there are, however, a lot of questions over the quality of equipment and the service overstretch medical staff are able to provide. and the infections go on, john, home and city. all right, let's have a quick recap of the top stories here and al-jazeera. and an iranian scientists believed to be at the heart of the country's controversial nuclear program, has been killed in africa, and his death is being condemned as a terror attack by the government. sources say, several assailants were also killed. i said, because the latest from toronto, there was explosion. heard that there's exchange of gunfire between he's guards and these unnamed assailants. he was injured in that explosion and gunfire. we understand. he was flown to a hospital on helicopter. medics tried to save him, were unable to do so. now the defense ministry said that he was the head of

research and development at the ministry. and they gave their condolences to the supreme leader, ayatollah khomeini. and the nation. ethiopia's government has denied claims the prime minister is rejecting talks with leaders from tikrit 3 african union. special envoys met with the prime minister made in there is pushing for a resolution to the weeks long conflict. he told them he would only speak to representatives operating legally in the region. a day ago, the army was ordered to carry out the final phase of its offensive and move in on to graze regional capital. thousands of farmers have gathered in india's capital to demand the government scrap new market friendly laws, which they say damage their livelihoods. as some have marched for hundreds of kilometers to find a new span. thousands of people have attended anti-government rallies in thailand's capital, demanding the resignation of the prime minister prodi of china. they want

a new constitution and reforms that would limit the powers of the king. in iraq, violence has broken out between supporters of the influential shia cleric and anti-government protesters. it happened in the southern city of nasiriyah. at least one person was killed. the 2 sides attacked each other using sticks and rocks. around 40 people have been injured. the japanese capital of tokyo has reported a record number of daily coded infections with 570 on friday, drinking venues in karaoke bars being asked to close by 10 pm for the next 3 weeks . residents are being urged to avoid nonessential, travel, and to work from home. you know, today, headlines, since our story is coming right up. fast.

should covet 19 vaccines be landed, trade drug edging closer to releasing vaccines to help control the virus. but surveys suggest some people ought to take the shot. this is inside story and i welcome to the program. i'm wrong. scientists around the world are racing to have coded 19 vaccines approved for why do you use several drug may have release promising early results in the past few weeks. and that's raising hopes that vaccinations can begin soon and bring this pandemic under control. the health

crisis has largely grounded the global aviation industry, the head of australia's national airline. qantas says vaccines should be mandatory for international travel as soon as they become available. alan joyce says, passengers may be asked to show proof of inoculation. we are looking at changing our terms of conditions to say for international travelers and that we will ask people to have a vaccination before they can get on the aircraft. do you need that domestically? we'll have to see what happens with culpability in the market, but certainly for international visitors coming out and people leaving the country . we think that's in the says city, but it now appears fewer people are willing to be vaccinated. in august, a world economic forum survey across 15 countries found 77 percent of people would get a coded 19 vaccine. that's now down to 73 percent. a 3rd of those surveyed are worried about potential side effects and say clinical trials are happening too fast and

easy. most of the time, we don't know whether these vaccines provide a long lasting protection. do they protect against serious cases. we don't need a vaccine which prevents a mild cough and a mild fever. we need a vaccine which prevents serious cases like pneumonia, whether they can do that is totally unclear and approval. procedures did not take that into account at all. i'm not going to take the vaccine because it is too many questions about why we just reading it. what's going on with who is going to take it to be given, then we've heard so much about here. i don't want to be vaccinated will, but possibly i would have chosen the russian vaccine if i wanted to. but at the moment i did not even think about it much depends on a person's immunity, i guess maybe someone needs it, but this is a personal choice. i believe. some old leaders, including britain's prime minister, says people won't be forced to take

