ours by 2024 the lamborghini c n became its 1st petrol electric hybrid when it was launched last year and now they are investing $1300000000.00 in converting the rest of the range to hybrid power and producing the company's 1st all electric car by the end of the decade. you can find out much more on that and everything else we've been covering on our website al-jazeera dot com. and our reminder of the top stories on al-jazeera the 1st general strike in palestinian territories for decades labeled a day of rage has ended with further violence and bloodshed 3 people were killed and more than 160 injured in the occupied west bank when protests that began with stones thrown and tear gas the cloyd the send it into reported use of live

ammunition by both sides 2 israeli soldiers will salute it. meanwhile the israeli bombardment of gaza continues 217 people have now been killed there 63 of them children 12 people including 2 children have died in israel. and there was hope of a breakthrough in the humanitarian crisis with israel agreeing to open a border crossing for aid deliveries but it was quickly closed again. with the opening of cream shillong crossing today it has allowed dozens of fuel trucks from under the law to enter gaza regrettably other essential humanitarian cargo was an able to cross it is critical that the air is crossing is also open for the entry and exit of critical humanitarian staff humanitarian access into and out of gaza for staff and goods must be sustained and appropriate measures taken to ensure safe movement within gaza. and at least 27 people have been killed by

a powerful cycle that hit the west coast of india. cyclon tactic a made landfall in gujarat state on monday evening rescuers are searching for 93 people missing after a barge carrying oil workers was caught in the storm off the coast of mumbai the cyclon is adding pressure to the indian health system already overwhelmed by the corona virus pandemic. the spain is facing a diplomatic and humanitarian crisis after more than $8000.00 people crossed from morocco into the spanish enclave of sales it's the largest single day influx into the area many people swam across the border and more than a 1000 are children. of scientists control the weather to fight climate change the stream asks that question next they'll have more news for you and half an hour thanks for watching stay with us but i.

hi anthony ok today on the strain could blocking out the sun actually help reduce the temperature down here on earth let me show you what i mean to instance you could have a tear or pumped into ass stratosphere that material could reflect the sun's rays or solar energy or the way back to the sun meaning that way down here a cat call that is a very basic rudimentary understanding of solar geo engineering there are pros there are cons there are known as an unknown there is a debate let's take

a look should we be pursuing solar geo engineering the answer is that we just don't know what we do not miss that the impacts of climate change are serious and getting worse and we're not doing all we need to do to address the climate crisis so enjoy engineering might be a useful part of the portfolio of responses but also on tails a wide range of poorly understood risks or will this one research program can help us understand those risks and whether on our solar geo engineering deserves a spot in the portfolio of climate change responses solid you and you knowing is a really dangerous idea that is messing with the global climate system that is basically just about suppressing some of the symptoms of climate change it is not doing anything about the root causes and it comes with tremendous risks for global communities and ecosystems so instead i was betting on high risk techno fixes

what we really should be doing is get out of fossil fuels that means. or oil and gas and not be expanding any of that it's destruction and there's really no way we can geo engineer our way out of the climate crisis. some of i guess a nodding their head some of the shaking their heads at the debate for kate hello david hello and julie and i can be really nice to have you on the stream david reintroduce yourself to international audience. i'm david keep them professor at harvard in public policy and also engineering i worked on this topic i worked on climate for about 30 years nice to have you hello. to you all what you do you have the mind and thank you for me for having me on the show many ms i'm on i'm an energy policy consulting based in new delhi in there i haven't you done well and you and your thing my interest in the space is you know you've got a bus and that's interested in climate change and the sort of so you should that be

looking at that. great to have it and can i please introduce yourself to international audience of watching right now. it's good to be a year my name is kelly juan's or i'm the executive director of a 3 year old nonprofit organization called sober mining and our focus in silver lining is near term climate risk so we drive research we were really government stakeholders members of the public our youth organizations to look at expanding our portfolio of options to address climate risk in the next 30 to 40 years where we may have some gaps that might not be addressed in other words thank you kathy thank you thank you david and audience i know you have thoughts on this on you've got opinions and maybe they're a couple of things you want to ask lined up as guests jump into the comment section and utica be part of this discussion the idea kelli and david that geo

engineering may well be a climate change solution david you go fast. so solution is a loaded word and that picks up exactly on the critique you heard which is the idea that it's the sole solution nobody in this debate who's remotely sensible things it's a solution i'd just put that off you should write it maybe is a way to substantially reduce risks over the next generation in ways that we cannot achieve by emissions cuts alone so maybe that the combination of emissions cuts and solar geoengineering could be significantly safer particularly for the world's most vulnerable that would be emissions cuts alone but no single thing as a solution even emissions cuts alone are not a solution because we clearly need adaptation a complicated problem like climate change has many different things we need one of which maybe this technology any one of the things that we found as we were putting

