for food producing companies. so even for those who are breathing them, these warm cookies may still be a little too innovative. although with a bit of added chocolate, the yuck factor seems to disappear completely steadfast and al jazeera oh still beers in the south. up then, madeline, there's more and everything covering why, irritating, of course. one of our top stories on the latest political developments in israel, ah, main stories now. the west african regional group of nations eco was suspended molly after its crew last week. in co op has been meeting in gonna with molly's new in term president, see me boys are in attendance. going to let the military coup in molly the 2nd in the space of 9 months regional west africa, anita said they don't recognize him as the head of state. far right. is reading,

politician of tale bennett has thrown his support behind a possible unity. government. bennett agreed to join a coalition that would unseat prime minister benjamin netanyahu position the year le peters pulling together the collection of right wing, centrist and left wing parties if successful it was seen at yahoo removed as prime minister after 12 years wound diplomatic editor james bass. is in western slim and says that nothing y'all his days appear to be known, but although nothing is yet confirmed. i'm not going to say he's completely out yet because there's a little bit more to the procedure. remember, there's not just 2 parties in this new coalition, there's quite a few different parties and they've got to, inc, all of their deals. and then mr. le peed, who's the one who's forming the coalition, even though it's mr. bennett, who will be lightly the 1st prime minister has to go and see the president and nothing is completely done until the government takes office. and that probably won't be for a week's time. but it doesn't look like the era of the longest serving prime

minister in israel's history is coming to an end. and are all the headlines kidnappers of again, abducted students from a school in central nigeria. this has been confirmed by a state government official. the armed men invaded the school into gina and raphi in the north central state of niger, so it clear how many students have been taken hostage, but report say them then with for several hours, africa, most active volcano is threatening to erupt in the democratic republic of congo, once again, the president felix tissue. katie says the situation is serious, but under control, it's been a week since the volcano destroyed homes and displaced thousands of people are the headlines we look now at the evolution of astronomy in science and a golden age. that's the program coming up next on our era. warring drug

cartels on vigilante groups. and a population called in the middle was your reason for being a mature. why do you want this territory? i'm reporting from an ex center of mixed violence to investigate. can an upcoming election change? anything for people living here? so we're getting ready to join me john, home and for the full report on how do i understanding the universe from the office space is at the forefront of physics and astronomy research today. everything from white was the red giant to neutron stars and black holes. but imagine trying to make sense of the cosmos before the telescope, even invented. well, between the 9th and 14th centuries, stolen from the flemish cloud, consolidated and refined the astronomy of earlier civilizations and came up with

ideas that are deeply influenced astronomy right through to the present day on tomorrow. i believe the british professor of physics, the born impact that and i'll be taking a look at modern day. it's drawn in the navigation and exploring the contribution made to these fields by the scientists of the golden age. ah ah, why word scholars of the stomach world. so interested in astronomy,

one reason is for navigation. people have been using the sun and the stars to find their way around for thousands of years. i'm heading into the desert outside of dough, high baton and i'm using the sap now to help me. so in a sense, i'm still looking to the sky to navigate. well now it's getting late and i think i'm really lost. i think i have to call someone to help me. the phone, it is the battery businessman embedded with a deep knowledge of the deserts and the bed with way of life. navigation has always been a crucial skill for the bed. doing so. ali, as a bedouin, how do you find your way around the desert so so accurately, there's 2 to toe during the day. we know by the fun,

in the side or the side. if it's in the middle, sometime we get lost, didn't you? then i will go by a stuff you're familiar with yet. which is, is there not? yes, it's always there. and we have some, i don't know the names are kids, hale joy a. these all star names are all arabic names. yeah. yes, yes. and we know the direction by that this stuff bed when by, by the way, they have a very unusual sense of direction. it's in their d n a. when i'm driving walk, and i know if you just stop me, i sent it. he said he was not, it was, it does not mediately. ah, thank you. in this one is navigation. astronomy was also important for the