a shot. just be kid. there will be no compulsory. that's nation. that's not the way we do things in this country. we think it's a good idea. you know, taking a gander of the backs is wrong. vulnerable people. people who need a vaccine should definitely get a vaccine and everybody should get a vaccine use use. it is available only to the advice of the j.c.b. i.o.w. . i'm actually she immunization. we should be very, very true. that c let's bring in our panel in st. louis and the us dr. matisse like a wild davis, an infectious disease physician at washington university school of medicine in johannesburg, should be made the professor of vaccine already at the university of which waters run and a member of the south african ministerial advisory committee on covert 19 and in london. oksana peacenik,

a senior lecturer and global health advisor at university college london. school of pharmacy, a warm welcome to you, or i'd like to begin the us with dr. davis. we hear so much about people being a concerned frightened, suspicious of taking vaccine, commonly known as the anti vaccines. but we're also, we also are talking about perhaps making covert 19 mandatory to take once it has all this approvals. do you think mandatory is the way forward? is that, is that the way to go? i think, given the penned planet, we find it falls in the united states and the difficulty we've had after 9 months in getting standardized leadership. and therefore for the public to follow the public health guidance. it will be very difficult to mandate this vaccine without a lot of pushback. unfortunately, this has become

a highly politicized issue. and so mandatory in my mind will make half the population feel like their freedoms are being encouraged apart. but this is a public health issue. surely it's up to the government to be able to try to explain this properly and suggest guidelines. it's not making it mandatory, but at the very least saying, please, you know, if we want to get out of this, we do need to take the sexy. absolutely. but as you know, the timing couldn't be worse, we're currently in somewhat of a leadership vacuum being that president elect biden and vice president elect have asked will not be in power and till february. and even then they will be starting from the beginning of the country that is divided. so although this is clearly a public health issue and should have been treated as such for the last 9 months, the parent surveys show that again the country is split in this way. and the reason i believe we haven't been able to get this under control and one meaningful way is

because an inconsistency than that way. and those of us in the medical and public health officials having to battle this pull, now politicized issue. sunapee sic in london. it is, a politicized issue. certainly in the u.k., even the prime minister for a stone son has been speaking about whether mandatory, whether it should be mandatory to take the vaccine or not. do you think mandatory is the way forward? i will, boris johnson and his government in the you can't have made it clear that they will not be pursuing a mandatory policy around vaccination. and historically that has been challenging as well if we can galvanize communities. if we have consistent messaging from the government around the safety of vaccines, if there's that transparency that's going to have far more positive effect in public trust. however, currently it's not just the us that's facing this wave of polarize ation. and we

see that globally, there is a shortage of trust and that feeds into these perceptions around whether we, we will want to use certain tactics to boost vaccination rates. the other issue to also take into consideration here is that people who are vaccine hesitant will be doing their own research about this vaccine and to go across the internet and find all sorts of conflicting sources of information. non-verifiable counts of the 1st vents. and that may feed into their beliefs around vaccines, so misinformation and being in this age of social media. more of big tech also needs to get involved step up into their roles in terms of flagging misinformation, things that are not factual. a so has to be government, alongside technology, we companies,

social media as well as our armistice with visions working with communities to communicate the value of x. . i think actually if we take that approach versus mantri might be more active. so it's all about information and getting information out there. i just want to bring in our guest in johannesburg have a bit. it's slightly different when it comes to the case of africa and other poorer nations. because the rich nations already place orders for these vaccines and the us and the, and the u.k. have massive orders already placed. but our country like south africa, which has a challenging financial situation. it's not a case of whether the vaccine should be mandatory or not. it's a case of whether you can actually get the vaccine exactly how rich that you were having to discussion the bottom of the ship in one day cricket not in africa in general, as you correctly point out. the big challenges that we face is an issue of the