this show together the stream show together was trying to find out all of the different ways that maybe you could reflect off the sun the sun's radiation the energy so you could cool actually if that was possible i'm looking hair on my laptop knowing how brightening science feasibility and a plan for reset can you tell us what moving out brightening is. certainly and i appreciate your characterization we don't tend to refer to these techniques as blocking the sun but rather increasing the reflection of sunlight so a relatively modest amount of increase in the reflection of sunlight of clouds of particles and misfire. produce quite a large effect in terms of heat energy moving out of your system and in marine cloud brightening the idea is based in the image that you showed on the observations from things that already happened in the system. where particles from

emissions and. natural sources mix with clouds in rays that make them slightly brighter so we need to image here this streaks that you see in the clouds those bright streaks are actually created by the emission from ships and globally today scientists believe that the totality of the particles in admissions not the particle separate greenhouse gases facts but those sort of dirtier kind of pollution particles one of the side effects is that they mix with clouds in this way and globally are are thought to be creating something of a cooling effect that we don't understand very well the idea behind marine cooperate ning is to use a cleaner more benign material particles from ocean spray and sea water to brighten clouds over the ocean that are particularly susceptible to the effect and it's thought although there's a. community. right ok.

so help me get back on track. what do you. if you can hear me thinking now live i want to encourage yeah right so if you what exciting one thing goes up into the stratosphere to help cool for us theoretically what what are you what is going up in it in marine cloud brightening materials going into the lower atmosphere so it's coming up from the surface right and in marine cloud great unit proposal is it's insult spring that's generated from seawater sprayed over the ocean into low lying. and so it brightens patches of these clouds in a way that reflects margin amounts of sunlight back to space in a way that crude produce a cooling effect thank you for speaking slightly that just may get the audience i

would like a way ahead of me i'm just like i want to kelly just say angy so this is this is fascinating this so much research and science going on here why would you be concerned. so i think the 1st thing to realize is that you know get on the spot where you're heartening towards a climate and watch and see and and climate scientists and policymakers have made us all aware of that act but the point is that there are 2 camps of heart on whether we need to pursue solar doing here in research one camp says don't you know we don't know enough about engineering and it could potentially be an option that people see one in case of a climate in which to eat and so we need to know more about it so we need more research the other camp which also puts us of a different set of scientists it consists of environmental policy exploits and also other governments such as a united kingdom that has put out statements saying that come to the source that is available and we're under resourced and if we're not there we feel that need know

enough or they need to make the statement that we don't need more. than the such because it is likely to cause more detriment than benefit to certain sections of the population or regions so the question do we are insular to ensure that in these arches that they need to be a point in the sea such bybee stop an oss gus's brain do we know enough to make the call it on whether we need to progress with the point is that so low to ensure it cannot be an indefinite quest to make it a local between shouldn't despite all the 6. but i don't think it is i think here is what i think we know with real confidence there's an enormous amount of research now over a decade and a half that suggests that the biggest drivers of global climate risk are peak temperatures and they're specially drivers for the world's poorest they kill people they meet people less economically productive and they make it harder to learn literally the one thing we know from every single model no exceptions about solar

geo engineering is it would reduce peak temperatures and do it in a way that's pretty uniform it's not like there's some group of scientists with a model that shows that doesn't trip happen all models show that would happen so that's the potential the only serious paper the looked at the effect of this technology on say global inequality showed that it would dramatically reduce global income inequality and would likely reduce global deaths from heat waves now to be clear there's a big set of risks and the same community this researching this has in a way that i think is wonderful but often the very 1st to raise those risks from the beginning but quantitative answers matter and despite the kind of their stuff you heard in the lead and say from the a different kind of bull there is not evidence that the risks are really big compared to the benefits in fact we now have many side of the papers from researchers around the world on many of the key risks you shouldn't trust anyone scientists you should trust a group of people that's that it's surrounds the world and he's not the we know

that each of the rest that we've looked at the air pollution risk from doing this ozone risk cetera there are real and the communities one of the 1st me to talk about this wrist but they look relatively small compared to the benefits and to me that is the reason to take it seriously and i think we have to be very careful about people who live were pretty rich who live far from the equator kind of dismissing this when they're not the ones who are going to suffer the most. i mean not coming here oh yeah this is going to what they had so so i think i mean one of the points the david made is that you know. these models suggest that so no judge hearing could be beneficial for certain sections i mean it could be another specialist membership on the monument population in the future if you want to implement it but i think it's important to highlight the law that. basically the research that's being done in this we're joined here in has been done to simulations in climate more news which helps us understand the impact of synergy or

