many with his behavior, both on and off, the pitch accused of being arrogant, aggressive a cheat. but he enchanted many more with his artistry with the football and continues to inspire after his death. both here in vienna and beyond that one of cyrus these are our top stories and breaking news. there are reports of heavy shelling in the capital of the government announced on wednesday it would launch a final assault on the callee after a deadline for degrading leadership to surrender expired. malcolm webb has more from nairobi. we heard through multiple tours through the ethiopian government military that their regional capital refuted. macquarie has begun leadership. the military leadership has to go in people's liberation front there in the city. it

described it. heavy bombardment from forces the saying that explosions can be heard through the north of the city. the prime minister abu ahmed, he spoke perfectly, just told us do not have a mission to bombard terence, appealing to people. they said that the effort to bring to justice,, what they described would be criminal clique of the t.t.s., will not entailed discriminatory bombardment refuting the claims of their leadership. their own supreme leader is vying retaliation for the killing of a top nuclear scientists. tehran is blaming the assassination on israel. gunman burst of vehicle carrying on friday has more from tehran. there is a general sense of shock and disbelief that this could actually take place in the country. but we heard from president hassan rouhani. he issued

a written statement earlier on saturday in which he blamed israel, and also said that the country's nuclear and defensive programs will move forward despite this assassination. he said that this will only increase the will and the determination of it wane in scientists down the line and that factories that they will be replaced and his replacements will work even harder to try and make up for the fact that he has been assassinated. hundreds of security personnel have been deployed to control protesting farmers around india's capital. thousands are rallying against new laws. they say could harm the livelihoods. more than 400000, people have died from coronavirus in europe as the constant undergoes a 2nd wave of infections. despite that, france is reopening stores ahead of the holiday season. those are your headlines. more dues of the inside story.

covered 19 vaccines be landed, trade drug edging closer to releasing vaccines to help control the virus. but surveys suggest some people ought to take the shot. this is inside story and i welcome to the program on their own, come on scientists around the world, racing to have coded 19 vaccines approved for why do you use several drug made his have released promising early results in the past few weeks. and that's raising hopes that vaccinations can begin soon and bring this pandemic under control. the

health crisis has largely grounded the global aviation industry, the head of australia's national airline. qantas says vaccines should be mandatory for international travel as soon as they become available. alan joyce says, passengers may be asked to show proof of inoculation. we are looking at changing our terms the conditions to say for international travelers and that we will ask people to have a vaccination before they can get on the aircraft. and what do you need that domestically? we'll have to see what happens with culpability in the market. but certainly for international visitors coming out and people leaving the country. we think that's in the says city. but it now appears fewer people are willing to be vaccinated. in august, a world economic forum survey across 15 countries found 77 percent of people would get a coded 19 vaccine. that's now down to 73 percent. a 3rd of those surveyed are worried about potential side effects and say, clinical trials are happening too fast and easy. most of the time. we don't know

whether these vaccines provide a long lasting protection. do they protect against serious cases. we don't need a vaccine which prevents a mild cough and a mild fever. we need a vaccine which prevents serious cases like pneumonia, whether they can do that is totally unclear and approval. procedures did not take that into account at all. i'm not going to take the vaccine because it is too many questions about why we just reading it, what's going on with who is going to take it to be given. and we've heard so much about here. i don't want to be vaccinated all, but possibly i would have chosen the russian vaccine if i wanted to. but at the moment i did not even think about it much depends on a person's immunity, i guess. maybe someone needs it, but this is a personal choice. i believe. some old leaders, including britain's prime minister, says people won't be forced to take the shot. just be kid. there will be no

