aeration we talked about that no. was there anything else yes the other things there's 2 other things that are very important to the response rate because you start with your own eyes exactly his response rate and the 1st thing is that if you have somebody who has underlying heart disease and there are diseases so severe that it's been said that it's causing shortness of breath that it's causing you difficulty with breathing if somebody has heart disease that's causing shortness of breath for chile all of those patients are going to have very high risk rates they're going to have respond very rates of 3530 over 30 even over 40 when you have heart disease that will give you shortness of breath instead of that we find that he's responder reiterate his normal at 22. the 2nd thing that's important. about the responder here aged 22 is

if you have somebody where the primary problem in the body is airway narrowing where you have somebody where there is that the airways are being compressed there is narrowing in the neck or there is narrowing like in somebody in the chest but the response the physiological response to airway and narrowly is a normal response rate and that is what he has so that's the expect but the response rate that you see that's normal is the expected physiological response in somebody who has. airway narrowly. so dr we covered the mechanisms of how low oxygen occurs. as a clinician did you observe the results of lox agend in the video showing the last minutes of george ford's life yes what did you observe. i mean in terms of

what we're seeing is that the changes in his facial appearance this becomes crucially important again in seeing the effects of the low oxygen. and have you seen this effect and other patients as a clinician yes you know because i work in an i.c.u. where 40 percent of our patients die so i'm extremely familiar with seeing people who die unfortunately so when when you see these changes you see the changes in the face it is the key way of noticing something happening because by looking at effects on the face dr i want to show you exhibit 15 already been admitted into evidence. at 44 and. i want to play a clip. and have you tell us what it shows. at

the beginning you can see he's conscious you can see slight freakery and then it disappears. and so 11 second he's alive and one second he's no longer. could we just once more. see. this one's like. it is. 202453 in the composite. yet and the this the speed is slowed down by 30 or so c. .

is that the flick anywhere you can see his eyes he's conscious. and then you see that he isn't. that's the moment the light goes out of his body. i want to also show you a clip from another body one camera exhibit 43. for mr nelson that's the case 1. 202222 which starts. and i want to play this for you also dr tobin and you could tell the ladies and gentlemen of the jury what this informs us.

forward in. their day or so now on the rocking his right side you can see how he's moving his hip to try and run the right side of its body to try and get here all can see him again pushing down a street to get air in and. these movements of his hip might you may miss but he's having to use all his in turn spine to jump just trying to get air into the right side of the body keep in mind the left side is nonfunctional from the way they have manipulated him and pushed him into the street so he's constantly cranking up his right side of his body you can see it right there to try and get some air into his right side of his chest he's making repeated struggling movements he's moving again the hips because he's using his spine to try and get them those muscles to move air into the right

side of his chest and he's again trying to use his right arm and he's on a book because of the chain the small chain linking it over to the left side he's trying to have push down on that right arm into the street to try and help them but he's unable to do it because of the chain and that clubs and at some point most of floyd stops speaking and what does that tell us about his oxygen supply that says at that point where he's not speaking it tells us that the airway narrowing in his in his upper airways more than 85 percent and then it separate from that in terms of the oxygen levels that were seen by the face but there have all happening together and so once once we see the lack of speech we're seeing how much narrowing there is in the air with but they're all happening there are coming in to gether and then did the restraint stop at the time of their brain injury and their p.a.

arrhythmia yes frank stopped at that time no the restraints continued after that if he has the sation of respond or react for it's when he that passed take a breath the knee remains on the neck for another 3 minutes and 27 seconds after he takes his last breath. there is that the needy remains after there is no pulse then the remains on the net for another 2 minutes and 44 seconds after the officers have found themselves there is no pots the knee remains on the neck and other 2 minutes 44 seconds thank you doctor told him no further question. is enough.

it is a little off to 70 or $1700.00 g.m.t. . minutes passed in minneapolis in the us we've been bringing you live coverage of day 9 of the dairy chervin trial the former policeman is accused of murdering george floyd in a case that triggered world wide protests demanding racial justice. for the past few hours the prosecution has been hearing testimony for rather critical problem 30 thoughts about and tobin. who said in his testimony that george floyd died due to a low level of oxygen the wall or a fixation as you heard there the judge was saying that they've now broken for a lunch break when session resumes will be back with it here on al-jazeera. floyd's chest could not expand properly while he was laying prone on the ground