family and us up and able to access that even the most unpopular with you know, and for the lives. and that is their challenge that face in africa and it, because back to what you experience in 2009 as an example, which is one clue that down to a country you don't want to and i have to confront them and eventually see it, swine flu. and we've, it's been a pandemic, was present, wasn't africa. and in fact, you need a limit on pity, off a pandemic that thought. so, and best we can prove that he's beating itself. that excess to get seen at the reasonable price and africa is pretty much going to opt in huge amount of infection as it's already that the british won't be helpful, but it got through the gate. 'd in consequence of our complexions with the violence, the bush team at the astra, zeneca also university vaccine is said to be easy to stall. it's said to be a reasonable price point. and they are promising that they won't make

a profit off the pandemic, and they will deliver to the, to the continent. do you trust them when they say things other well, obviously need to be a complete accomplice. and at that particular vaccine is going to be very long as a principle investigate. 'd that in south africa, but that being said, i think we need to be careful in terms of the many beach, just a few protected that you can only in the us media and i'm not indicating that this huge amount of dop part of it seem them. so directly related to why humans for the niceness of the vaccine, the pixie in just based on the now this is it was done and the population who is in the protocol. i don't see it. in fact needs an egg seed. don't you think if you acquire mystic was established already f.d.a. is that yet that's going to say yeah, ok. not what we have to fix. you have to see 60 percent of our 90 percent upticks in efficacy. that's got 60 percent that becomes available at the reasonable plants

and much sooner. not innate, that would be if huge benefits in a company such as south africa and elsewhere are not good and waiting for that seem to pick up my percent efficacy for which percent it is simply don't think that's in africa. what's that? that seems to be going, and in particular, as an example, to find a vaccine. and in all likelihood don't pick seems already going to become a greater or 2 in africa, probably towards the end of the one, if not complete and you do. so getting it seen that, yes, you can cut modest efficacy. it's not what we want. it's the 1st choice, but it might be the only choice to be able to get back on the pandemic on the continent. that's a crucial word you're using. now i want to pick up on that choice don't to davis and son louis. it is about choices and it is about whether you can, you should take the vaccine with the and that should be a choice that you make. now. we informed enough or is that too much information when it comes to the internet about making that choice?

i mean, a doctor story arcs on a piece. i mentioned earlier that people are going online and researching all the stuff themselves and finding either outright lies all misinformation absolutely, and information he has also in the us is something that i would argue is readily available. the issue here that a lot of people overlook is that this is disproportionately affecting black and brown communities who have a long standing history of mistrust based on well documented and ethical practices that have happened and ongoing institutional and systemic racism. that to me is the hugest barrier because with information readily available and with an extra layer of this mistrust, that barrier is not easily overcome. and you cannot manufacture trust at the tail end of the trial. you cannot write that into

a rollout plan and expect that that happens right away. and so there needs to be funding policy and more importantly, partnership with existing community organizations who have done this year, this work for decades. for decades, we've seen this model employed and with people living with hiv, i think it's on the fast track that he's initiative here in st. louis, where we bring community partners to the table, the city, the county, and, and the mayor's office, the department of health together. and it is build relationships that should be leverage because those are the people that are trusted. but you can have manufacture trust, regardless of how much information you have and how well you try to disseminate this code of who's a casino to your head in agreement that is there a similar community based approach? do you think that could work globally? a certainly this is something that could be tailored to every community,

each will have their own unique needs and even during the bola crisis going back to 2015 in the early on in life, the general show employed anthropologists as well in order to also tackle some of the cultural aspects of the public health guidance that was at that time also being treated with mistrust. so it is something that i think governments have to get a lot better doing. and it's wonderful to hear of all of the action that's going on in the u.s. and in st. louis. what i would say, however, is in agreement with our previous panelists that it will take a loan mom longer for those attitudes to change. in fact, even though the manufacturing, the vaccine, by the time we get it distributed and around the world, we will still know it will take longer to change those long held beliefs. and

