writes it generate the government says these people i, backed by cuban americans in the united states who are trying to destroy cuba's revolution. but these people say they no longer tolerate the government's harassment and are willing to sacrifice everything for change. that is good to have you with us. hello adrian, for going to here in doha. the headlines from al-jazeera, a deadline imposed by the ethiopian government for to ground forces to surrender his ex is to set to expire in the coming hours. the federal army is threatening the use of artillery on the main city of the kelly. if regional forces fail to lay down, have a morgan is in sudan, near the ethiopian border with more on the humanitarian crisis. so the authorities

say that the number of refugees who arrive to this camp alone are much more than they were expecting. and the numbers are in the hundreds and not the dozens as initially when the composite, when the camp opened nearly 3 weeks ago, the numbers of those who are arriving were about 50 to 60 per day. but that is, that has gone up to 2 to 300 per day, and that's in the camp. by the time they were operated straight in. and they say more arrive overnight and in the late hours and then they registered the next day. so the figures have been rising. in other developments if you withdraw 3 of its to ground soldiers from a u.n. peacekeeping mission in south sudan. it's done the same in somalia, where several, 100 to ground soldiers serving in a peacekeeping force would dissolve. president elect joe biden says the united states will be ready to lead again once he takes office in january. biden made the pledge as he formally introduced some members of his proposed capitals,

including stuff who served under the obama administration. president trump is still refusing to concede a large rally is being held in thailand's capital bangkok, in the latest show of defiance against the government of monarchy for months, demonstrates his supreme calling for reforms, including a new constitution and curbs, on the king's power of the saudi women's rights activists to jane our flu has had a case transferred to a specialized terrorism course. according to a sister, flew with a dozen other women's rights activists were arrested in 2018, and accused of harming saudi interests. became president rushed aboard a as a large lead in early results for the weekend's election. the electoral commission says the grey as one more than 3 times as many votes as his nearest rival, the former finance minister in the brain. that's it. you're up to date tony's fear of a 0 right after the stream. next set in the discussion. millions

of americans feel disaffected by both political parties. examining the headlines, that's probably the best and relatives are martin clinton right now with our colleague the morning. didn't announce their picks for an abundance of world class programming, designed to inform why you shall be only solution for jobs as young as 10, motivate and inspire you to see the world from a different perspective. on al-jazeera. there aren't any ok. you're watching the home edition of the stream under the stairs, in my house, because it is 2020. we are in a global time to make. we have learned so much of the past few months about ca's 819. so here in the student wants to bring together some health professionals who could tell us what do we know now that we didn't know before?

talk about vaccines because they are making headlines right now and what to expect in 2021? i know you have questions re i gave you can jump into the comment section of asking questions and they could be part of today's show where we have doctors in the house. we have medical professionals in the house. it's good to have you back. can you do new official introduction to the well tell everybody who you are in mind? the stream, viewers who may have seen you before. thank you for having me on the show today. so i am so on, but i'm a doctor. i work in intensive care and emergency medicine. i'm also a journalist and i've written for few pieces recently on the economic impacts of chronic are somewhat good to have you back and kiko really nice to see you. can you introduce yourself to i would it's tell them he was. thank you for having me on

your cell. my name is i can claim i'm a professor of any knowledge thing, at the yale university school of medicine. my lab studies the mean response to cover 19 and another doctor, you have krishna was in with us on the strain krishna. introduce yourself to a global audience. tell them what eating are good to be with you on krishna like maher position based at duke university and have the pleasure of leading the global health innovation center here. and to of course, we try to harness innovation to address health and healthcare challenges, including covert welcome, everybody. none of you would have missed the headlines recently about vaccines. and so i want to show our audience the 3 vaccines that are making news right now. why they're making news. so let's start with the families of 195 percent. efficacy thought t dollars is expected price. so that's the fines that $1.00 would earn are $94.00 cent advocacy. and it may cost somewhere between 25 and

37 dollars. and in finally, ask, just send meca up to 90 percent efficacy sunni dollars, maximum cost is $1.00 is way, way, way cheaper. i mean, it's out of those 3 region which you pick. i'm lying. i think it's really a difficult question to answer that particular in terms of the data that's available at the moment not i might annoy a lot has been provided towards us, but it's important to also look at like the history of drug companies in terms of how they've actually impacted economies before. so in 2007, for example, pfizer was voted as the least reputable pharmaceutical company of the big companies out there. and is they've been, they've had quite a lot like 4 complaints, unlike in 2009 that had the biggest education against them. so there are times where drug companies, especially in something that is so marketable. so i guess economically beneficial