being pinned to the ground by those police officers in order to breathe we heard earlier about the narrowing of the hypo firings caused by the pressure of show of ins knee on george floyd's neck. that physical pressure on his body and his lungs tearing his arrest has been likened to that of a tightening vice grip lawson turban the doctor has been testifying as an expert witness on breathing in respect of the system says that floyd died due to that low level of oxygen for minneapolis police but they're a show that is on trial accused of murdering george ford by kneeling on his neck for more than 9 minutes sister fence lawyers are trying to argue that drugs contributed to his death but as we heard there from dr turban he said that the medical complications that led to floyd shortness of breath and ultimately his death had nothing to do with drugs and it's because of the positioning of the

handcuffs at the back then how he's manipulated with the handcuffs by both the officer sharpen and by officer king how they manipulate the handcuffs and they're pushing the handcuffs into his back and pushing them high then on the other side you have the street so the street is playing a crucial part because he's against the hard ass faults 3 so the way they're pushing down on his handcuffs combined with the street his left side and it's particularly the left side we see that it's like the left side is in a vise it's totally being pushed in squeeze the from each side dr would also explain just how difficult it would have been destroyed to breathe while he was being restrained like that. when you have to breathe through such a narrow passageway it's like. breathing through a drinking straw but it's much worse than that because breathing through it

thinking straw i mean is somewhat unpleasant but not that i'm pleasant and that it gets much worse than that. so as the space narrows is it more difficult then to breathe through enormously more difficult and we know that from physics. let's go live now to minneapolis alan fisher has been watching this morning's proceedings allan what do you make of it. it is ignore me enormously significant here is the 1st direct testimony that we've had that suggests that the actions of derrick children was directly responsible for the death of george floyd by restricting is their way stalking him breathing and impacting on the brain and then impacting on the heart as well. it's just really difficult to see how the defense can counter such very strong evidence from a man who is an independent witness than an expert on breathing what was

interesting he said the cause of the law level of oxygen with small shallow breaths he was not able to caddy here in his lungs and you can see him struggling several times at one point the doctor mentions how you could even see his hands and his knuckles moving he said this was george lloyd attempting to breathe through his knuckles. and then he said did that to the knee on the neck was a problem for him and he said absolutely it did and then he was question would be healthy for problems with this sort of pressure being extended to his body and he said absolutely that is the point he said where you can see there is no oxygen left in his body and then for a significant period of time they continue to put that pressure on his body more than 3 minutes after he stopped breathing so there's been a couple of questions that have gone to the what the case that the defense is going

to make 1st of all where drugs are no there's going to be talk about how much carbon dioxide was in george floyd's body there was 18 night that's the measurement of the use there was $89.00 and the doctor said that's within the normal range if you haven't taken a breath in more than 9 minutes and from the time george floyd. stopped breathing so the time the part of medics managed to get a line and alone to take a breath with 90 minutes so that would account for that. there's been talk as well that had the humor that would have been the cause of death and the doctor essential ruled that out said that in the wild there have been 6 record big cases of sudden death because of the humor and this was not a sudden day. and that but it goes to the point as well you see at one point and this was very traumatic evidence that the reason to the police officers kept the restraints and the restrictions on george ford because at one point his leg picked up. and they felt that that showed that he was still putting up some sort of fight

not so according to the doctor that was the brain responding to a fatally law level of oxygen this was something that the body did automatically george floyd was not aware that he was doing not this was essentially the body struggling to get oxygen to the brain and it failed obviously because as we know george lloyd died so. a really difficult period of evidence being given there and we know that the duty followed it closely from inside the courtroom we can tell that they were all fall and making notes and this the doctor was given as an example of where important parts of the net where many people in new jersey were following along and pressing those areas themselves i just this simple fight by saying it's like breathing through a drinking straw only much walks sentences like that tend to stick with judy's a dream. for the moment many thanks will be back with you. in the coming hours on

fish of their lives in minneapolis. a weather update next year and i was here and then man mosque plays out on the streets of london was the ambassador to the u.k. finds himself locked out. for the perfect gentleman. sponsored point qatar airways how i once again the temperatures starting to ramp up now across much of the middle east much but not all we have got some snow in the forecast would you believe snow in areas pushing up into turkey ankara just 6 degrees celsius to friday doesn't it say about around the levant lossie fondant rise a 24 celsius there for damascus take a look at sas day all change 14 degrees in damascus

a 10 degree fall in those temperatures some wet weather started to push in as that area of town and writes the snow comes in across central parts of to eastern areas also say some of that wintry weather that says sleet and snow coming through here as well as the toniest of rain as we go on through the day but push further south and there's where the warmth is $38.00 in riyadh that's $100.00 in found out woman off in doha at around $33.00 degrees although come sunday it's probably going to be about say i told 9 degrees cooler than that pleasantly warm nevertheless it has to be said with plenty of sunshine for your sunshine too just around the horn of africa because some showers there just around lake victoria pos you can the same some heavy showers really heavy showers up towards the gulf of guinea cameroon and southern parts of nigeria seeing some bursts of heavy rain some wet weather to all the way it's in northern parts of madagascar but to the south of that is fine dry and sunny. for the perfect jenny. sponsored point qatar airways.