that's because of, again, some of the historical aspects of this. but if we look at the wider history of vaccination, this has been one of the most important lifesaving tools that have extended our lifespan. so from that, if we look at it a whole vaccine has, you can threaten to undo so much good that we have done years in terms of tackling polio and small ots and many things that people just forget and don't even really remember what an iron lung is and, and the consequences of allowing infectious diseases to spread this concept of herd immunity is a flawed one. in the sense that it doesn't happen naturally. it's a vaccination and we didn't develop herd immunity to work many diseases including yellow fever, cholera, and many others. as again, we look at the evidence,

we heard from just a strain in medical association that people who develop measles are $10000.00 times more likely to get a neurological damage based from an infection. then from any vaccination is just some sort of his accounts. are all going to that surely is where the other vaccines that was time that was development. they was testing, they were, had to be, you know, regulated they had toying to be able to do that before they were brought to market . the argument here is that this vaccine, all 3 of them currently sofa, a been rushed to market, and people are concerned that they have been prophetess, that that's a legitimate concern sholay. so that's where i think this, there's a more nuanced a curse words vaccine has its infancy. so these are people who may have had all their other vaccinations generally are pro-vaccine. but as you say,

are concerns about the development time. if we think about in, let's say, normal circumstances, it takes you 5 to 10 years to develop a vaccine. however, that's an normal conditions. our world has screeched to a halt. many economies have been decimated during this time. so all of the research and pharmaceutical companies and scientists have all come together to focus on a singular pro problem with more resources, more support, and also more collaborative spirit than ever in history. we go back to the very beginning, it to chinese scientists. you know, matter days to be able to get the genome digitally matched and from then into the phase one clinical trials, 8 weeks only. that's a world record. however, when it comes to what actually happens in the physical trial, no safety standards were no short cuts remained. everything was, was done the way that we would have done in any other circumstance. so it's really

important to say here that there have been no compromises on safety. there have, been no short cuts. and in the u.k. the m h r a, our regulatory body body, the u.s. f.d.a. center has to do the final check of the data as well. and all of that has to be scrutinized. remember, there is nowhere to hide here. the eyes of the world will be on this date out. what's it becomes available to the public for peer review? so there is in this, it will be the most highly scrutinized clinical trial to date, and i think that it needs to be in order to not damage trust any further. as, as i had mentioned earlier, it's just absolutely essential that we do not compromise any of the safety because the damage that we see in the long term will be as such, that is almost, it was reversed. but let me bring in should be ready, have the astra zeneca university vaccine. apparently that data will be published in the lancet this coming weekend according to one of the bosses there. so that will

change people's attitudes. do you think once transparency is in place, once we can see the data, do you think that will help set yet think it is absolutely essential in terms of a puppy and if that's what the scientific community, as well as of the general public. and i think i want to challenge is that you're friends with many respects scenes, but a convert. one thing that seems is that many of the companies not compel them stop their market commitments. you actually good results before it does any pretty creative you get, which is the challenge and that used to be in some of the discord in the scientific community has got its name public in vamps, of the many rich. it's all seventies. so i think once it gets quantum, spitter correct here, if you had been, there would be a very different perspective in terms of aesthetic of its, you know, the example, and the same thing applies to it. not that it seems to sentient that it actually comes through at the percent purity,

if you are as soon as possible. some of that her body can be confident that this is not one to companies pursuing music legend, but dr. david, it's coming out in the box and the accept sent to scrutiny. dr. davis, is there anything about this timeline that concerns you, the speed of which these vaccines have been developed? some potentially could get to markets. that type does not concern me. what people need to realize is even manufacturing vaccines for years and years and years now. and multiple checks and balances that put in place. as has had all of talked about the uniqueness of the situation, but that uniqueness must not be confused as to dropping standards or trying to dilute the process. there are over 200 companies and entities right now working on this vaccine on top of that. and those of us who stand for marginalized populations have been involved. and i came to the fore, i had

