines and all of the questions you cheap as excellent questions as always. and we will continue to do updates and bring you news about covered 19 in vaccines as we waste in here on the stream. but for now,

i'm signing off from the home edition studio because of it 19. and i will see you next time. thanks for watching everybody. a key figure of the early 20th century arab literary scene and a feminist writer had ever had time. so why did her story and in such tragedy, al-jazeera won't expose the life and why of maisie arda on al-jazeera. december on al-jazeera, it's 10 years since of revolution in tunisia ignited the arab spring. al-jazeera looks back at the uprising and asks what really changed across the middle east.

this stream is where al jazeera has global audience becomes a global community. a year after the 1st coronavirus case in china will examine the devastation caused by the virus and the efforts made to eliminate covert 90 people in power is back with more investigative documentary is an in-depth stories. climate leaders will gather online to press ahead with a new stage of the paris climate agreement and examine the possible global solutions. december on al-jazeera. dissecting the headlines in the midst of a pandemic. let's start with some of the on the ground realities affecting the news coverage. what's the lay of the land there? stripping away the spam a gripping story about presidential corruption. it is real with morning. it's not if you're keen on challenging assumptions and the official line. we all decided we needed to come out with a core. we don't want today live on the authority. and if the listening post on out

is they are from the favelas of caracas to the battlefields around. also, our job is to get to the truth and empower people through knowledge. ethiopia's prime minister warns the international community not to interfere in its affairs. as the deadline approaches for 2 great forces to surrender. live from doha, everyone. i'm come out santa maria, this is the world news from al-jazeera. hong kong's leader is vowing to end what she calls chaos in the political system as the outlines plans for the coming year. this team will make us proud to be american. and as u.s. president elect joe biden unveiling his new team and pledging to restore the united

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