compulsory. that's nation. that's not the way we do things in this country. we think it's a good idea, you know, taking a gander of the backs is wrong, vulnerable people, people who need a vaccine should definitely get a vaccine and everybody should get a vaccine use use. it is available only to the advice of the j.c.t. i.o.w. . i'm actually immunization, we should be very, very true that c. let's bring in our panel in st. louis and the us, dr. matisse like a wild davis, an infectious disease physician at washington university school of medicine in johannesburg, should be made the professor of vaccine already at the university of which waters run and a member of the south african ministerial advisory committee on covert 19 and in london. oksana peacenik,

a senior lecturer and global health advisor at university college london. school of pharmacy, a warm welcome to you, or i'd like to begin in the u.s. with dr. davis. we hear so much about people being a concerned frightened, suspicious of taking vaccine, commonly known as the anti vaccines. but we're also, we also are talking about perhaps making covert 19 mandatory to take once it has all this approvals. do you think mandatory is the way forward? is that, is that the way to go? i think given the penn climate we find it falls in the united states and the difficulty we've had after 9 months in getting standardized leadership. and therefore for the public to follow the public health guidance. it will be very difficult to mandate this vaccine without a lot of pushback. unfortunately,

this has become a highly politicized issue. and so mandatory in my mind will make half the population feel like their freedoms are being encroached upon. but this is a public health issue. surely it's up to the government to be able to try to explain this properly and suggest guidelines. it's not making it mandatory, but at the very least saying, please, you know, if we want to get out of this, we do need to say the sexy. absolutely. but as you know, the timing couldn't be worst, we're currently in somewhat of a leadership vacuum being that president elect biden and vice president elect have asked will not be in power and till february. and even then they will be starting from the beginning of the country that is divided. so although this is clearly a public health issue and should have been treated as such for the last 9 months, the calendar surveys show that again the country is split in this way. and the reason i believe we haven't been able to get this under control and i meaningful

way is because an inconsistency than that way. and those of us in the medical and public health officials having to battle this poll now politicized issue. sunapee, sick in london. it is a politicized issue. certainly in the u.k., even the prime minister for a stone sun has been speaking about whether mandatory, whether it should be mandatory to take the vaccine or not. do you think mandatory is the way forward? i will, boris johnson and his government in the you can't have made it clear that they will not be pursuing a mandatory policy around vaccination. and historically that has been challenging as well if we can galvanize communities. if we have consistent messaging from the government around the safety of vaccines, if there's that transparency that's going to have far more positive effect in public trust. however, currently it's not just the us that's facing this wave of polarize ation. and we

see that globally, there is a shortage of trust and that feeds into these perceptions around whether we we will want to use certain tactics to boost vaccination rates. the other issue to also take into consideration here is that people who are vaccine hesitant will be doing their own research about this vaccine and to go across the internet and find all sorts of conflicting sources of information. non-verifiable counts of the verse the vents, and then that may feed into their beliefs around vaccines. so misinformation and being in this age of social media, more of big tech also needs to get involved step up into their roles in terms of flagging misinformation, things that are not factual. a so has to be government. alongside technology,

we have companies, social media, as well as our armistice with visions working with communities to communicate the value of x. . i think actually if we take that approach versus mantri might be more back. so it's all about information and getting information out there. i just want to bring in our guest in johannesburg, have a bit of it. it's slightly different when it comes to the case of africa and other poorer nations. because the rich nations already have placed orders for these vaccines and the us and the, and the u.k. have massive orders already placed. but our country like south africa, which has a challenging financial situation. it's not a case of whether the vaccine should be mandatory or not. it's a case of whether you can actually get the vaccine exactly how i wish that you were having discussion with bob. now that should one day to be out now in africa, in general, as you correctly point out, the big challenges that we face is an issue of the family and us up and able to

access that even the most unpopular with you know, and for the lives and that is their challenge, that face in africa and it, because back to what you experience in 2009 as an example, which is one clue that would accompany your wonder. and i have to confront them and eventually see if swine flu and we've, it's been a pandemic, was present, was our path to god. and in fact, you need a limit on t.v. after the internet. so and best we can prove that he's even us beating itself that access to that scene at the reasonable price and africa is pretty much going to opt in huge amount of infection. that's already that the british want the alcohol, but you've got to gauge. 'd the consequences of complexion with the violence, the bush team at the astra. zeneca also university vaccine is said to be easy to stall. it's said to be a reasonable price point. and they are promising that they won't make