ingenuity on the old system so scientists that work on on these borders have recently also produced a people of that list the mate is on sort in these in these models and if that's the highlighted that it creates jacqueline does in the government in the impacts of your ingenuity on no clue are regional climate conditions so i mean that i'd like even with that is the source that's happening right now it's not taking into account an order region in fact does not mean they're not the only dependably that they're not perfectly dependable is literally true it's the same side as evidence that it is a model just as as as we use for understand the impacts of c o 2 so just with when we had c o 2 the atmosphere which is a climate we also can't predict exactly what will happen locally we can't do it for either it's the same underlying science you can't dismiss the science to suggest solar geothermal be useful and accept the science as just climate it's a big risk kelly can i open this conversation up

a little bit more because we have people online who also have some questions and and some thoughts i'm just going to sell yet who is on twitter she says i'd be interested to know who decides if we go ahead with solo geoengineering or not anti well it is investigate what if there's a 20 percent chance of causing damage who gets to vote ok let's take that child's kennie. so thank you for that question so and that's a trivia question really believe that this is a field where scientific assessment is really important open science that allows stakeholders from around the world to look at the information is really important and that government government engagement is key so in silver lining we work with the u.s. science agencies and the u.s. government to help develop a scientific assessment path and we're hopeful that we can work in the u.n. arena as well to develop a scientific assessment path that helps stakeholders and government representatives

make these decisions in an open and constructive way and this scientific information is critical to that and i think we disagree with david on the level of certainty that we have around both the arctic sea and the risks but that process of driving information so that we can all look at it together is critical i'm just looking on this rainy is watching on each of this thank you for being part of the show today if we do so no geoengineering how do we force companies to change the harmful practice my concern is people will keep doing the same harmful things over and over again they would touch and they shouldn't take a climate change solution but it can out. companies will keep doing the wrong things and less governments force them to stop so we won't get climate action unless we have government action to regulate the use of the atmosphere as

a waste dump for our carbon that's what climate activists including me have thought our entire careers for no question it won't just happen automatically we need we need people marching in the streets we need government action that's what's going to change and nothing about really changes that much one way or the other so general will provide an excuse a false excuse that may be used by some people to try and avoid emissions cuts but it's wrong nothing we know about so changes the fact that we have to go to missions eventually to net 0 in order to have a stable climate i'm looking at this in my laptop david will you talk us through it's. so that everybody can understand what is going on hand what we're looking at because we're still in that phase right now where we're looking at theory but also trying to do some practical research as well this is part of the practical he sets to have it yeah this is an example of a research project called the stratosphere controlled perturbation experiment run

by my colleague frank point where the objective is to understand with a stratospheric balloon experiment how some aerosols in the stratosphere or cells are just really fine particles that are small if they don't fall very fast how they interact with each other how much they stick together and how particular interaction happens in a plume and if one was ever going to do this actually for real from aircraft with much much larger quantities of material you would need to understand the details of that interaction so it's more to say this isn't a test of whether or not or generational works or not it's a incremental step to understand a little bit better some of the underlying science i want to bring in a voice this important because i think there's a a lot of people not quite understanding what is going on hand but there's still the research that is happening and then why worry about the downside the negative impacts that what might happen if we change how warm or how cool is this have a listen have a look. solar engineering as

a technology that is now being touted as one of the solutions for the climate crisis can have many unintended consequences 1st to follow it can alter the regional climate thereby affecting not only the country that is using and don't apply any input on to the countries in the neighborhood secondly it has political connotations because it may divide the world into haves and have nots that is countries that have access to the stick knology and the ones that do not have access to it especially in the developing world currently we have security implications as well because this technology can be used but you will persist thereby creating some sort of insecurity in many regions as our whole list of concerns there coming from the public is just fundamentally you start kelly you pick up is there a. problem with the public being on board with the science this is the science is ahead of the public. so i think there is definitely

a level of suspicion and fear either in the minds of the public because one is that nearly acknowledged that they are. associated with the larger engineering and the fact that you know people and communities are there isn't it is that these communities that are forced by a. little bit of the impacts of climate change they're not only at this decision making to. read these are just going to go so i mean not being. in you know not being able to understand what is happening in terms of its order sense of the order and. how problematic is that. well we think it's a really important problem to address but it does take sophisticated resources to study these questions and i think there's a misperception that the research is moving quickly that the total level of research in this area around the world is tiny and there are

a handful of researchers and just single digit $1000000.00 per year all over the world studying us and so we think it's actually quite important that we invest resources where they are in the climate models and the observations in the tiny experiments that will help us understand these things and drive to make that information available and make that participation available to people around the world so for example we're working with amazon web services to put global climate models on the cloud that could look at these questions in a way that would allow researchers in the global south and other parts of the world to study them for themselves so we think the problem is not advancing the science but the problem is creating the resources in access so that everyone can share in it and then have a voice around the table as to what we're going to do here we have a very serious safety situation the current best projections have over 1000000000