for a company where the whole world requires a coronavirus vaccine for them to maybe, you know, cut corners or try to jumps so and shortcuts. so for me to say which one am i going to trust? now it's difficult to answer that question. it's more of, let's wait for the data to come out before we can from the start say which one of those 3 is the one that's the most exciting akiko, just looking at these 3. can you tell us that if it's doing the finds him or done or, and asked insanity can't because at some point, either in the next few months or the next 6 months, people are going to be faced with a choice. maybe they won't have a choice, maybe they'll just have to take one of them. what's the difference treating signs, or, for instance, the fines of axing? what should we know about? so there pfizer, in the modern of vaccines are the m.r.i. vaccines. what that means is it's taking the blueprint to make a protein called the spike protein,

which is the target of the new response to sars coronavirus 2, which causes the code in 1000 disease. and that's introduced into the cell by lipitor capsule. and it's our own cells that make the proteins, the spike proteins that become the target of on to bodies and t. cells. the astra zeneca vaccine is a viral vectored vaccine, which means that we're using the ad in our virus as a trojan horse to deliver the material inside the cell. and again, it's the host cell that makes the protein, the spike protein that becomes the target of antibodies, intisar, s. . so all of these things are, you know, have a very high efficacy so far, and i'm very excited about the let me just go to abdullah. abdullah and adeline on, you tube says whose duty is it to conduct random, independent tests of the components of the vaccines because he's really concerned

about transparency. who is that something that using averages? i want to check the data and make sure it's ok. whose responsibility is it to do that? well, i guess it's part of the whole process of peer review research where normally and it's something that's not so rushed where drug companies trying to produce a product all go through various phases of research. i submit it to different journals where other people who are peers of who work in the same field will go through the recession, the data, and then come to a conclusion whether or not their senses feasible or not feasible on a good through various stages. so there is always background checks that can happen, but in this, i guess more of a rushed process. corners are being cut even when it comes towards the f.d.a. or nice in the u.k. . there are there are because it's, they're looking for emergency approval. what is occurring is going to her as much scrutiny. what are the coolness, akiko, do you agree that there could,

as you will have you sitting there with excitement and a medicine that i think the consequence? well, i'm corners are being cut. certainly the phase 3 trials are looking at safety and making sure that no adverse events are happening. and so far, none of these 3 companies have adverse event that would stop it from going forward . and obviously the efficacy data, these are called press releases, which means that the companies that are conducting the trials are putting out news in the form of press release as opposed to what on that wants to see. what's in store, peer reviewed, or at least pre-print version on the raw data. and now we haven't seen those yet, but i believe those are forthcoming. i believe this is a scenario i don't, i didn't big. i should be projecting stary directly, or viewers around the world,

but the way out now and now to be christian. well, we don't know enough and we are living through a real crisis around the world. and so i agree that data is incredibly important, but there's a strong role here for regulatory bodies as well, in addition to the peer review process. and so we have seen the f.d.a. and other regulators also step up and make sure that they are providing transparency as well as clear guidelines as to what they want to see from the data, including evidence the as well as safety. and maybe to go back to your 1st question, what excites me about that scene development is really all of the above. i don't think we can be in a position where we try to choose just one of these 3 candidates or even more that are coming online. we know that in the best case scenario, where all 3 of these vaccines are seen to be effective and get approved, that the total manufacturing capacity is about $5000000000.00. those by the end of

2021. more than a year from now. and more than $3000000000.00, of those doses are already purchased and spoken for. so we're going to have significant shortages. and what we really need to be thinking about is portfolio management. so how many different vaccines can we bring online and how quickly and make sure that the right type of vaccine is going to the right place at the right time? question and u.b.e. tweeted out just a few hours ago as i can see this beautifully hand on my laptop about how many doses will be available in 20202021. how many who riki people top? so we're looking by next year about i'm just going to make a quick one to thank 4000000000 doses that meet. it's very quick to create mathematics. christian, i have a question for you. this question comes from uganda and this is going to have an issue. when you look at uganda police, then what do we take for us to get? no right to do this. you plan to combat the spending in that timeframe. how i'm

going to ensure the last minute we can lose nothing. you've got to find the scene. you need to get rid of the last beliefs that seem to be still. and one of the last of us is not have time to present how i'm going to do a problem because we need to ensure that people look at my eyes if the seeing city . thank you. in a breath, i think that's a really critical question. and i would say, where have platforms like kovacs, the world health organization, gabby and sappy have come together to really bring together a single platform to try to facilitate equitable access around the world. and wonder really well now i know can i say sure this weekend that medical? well, she says like, zach seems for affordable prices, low actually even free christian. that's right. and so there is room there. certainly for improvement. we need tens of billions of dollars more to be