a profit off the pandemic, and they will deliver to the, to the continent. do you trust them when they say things other well, obviously need to be a complete complex aimed at that particular vaccine is being very into penicillin as a principle investigate. 'd that in south africa, but that being said, i think we need to be careful in terms of the many to reach just a few protected that you can only in the us media and i'm not indicating that this huge amount of dop part of it seen them so directly related to why humans for the license of the vaccine, the pixie in just based on the now this is it was done in the population who is in the protocol. i don't see it needs an x. c. . they can, if you require a misstep, was established already f.d.a. . is that yet?, that's going to say yeah, ok. not to get rid of x., you have to see 60 percent of our 90 percent upticks in efficacy. that's got 60 percent that becomes available at the reasonable plants and much sooner not been

named that would be if huge benefits in a company such as south africa and elsewhere are not good and waiting for that seem to pick up my percent efficacy for which the percent, it is simply don't think that's in africa for such fixin's to be brought up. and in particular, as an example to find a vaccine. and in all likelihood, don't pick seems already going to become a greater or 2 in africa, probably towards the end of $21.00, if not them to do. so, getting it seen that there even got modest efficacy. it's not what we want. it's the 1st choice, but might be the only choice to be able to get back on the pandemic on the continent. but if that's a crucial word you're using, then i want to pick up on that choice. don't to davis and son louis. it is about choices and it is about whether you can, you should take the vaccine with the and that should be a choice that you make. now we informed enough or is that too much information when it comes to the internet about making that choice?

i mean, a doctor on a piece i mentioned earlier that people are going online and researching all this stuff themselves and finding the that right law is all misinformation absolutely. and information he has also in the us is something that i would argue is readily available. the issue here that a lot of people overlook is that this is disproportionately affecting black and brown communities who have a long standing history of mistrust based on well documented and ethical practices that have happened and ongoing institutional and systemic racism. that to me is the hugest barrier because with information readily available and with an extra layer of this mistrust, that barrier is not easily overcome. and you cannot manufacture trust at the tail end of the trial. you cannot write that into

a rollout plan and expect that that happens right away. and so there needs to be funding policy and more importantly, partnership with existing community organizations who have done this year, this work for decades. for decades, we've seen this model employed and with people living with hiv, i think the fast track that he's initiative here in st. louis, where we bring community partners to the table, the city, the county, and, and the mayor's office, the department of health together. and it is build relationships that should be leverage because those are the people that are trusted. but you can have manufacture trust, regardless of how much information you have and how well you try to disseminate this code of who's a casino to your head in agreement. is there a similar community based approach? do you think that could work globally? a certainly, this is something that could be tailored to every community. each will have their

own unique needs and even during the bola crisis going back to 2015, an early on in life. the general show employed anthropologists as well in order to also tackle some of the cultural aspects of the public health guidance that was at that time also being treated with mistrust. so it is something that i think governments have to get a lot better at doing. and it's wonderful to hear of all of the action that's going on in the u.s. and in st. louis. what i would say, however, is in agreement with our previous panelists that it will take, oh, i'm mot longer for those attitudes to change. in fact, even to the manufacturing and back by the time we get distributed around the world, we will still know it will take longer to change those long held beliefs. and

that's because, again, some of the historical aspects of this. but if we look at the wider history of vaccination, this has been one of the most important lifesaving tools that have extended our lifespan. so from that, if we look at it a whole vaccine has, you can threaten to undo so much good that we have done with the years in terms of tackling polio and small ots and many things that people just forget and don't even really remember what an iron lung is and, and the consequences of allowing infectious diseases to spread. this concept of herd immunity is a flawed one in the sense that it doesn't happen naturally. it's a vaccination and we didn't develop herd immunity to work many diseases including yellow fever, cholera, and many others. again, we look at the evidence. we heard from just