a baby and maybe in the middle of a pandemic. but it was important for me to use my voice, use my pen and my expertise to be a part of this process. and i tell you that in many more have been in so doing there is so much more scrutiny so much more at stake here. and those of us in the scientific community would never back that would never come on the show and speak like this. if we did not believe that those standards were in place, there are external review boards currently reviewing the data as a lot of these trials that are coming to completion 1st are ending. and it is my, i'm confident that once that has been done, the transparency that we crave, and the ability to move into the next step is what i speak of. and what i stand for though is that there are resources that can still be prioritized in the places that i think they need to be so that we do not leave behind populations that have been left behind. i am born and raised in zimbabwe has been johanna's going by an

extraordinarily sensitive to the topic globally. as i am for black and time communities, it's essential to remove what point does a vaccine become ineffective? if enough, people refuse to take it. it's $6042.00 of people not taking it and 40 percent do take it so that render the herd immunity the vaccine, the whole argument doesn't well, it depends from my perspective, if you looking at certain from a public office that he doesn't mind the potential to be all of that see in, you does a significant percentage of the population that's not been vets. and i think that what they're going to return that will be used for going to court for protection. but if you want to achieve herd immunity, which is what the guests here are moving to, then they want immunity enough to be a part 60 to 70 percent of the population. and that doesn't necessarily mean that 60 to 70 percent of the population need to be that snake. so right now,

it's not their ticket as an example in the rest and get the pure step up to one are adults were actually and that the negatives action. and want to get evidence might not points to that much infection, probably using something that will want community. so that to get into the significant conference as an example, would give additional products that be too fucked up to send the bottle population gaining access to that scene. could very much they talk if it gives an example of how it will be a baby's adequate and dropped him down from the chain of transmission up to bite us otherwise known as our community. so i think if the plants by the from populations and what their experience already. 'd diversified and all or to was natural circulation off, i'm sorry, severe then they want, i do want to come to my other guest really quickly and we are running out of time. just very quickly. do you envisage a situation where, if significant numbers of the population in the u.k. decide not to take the vaccine, that the government will have to make it mandatory?

again, i think this is a stance that the current u.k. government is firmly against in terms of making it mandatory and that it can further create even a few of these. 'd conspiracy theories about vaccines even further. so again, i think that there are many other approaches and we heard from advertisements about the fact of nist that at working not just at the top government level, but right again in grassroots unity is involved as well. and that, that every option should be exhausted 1st before we move to war. it's mandy cherry vaccines because we know that it, in the current climate in the current little climate. culturally, that is not something our population feels that they are ready to accept. and so it will take a lot of work across not just the government, but as i mentioned with all healthcare professionals and others in the community to

communicate the value vaccines. again, taking this mandatory approach may be effective in countries like china, etc. but we have to can text allies and individualized approaches based on culture and based on their geographic region. and i want to thank all our guests talk to matty davis, severe or maybe an ox on a piece. and thank you too for watching. you can see the program again, any time by visiting all websites out there, a dot com, of a further discussion, go to a facebook page, that's facebook dot com, forward slash a.j. inside story. and you can also join the conversation on twitter. we are at a j inside story from am wrong on the entire team here and oh, i cannot we've

never had a president who has literally for 45 years repeatedly attacked our democracy. loosely related to, i don't have a narrative, i have a question. you're getting there where people can get treated and even further. join me richelle carey on outfront is my guest from around the world. take the hot seat and we debate the week's top stories in pressing issues here on our just here on counting the president. she extends his grip across china and hong kong. could taiwan be next, failed decades old policies festered free market economics, and the people of chile redefined capitalism. taxing the rich to pay for the

pandemic to t.v. . how think of? i'll just see if this is al-jazeera. this is the news coming up in the next 60 minutes iran valens to retaliate after prominent nuclear scientists is killed in an attack nanterre on its foreign minister calls it an act of terror. ethiopia's government denies its ruling out, talks with the grand leaders is peace. envoys pushed to end the week's long conflict. tens of thousands of indian promise march on the capital demanding the government scrap more as they say will cut.