xenophobia violent and beating the drum for an ethnic civil war in the heart of europe. generation identity was at one time the fastest growing far right organization on the continent now watch the investigation that led to the french government banning the group. generation hate. part 2 of a special 2 part investigation on a. hello again this is al jazeera let's remind you of the main news responder 3 experts testified that george floyd died due to a lack of oxygen astonish his brain and caused his heart stole that from dr lawson

tobin spoke on the 9th day of the trial of former policeman derek jovan who's accused of murder. president joe biden has unveiled a 1st round of measures to reduce gun violence across the united states they include executive actions to regulate self assembled guns and upgraded pistols spot he's calling on congress to go further he says that reforms will respect the constitution 2nd amendment the right to bear arms. nothing nothing i'm about to recommend in any way impinges on the 2nd amendment or phony arguments suggesting that these are 2nd amendment rights at stake from what we're talking about. but no memon no member to the constitution is absolute gun violence in this country is an epidemic we said again gun violence in this country is an epidemic and it's an international embarrassment. every day in this country

360 people are shot every single day 106 of them die every day our flag was still flying at half staff for the victims of the horrific murder of 8 primarily asian american people in georgia when 10 more lives were taken in a mass murder in colorado. you probably didn't hear it but between those 2 incidents less than one week apart for more than 850 additional shootings 850 the took the lives of more than 250 people and left 50500 injured this is an epidemic for godsake whether congress acts or not i'm going to use all the resources in my disposal president to keep the american people safe from gun violence but there's

much more of the congress can do to help that effort and they can do it right now they've offered plenty of thoughts and prayers members of congress but they passed not a single new federal law to reduce gun violence. and of prayers. time for some action. and i thought of washington i was house correspondent kimberly how could i was listening to the president and we heard him say that us gun violence is an epidemic a blemish on our character as a nation he said yeah the president has been under a lot of pressure since those recent mass shootings not just in colorado but also in georgia to take some executive action in the absence of congressional action and that's what we've seen from the president there some of those steps have already been outlined not only battling the so-called ghost guns that have no serial

numbers that people can quickly assemble on their own banning stabilizing braces as were used in the colorado mass shooting but also putting in place these red flag laws that would make it so that people can petition the courts if they believe that someone is dangerous and should have a gun but the president was also very clear in what he wants moving forward he talked about in 1994 as a senator how he passed the assault weapons ban something that was allowed to expire 10 years later and that he believes saved countless lives he's calling on congress to pass that again also put in place and this is a big one ending the a mutiny for gun manufacturers so that victims of gun violence can take the gun you manufacturers to court holding them accountable for the pay that so many families have been cause so these are a number of steps the president is looking for he is expected to face some pushback particularly in congress and that's why you heard him taking on in terms of that

criticism those that defend the 2nd amendment or the right to bear arms in the united states calling it in his view a phony argument that this is something that needs to change and he believes there's common ground between the 2 positions and white house correspondent kimberly hell couldn't live in washington can believe anything. public figure. abroad the country's former ambassador to the u.k. has been a locked out of the embassy and by diplomats loyal to the. protestors at the embassy and on wednesday night ambassador men was locked out allegedly by his deputy and the military attash a last month the ambassador a former army colonel himself had broken ranks criticizing the coup on february 1st and calling for the release of the country's democratic leaders in the morning he

returned and spoke to reporters outside he said embassy staff were now taking orders from the military attaches a. surprise a lot of the military for your comments last month you like yes. or does it is. he said his own options did not likely include returning to his country you see. in the war may be one of his last journeys in an official diplomatic. means headed to a meeting of the u.k.'s foreign commonwealth and development office in a statement foreign secretary dominic robb had earlier said we condemn the bullying actions of the me and my military regime in london yesterday and i pay tribute to for his courage the u.k. continues to call for an end to the coup and the appalling violence and for