a strain in medical association that people who develop measles are 10000 times more likely to get a neurological damage based from an infection then from any vaccination. but to is just some sort of accounts are on. i'm going to that surely is where the other vaccines, there was time that was development. they was testing, they were had to be, you know, regulated. they had toying to be able to do that before they were brought to market . the argument here is that this vaccine, all 3 of them currently sofa, a been rushed to market, and people are concerned that they have been properly tested. that's a legitimate concern, sholay. so that's where i think this, there's a more nuanced a curse words vaccine has you see. so these are people who may have had all their other vaccinations generally are pro-vaccine. but as you say,

are concerns about the development time. if we think about it in, let's say normal circumstances, it takes you 5 to 10 years to develop a vaccine. however, that's an normal conditions are world to screech, to a halt. many economies have been decimated during this time. so all of the research and pharmaceutical companies and scientists have all come together to focus on a singular pro problem with more resources, more support, and also more collaborative spirit than ever in history. we go back to the very beginning, it to chinese scientists. you know, matter days to be able to get the genome digitally matched and from then into the phase one clinical trials, 8 weeks only. that's a world record. however, when it comes to what actually happens in the physical trial, no safety standards were no short cuts remained. everything was, was done the way that we would have done in any other circumstance. so it's really

important to say here that there have been no compromises on safety. there have, been no short cuts. and in the u.k. the m h r a, our regulatory body body, the u.s. f.d.a. center has to do the final check of the data as well. and all of that has to be scrutinized. remember, there is nowhere to hide here. the eyes of the world will be on this date out once it becomes available to the public for peer review. so there is in this, it will be the most highly scrutinized clinical trial to date, and i think that it needs to be in order to not damage trust any further. as, as i have mentioned earlier, it's just absolutely essential that we do not compromise any of the safety because the damage that we see in the long term will be the as such that you know, almost it was reversed. but let me bring in should be ready, have the astra zeneca university vaccine. apparently that data will be published in the lancet this coming weekend according to one of the bosses there. so that will

change people's attitudes. do you think once transparency is in place, once we can see the data, do you think that will help set yet think it is absolutely essential in terms of a puppy and if that's what the scientific community, as well as of the general public. and i think i want to challenge yourself to be friends with many of the sex scenes, but a convert. one thing that seems, is that many of the companies not compel them stop their market commitments to actually good results before it does any pretty creative unit, which is the challenge. and that is to be in some of the discord in the scientific community has got us into public investment. so it's the many bridge that's also at least that. so i think once it gets quantum, spitter correct here, if you had been, there would be a very different perspective in terms of aesthetic of that scene as an example. and the same thing applies when you're not, it seems to sentient that it actually comes through at the percent purity, if you are as soon as possible,

some of that her body can be confident that there's not one or 2 companies genda. but that you take that it's coming out in the box and the accept sent to scrutiny. is there anything about this timeline that concerns you, the speed of which these vaccines have been developed? some potentially could get to market that talk does not concern me. what people need to realize, even manufacturers' vaccine for years and years and years now. and multiple checks and balances that put in place. that has had all of talked about the uniqueness of the situation. but that uniqueness must not be confused as to dropping standards or trying to dilute the process. there are over 200 companies and entities right now, working on this vaccine. on top of that to those of us who stand for marginalized populations have been involved. and i came to the fore, i had

a baby and made in the middle of a pandemic, but it was important for me to use my voice, use my pen and my expertise to be a part of this process. and i tell you that in many more have been in so doing there is so much more scrutiny so much more. i'm at stake here. and those of us in the scientific community would never back. that would never come on the show and speak like this. if we did not believe that those standards were in place, there are external review boards. currently, i'm reviewing the data as a lot of these trials that are coming to completion 1st are ending. and it is my. i am confident that once that has been done, the transparency that we crave and the ability to move into the next step is what i speak of. and what i stand for though is that there are resources that can still be prioritized in the places that i think they need to be so that we do not leave behind populations that have been left behind. i am born and raised in zimbabwe. my