raised in this equitable way. and the idea that we might need ultra cold chain in places that are outside of cities, especially in low resource that ngs are going to be very difficult. which is why getting the positive data on the astra zeneca oxford vaccine, as well as some of the others that are in the late stage of pipeline is going to be really important. and in addition to kovacs, i think we're starting to see things like the african union and the africa c.d.c. come together to procure funding from across the continent. so that they too can make purchases to cover their own populations that we are starting to see some movement. but a long way to go, akiko, i feel, and i'm picking up from our online community some hesitancy about taking the vaccine. this is sure c 100 on you say i want to take the vaccine, but part of me is worried about its safety. but mostly because of the people i feel as though i don't know why. ok, so that's all of us and protecting our fear is our concern. but we also tracked

down rather who is in south africa. she's in johannesburg and she's been taking part in oxford university trials. and she has a very different perspective regarding taking a vaccine. here's what i chose to take part in the south africa in aspen back scene from the co, the 19 virus because i think it's incredibly important to have days that is relevant to my local context. i also would like to believe that my taking part would in some way, shape or form enable the people of my countries have access to the facts and when it's finally improved. in terms of whether i will trust the vaccine when it is available. absolutely. and i think partially this is involved by the factors that have been on the trial. i've been able to witness firsthand the different safety measures of the corrections that they've taken to ensure that safe and effective

akiko pick up on that. yeah. so i think a lot of the sphere comes from the fact that they emanate axes, for example, is a new platform that has not been approved for any other infectious diseases. yet. however, there is very little to fear about any of these facts. and as i mentioned, the safety is number one and the woods are through the trial, are people really paying attention to what kind of side effect they might have or what kind of adverse events that these volunteers that are taking the vaccine my suffer from? and so far we have seen no concern nassif your concerns from any of these vaccines . and secondly, the m.r.d. vaccine. essentially what we're doing is we're just sort of telling the cells to make the virus protein that otherwise you would name it,

you would make up on exposures of the virus. so sort of giving us a leg up 1st to produce our antibody before being exposed to the virus, gives us the ability to block and neutralize and really help us from getting severe diseases. so i think, i mean, i would be the 1st one to line up to get the vaccine if any of these things are approved. so i asked him, which one, which he pick, which one would he choose? i'm tempted to do that 95 percent one efficacy, which one would you pick? if you had a choice? like i said, it's no complicated. depends on availability or should it be me that goes 1st or to the other people, but be that receive the vaccine for us? so we're sure would i take that step that was to keep her because she i could go is very confident about this. yes, let's, let's, let's look at her for the hard question. ok, go which one i would take any one of them

because i, like i said, they're all thin so far and safety concerns are, are not there and efficacy is pretty great for them. and 9594.590 percent, these numbers might change as we test more and more people, but they're going to hover around that range. so i don't think there is intrinsically anything that different about the efficacy of these 3 x. means. let me go to it for him. if we have missed it, but he has 2 questions for you. so we'll go straight to him and be great team if he could answer his questions, he would get i missed all those things from getting in the business. and this is merely a physical problem for those of agriculture, but a lot of the rivers here. one of these of yours is there. the organization here is

rather easier to get in to do just let's go with that 2nd point 1st. are there any african or developing countries who are nightly to get the vaccine 1st? krisna, you pick that one? well, i do think we are going to see more equitable distribution once. and some of these candidates become available in a more formal way. every game is exactly right in that we have a core history around the world of ensuring equity in the way that we develop, evaluate, and then make available different innovations around the world. i think there have been attempts and new forms of art or ships related to coba,

but also in ensuring that the way that the trials have been conducted include the diverse populations. and i'm hopeful, though, i think it may be a bit of time before all countries get access to this vaccine when it's available that at least will start to see some distribution early on. and hopefully early in 2021 is when we start to see distribution, not just in high income countries, but also in low and middle income countries. and in the 2nd question he added keep them going to give you this one. if you take the vaccine does not mean that you can't get coverage 19. so how the facts scenes are evaluated is such that they are looking for people who are either in a placebo versus the vaccine arm in getting symptomatic infection. so symptom symptomatic, plus the virus positive where the,

whether you will be completely protected from ever getting infected or not, is not what they're looking for. and so it's possible that even the vaccinated you could get infection, but that does not lead to symptoms or severe disease. so all to many of what we want to do is to protect as many people as possible from getting sick from this infection. and that's the goal of these facts, things. thank you for answering the questions. it was like as a spin around of questions, really appreciate that. we've learned a lot and speaking of learning a lot, i want to remind you. i was lucky on my laptop, the 2 occasions that we asked dr. ahmed twats to be on asho. the 1st time was coronavirus. how can we protect our health care heroes?, that was in march, you know, every is banging their pots and pans in the u.k., and then the 2nd time was in may when we were just really worried about how are you doing, how are you managing? because the case is for corona virus had not necessarily dropped around the world.