a swift restoration of democracy. the british government has imposed sanctions on myanmar military interests since the coup but it's not clear what more can be done now a foreign office spokesman said myanmar's military authorities had given notice that they terminated the ambassador's position and decision the government accepts what is it you'd like the british government to. open the door to. take them out. george i mean says he considers himself still to be the ambassador here in london at the foreign commonwealth and development office does not this country has a long standing tradition of recognizing states not countries and so it is the military in myanmar that has authority over what happens inside this building jonah how al-jazeera london. health workers around the world said that vaccines are our best way out of the coronavirus pandemic but shortages and delays of her

vaccination drives in many countries in africa the world health organization says that more than a 1000000000 people are on the margins of urge an equal distribution to stop future variants emerging thanks in asian is a lifesaving tool in the response to the pandemic and $100.00 days into the year and also more than 6 $100000000.00 votes in those it's a little globally africa has that mean is that only 20 percent more than $1000000000.00 africans remain on the margins of this is march to end and then african countries like ghana one and angola have delivered a significant proportion of their vaccines within a short space of time and someone says that include training months in advance stimulation exercises prelims the imperative and communicating early with communities of service from a to miller has more now from south africa where vaccination the vaccination campaign has been slow to recover after the suspension of the astra zeneca jab.

earlier the c.i.s. of africa suspended its vaccination program using the astra zeneca jab that after a new strain was identified and a trial show that astra zeneca would not be as effective against the strain and since then about a 1000000 doses of that vaccines been sold to other african countries and now some africa says it's been refunded for the other 500000 doses that would you to be delivered the government has been criticized for potentially wasting money but it says it's continuing to engage with astra zeneca as they continue to research and any development on a new generation vaccine the government hopes it will deal adequately with the new variant in the meantime south africa has forked millions of doses of the johnson and johnson vaccine and it hopes to me to talk out of vaccinating about 252270000 people a day and that's to achieve what equals herd immunity for many south africans it's

been a long wait for a full vaccination program so far only health workers have been vaccinated about $270000.00 of them and so many south africans are waiting to hear when that broader program will begin the u.s. special envoy to central american nations is meeting leaders in the region promising to address the root causes of undocumented migration u.s. border authorities are prevented more than 171000 people last month many of them unaccompanied minors. a report from mexico city. this meeting between u.s. and guatemalan officials is being seen as the official start of a new strategy by the u.s. government aimed at reducing the number of migrants fleeing central america the biden administration's special envoy to the region the capital sunia says the white house wants to create legal ways for migrants to reach the u.s.

at the set i want to emphasize that the u.s. border is closed we are here to also talk about the need and the efforts of the white house to create legal means for migration so that people do not have to use irregular and dangerous routes we also want to make sure that they are ways and means of accessing protection for people who require that protection and has. since the start of the year there's been a dramatic increase in the number of people fleeing central america and more often than not their destination is the united states last month more than 171000 migrants were apprehended on the us mexico border among them nearly $19000.00 unaccompanied children from central america representing one of the highest monthly totals on record experts say it's critical that new regional immigration policies be forthcoming. policies that guarantee the rights of migrants and asylum seekers and also improve conditions in their countries of origin but also we are expecting that the. relationship between the united states and the congress will not be

instant trying to marry her we are expecting. kind of substantial change in the way that the u.s. administration is going to relate to these countries we have to speak the moral operation more open ration to ensure that costs are going to be addressed that people. are not forced to leave their homes part of the u.s. government's immigration strategy includes nearly $4000000000.00 in aid for water mala hundreds and el salvador a region of central america known as the northern triangle legal observers say the biden administration needs to ensure the money is actually used for. its intended purpose. biden is familiar with this region when he was vice president there was also a sort of finance and plan for the northern triangle what worries us is that those $4000000000.00 will end up in the hands of the same corrupt presidents of the northern triangle. bill many are welcoming the return of

a more multilateral approach to international migration policy experts warn that problems like violence extreme poverty and corruption won't be solved overnight and without the al-jazeera mexico city. any scrutiny with us holloway very unfit here in doha the headlines on al-jazeera responder a tree expert has testified that george floyd died from a lack of oxygen which damaged his brain and caused his heart to stop that's when dr lawson turban spoke on the 9th day of the trial of the former policeman derrick cho then who's accused of. when you have to breathe through thick and narrow passageway it's like. breathing through a drinking straw but it's much worse than that because breathing through a drinking straw.