family not been johanna's, don't buy an extraordinarily sensitive to the topic globally. as i am for black and time communities, it's essential to be ready. what point does a vaccine become ineffective? if enough people refuse to take it. so i say it's $6040.00 of people not taking it and 40 percent do take it so that render the herd immunity, the vaccine, the whole argument. well, it depends from my perspective, if you're looking at certainly from a public office that he doesn't mind, the potential of having all of that see in you does a significant percentage of the population that's not been vets. and i think that what they're going to return that will be used for going to court for protection. but if you want to achieve herd immunity, which is what the guests here are hooting to, then they want immunity enough to have bought 60 to 70 percent of the population. and that doesn't necessarily mean that 60 to 70 percent of the population need to

be that sniper. so right now, it's not their ticket as an example in the rest and get the pure step up to one of the adults were actually in that the next you're going to section and want to be evidence might not one student much infections, probably using something that will want community so that to get into this a quick and complex as an example would give additional products that they do fuck up the scent bottle cooperation. getting access to that seeing could very much that significance, an example of how it will be a baby's adequate and dropped him down to the chain of transmission of the bite us otherwise known as our community. so i think if the plants by the, from populations and what their experience already diversified and all or to was natural circulation off, i'm sorry, severe then they want. i do want to come to my other guest really quickly and we are running out of time on a piece that just very quickly do you envisage a situation where if significant numbers of the population and the u.k. decide not to take the vaccine, that the government will have to make it mandatory again, i think this is

a stance that the current u.k. government is firmly against in terms of making it mandatory. and that it can further create even a few of these conspiracy theories about vaccines even further. so again, i think that there are many other approaches and we heard for other comments about the fact of missed that at working not just at the top government level, but right again, in grassroots unity is involved as well. and that that every option should be exhausted. 1st before we move to war, it's mandy cherry vaccines because we know that it, in the current climate, in the current little climate. culturally, that is not something our population feels that they are ready to accept. and so it will take a lot of work across not just the government, but as i mentioned with all healthcare professionals and others in the community to

communicate the value of vaccines. again, taking this mandatory approach may be effective in countries like china, etc. but we have to can text allies and individualize approaches based on culture and based on their geographic region. and i want to thank all our guests still to matty davis, severe or maybe an ox on a piece. and thank you too for watching. you can see the program again, any time by visiting all websites out there, a dot com, of a further discussion, go to a facebook page, that's facebook dot com, forward slash a.j. inside story. and you can also join the conversation on twitter. we are at a j inside story from am wrong on the entire team here and oh, i cannot romania's

ancient forests, some of europe's most pristine. they are crucial for all society and crucial for battle against a climate crisis. but illegal logging by a ruthless timber mafia is destroying both the landscape and people's lives. being in the main areas are what are gongs violence, killing whistleblowers, amidst claims of corruption and the role of powerful multinationals. people in power investigates, rumania, break into the forest on al-jazeera. after world war 2 fronts, as great empire began to unravel, vietnam to most people, it was throwing themselves into the streets, bursting with joy, kissing each other, and algeria 2 years until she lost. if the indochinese managed to beat the french

army, why not try? the decline continues an episode or 2 of blood and tears french to colonise a shot on al-jazeera. back to bill in doha with a look at our main stories on al-jazeera. some breaking news for us there, a force of heavy shelling in the capital of ethiopia, estie gray region. the government announced on wednesday, which would launch a final assault on mceveley after a deadline for the to grand leadership to surrender expired. malcolm webb is monitoring developments from nairobi, kenya we've heard from multiple sources that the.