what have we learned that in all of these months since then when you were on the front lines as one paycheck, that you can actually see your mask, the marks of a mask on your face while you were doing this stream? what would you say is the most important lesson that we've learned, or you've learned, or your colleagues have learned in the past 8 months or so? i think in terms of the actual disease, we've been able to learn how to pick up the symptoms quite quite quickly. whereas before, people come in with like the difficulty in breathing when really sure what's going on. but now we can just pick up without having to wait for the actual code that result come back. you can kind of see the pattern that's developed to be like, yep, that one's code. that one isn't. and then i think for us, what's really important is to know when to start treatment and it's always start treatment early. that's it. with other diseases. sometimes you kind of like,

you know, you can wait it out a bit more. but with code, it is always start treatment early, and we also know the complications and for us to know how to make it stop the spread, that's probably, i think, i guess is that towards actually improving how we deal with this pandemic. if we're able to stop the spread, less people are infected, whether that's preventative medicine through vaccines, by the moment this moment time, we don't have a bison to use that, we have to look at other ways to stop the spread. and now we're seeing maybe 2nd, perhaps 3rd wells, and anguish the northern hemisphere. going into winter time. it seems like the cases what advice would you give us as a global community, knowing what you know about dealing with kozak 19 what is the same as what we were we've been saying for the past year. i guess it's that this disease is real. it's affecting people, so you need to try to prevent as much as you can if you need to go out where the

face mask like where there is no reason fits about with a face mask. there don't change your studies or so it doesn't actually cause suffocation. you can wear and breathe normally. so it's things like that. and you know, if you don't have to go out, don't go out like you don't need to my precious office or risk contaminated others . but that's, i guess for us is the best way to understand and if you have symptoms stay at home like it did don't risk. it might just be the cold might just be the flu. it might be nothing that you have an aco that but why risk it is their home and protect those around you? i want to see them bring well more person into our conversation. this is clear and clear points out. the fact that we've been talking about vaccines for a big chunk of this show doesn't mean that covert 19 will disappear. yes. although over the past 2 recent, some excellent news about more than one vaccines being over 90 percent effective against sars kovi to this is not sufficient to halt the spread of the disease immediately backs in asia can only move at the same pace as manufacturing. they

were simply don't have enough capacity to produce doses for the entire adult population within 2021. we also do not know if the vaccine is effective at stopping the transmission of the disease. finally, immunity is built over the course of about 6 weeks, from the 1st, those of the vaccine. this means that it does not matter so much when the 1st person is vaccinated by rather when the last person is vaccinated and has been unity until then will have to have some control measures in place. when a christian has such a good point, you pointed out how many billions of doses and already been purchased of various vaccines. but in terms of human behavior, what difference will these vaccines make in the next 6 months or so? what will 2021 begin to look like? yeah, i think clear was exactly right and i'd say 2021 will be better than 2020, but that's a pretty low bar. we will not return to normal in the next year or 2 year. and

you're right, vaccines are not going to be the silver bullet that gets us out of this pandemic in the next 6 to 12 months. even if we produced tens of billions of the summit was saying what we've learned is how to be functional as a society without a vaccine. and countries like new zealand, like taiwan and others have shown us that it feasible to be close to normal. if you take appropriate uggla, kelp measures and we've also seen in parts of europe and the us that this can be a horrible disease that an individual and a population level. if we don't do those things. while i'm optimistic about that scene development over the coming years, i'm also very scared for what we're going to go through over the coming winter. i've just spent the last 2 weeks in the hospital every day taking care of patients . and as i meant that this is very real and we need to take it very seriously, and we can't become complacent just because there may be light at the end of the

tunnel. i want to leave everybody just as a reminder, because you can create how to talking about sex scenes. but i want to be foolish to be quick 80, he is really too too honored to sing or a couple not spent. he's got the night is young. the whole country image for those worst affected the road back to full health can be a long one. a huge survived a month in an induced coma and 17 days on ventilation machines kept him alone leave as his body ceased to function conventionality quite a while. just looking out, it was just to commit a complete if you israel's decision to go to notice you today winnow out of the woods yet, but funky so much weight and krishna and a key code for getting us up to date. what we know, what should we expect from vaccines and,

or of the questions you cheap as excellent questions as always, and we will continue to update and bring you news about covered 19 in vaccines as we waste in here on the street. but for now, i'm signing off from the home edition studio because of it 19. and i will see you next time. thanks for watching everybody. take december on al-jazeera. it's 10 years since of revolution in tunisia ignited the arab spring. al-jazeera looks back at the uprising and asks what really changed across the middle east. this stream is where al jazeera has global audience becomes a global community. after the 1st coronavirus case in china, we'll examine the devastation caused by the virus and the efforts made to eliminate covert 90 people in power is back with more investigative documentaries and

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