people on the planet displaced and so we think this is a way of exploring options to see if we can do better than that. i agree with everything kelly just said and i think i want to add one more point which is it's easy to on any topic like this cherry people have opinions in different directions to extent that we know anything we don't know very much about what regular people actually think there's good evidence from 2 papers that people in more vulnerable climate or climate vulnerable countries are more supportive research on this so it's true both among climate negotiators depending on where they came from and it's true in asian countries if you compare rich and poor poor countries are more supportive and in general it appears actually maybe a little contradict your implication i mean that a man should be that regular people are more supportive of this than experts i don't think we know that definitely but to the extent that we have empirical evidence from surveys that's the way it appears you know and is really difficult as kelly was saying it's not like this is a bank huge area of research it's it was very it was very nice and is becoming less

nice because the climate at time is actually warming up so people are now thinking what else what else can we do here i'm going to show to headlines david i put eyes that has these headlines musk but they get they're going to be quite painful for you to look at a controversial test flight aimed at quelling the planet council it's. sweden council bill gates controversial climate geo engineering project the support i think you're involved in bill gates has put some investment into it what happened david why was it can so i'm sorry but if you say i got into it right there billions did not interest that's just plain falls bill gates was one invest means of financial investment though gates was one of a whole range i guess i'd say us now david i did say he was one of the investors so it's not an ok yeah but but that was a typically what it was about a return which is different from philanthropy and he had no control or insight into this think it's kind of important that actually people are saying things that are false sorry to get my back up but i think truth matters absolutely welcome place

containing the project that was going to happen in june has been counseled it was going to be in swedish lapland what happened then and how can you make that connection between what we've been talking about and the council ation of that practical research project so we were only planning to fly there because there's a limited number of places around the world to do these transfer ballooning and the . space corporation turns out to be a wonderful partner for doing ballooning so we thought that we might fly with them for that reason and some sammy council indigenous organisation and some environmental groups. produced a very you know were very negative argued that it shouldn't happen and to be clear they actually can see that it has no risk but that their risk is the idea which i think is a consistent view and they argued that it shouldn't happen and swedish government. took that seriously and basically told us to see that they shouldn't fly yes that's

what happened thank you for sharing that with us that must be quite disappointing for you and the rest of your team at this point but i want to bring in a another point this one comes from catcher mckinnon who's thinking about ok if we get a little bit further along with the science then what do we need to be thinking about this. need to start a public conversation about solar radiation management soon and that conversation needs to be focused on the deep and difficult ethical questions that this new technology raises for us collectively and in particular we need to start talking soon about how to govern research into this new technology. in order to mitigate the risks are the technology running ahead of governance. actually i'm just wondering are we yet i know it's they've got an issue they were talking serious about governance 30 years ago yeah i mean when i 1st became involved in this i and

many other people have argued the biggest problem is governance and we need to begin governors discussions are hard we need to begin the conversations early in order to have any chance of making reasonable decisions when the real decisions come out the decisions to be clear they shouldn't be made by scientists they need be made in some organized way that is as legitimate and democratic as possible but that can all happen in a 2nd and just about to wrap up the final thoughts that day so i think it's important for people to ignore that these elections will do engineering quite and he's being dominated by a group of their midst institutions that is based in the not so the only constructive we award on this is to establish an international governments make an ism that is not decided not to what international participation ok thank you sanjay i would also just right at the end of the show here you pull up a point that needed a new show to interest to talk about that point but thank you anthony for ending on

why the debate will continue i'm jenny kelly davis on the you chain thanks for your comments really appreciate i see you next time i can. i'm perry davies and the camberley and western australia where indigenous communities it's teaming up with scientists to create a new approach to marine conservation. a thing you learned never even got just. dump on a boat. i found your new reporting from brazil if you're going to try to protect him by the versity defending themselves against illegal invaders try it

on al-jazeera. for decades criminals made millions trafficking drugs through thailand one least explores where the country has now become the 1st in southeast asia to legalize medical marijuana. on al-jazeera. blue face masks a common sight in city centers around britain but as lockdowns abuse of people will still be wearing masks for months or even years to come and i'm going back to the environment this video shows stauffer to wildlife hospital helping a bird that's been caught up in discarded litter it's a face. plastic now a recent survey found 70 percent of people using disposable boss didn't realize they were using single use prosthetics researchers at university college london so you've every person in the u.k. used one disposable every day for a year it would create $124000.00 tons of waste which would be on we saw this

factory there trying to provide an alternative. like other such mollusks can be washed and produced a design that we've come up with is ethical sustainable and it's made in the u.k. it looks like a place mostly because of many people's lives at least in the short term whatever calling they where they're being urged to consider where it comes from and where it'll end up. a general strike across the occupied palestinian territories and israel more than $160.00 protesters are injured meanwhile israel pledges the step up its airstrikes on gaza with growing concerns over the humanitarian cost. they were. also coming up the most powerful cyclon in more than 2.