measurements of time. for example, the slamming calendar is a lunar calendar where the month determined by the phases of the moon. during the golden age, astronomy studied the movement of the moon to predict the calendar more accurately the 12 month making up the atlantic year, a shorter than the orbit of the sun. so slamming months and religious observances like ramadan move from year to year in the loan on the calendar is shorter by 11 days and at 333 years about it will. it's a cycle, for example, you know, the gregorio? yes. for example, if i start in for, but i'm about to start now in january, which is in the middle of the winter after 33 years, it will come back again in january. ah, i think these days even someone let me can pretend to be as knowledgeable about the

night sky because i want to show you this app i have on my tablet. you see it shows wow. it met the night sky. yes, yes. and then let me see if i can see the ne talk you so you know, that's north the yeah, i have to. yeah, that's it. i thought they call it the north star. well, that's another name for it, but it's, it's the i don't need to know that north i can hold that i. if i know the north star is there, then we know you know the direction i should know my direction. ah, ah, ah, the, this apple, my tablet allows me to scan the night sky and identify the stars and planets is the modern day equivalent of the ancient starch are known in arabic as each. now in the

early 9th century, the boss of keyless moon, the ruler of the powerful islamist empire, was a man obsessed with scholarship and learning. and he commissioned a group of astronomers to produce a news age. now they already had the astronomical tables of the ancient greeks, but they were tasked with improving on them correcting errors and making more accurate measurements. they produced a new star chart. they became known as age and moved to hon. verified tables. ah ah, the

in a stumble, i'm standing on the very edge of europe, but i can look across the asia on the other side of the vault for the from the 7th century. lemme empire and its people spread out to the rapier, to asia and east all the way to spain, new york. ah, but took the whole course so much land. they had to be great navigators. throughout antiquity maps were drawn by hand and relied on travelers account. for example, before the golden age. the greek astronomy ptolemy had compar lists of over a 1000 coordinates, detailing the positions of oceans, landmarks and city. in the 9th century, the ruling kaylee for baghdad, moon commission, to the group of his scholars to make a new battle of the world and to improve on ptolemy data, stumbles museum of the history of science and technology and islam. dr. left quinta

and is a scholar of the ancient geography. together we're looking at l met moon's map. this map dates back to the rain of moon and the 1st of the 9th century. the flourishing period of a rhetoric is lemming science. and by that, i guess what was different about is that they wanted to improve on, on the greeks math. absolutely. they measured the longitude and just shoot us back to us. and of course the but that didn't even exist in the time they had to, i guess, add all these new cities, mecca as well. mecca as well. so there were a lot of more precise coordinate. oma moons met for some very early years of age. here we have sample of a map, several centuries later, the culmination of geography and in this land empire is a map of the world. but it's not one that i recognize. i don't see any countries

that they should. all rhetoric maps, south watts oriented. so africa was always on the top, so if that, so this is upside down, it is up, so don't we can recognize it. that's better. okay, so now i see a ravia and the mediterranean. so what would new difference about this man? you can see the shape of the mediterranean and the short and precise even onto the shape of the caspian sea. and it was this map then of course led on to advance is the neuro absolute mental that was important for navigation. ah, so how did the math makers of the golden age determine such detailed measurement? they used a birth certificate, treatment record, and her name the i've come to the

museum, it's not make all utter where among the many artifacts they have a wonderful collection of actually standing back almost a 1000 years. and i'm hoping that one of the curators, dr. new con is going to tell me what's special about their capital in the lovely thing about escalades, nor is that before the invention of the telescope, these devices were incredibly important. how far back to actually go with a 1st one historian say they go back to 300 b, c in greece. and the word estimate comes from the arabic love exactly. originally from the greek to graph the stars, because actually what you have here is a handheld model of the sky. early yesterday, labor offered only a few functions. but during the golden age, astronomers developed more sophisticated astral apes. this one is very, very elaborate and it is multifunctional. surely it's in many ways with the,

the computers of the day. and they basically served a number of purposes. you can use it to find the time of day or night. you could decide prayer time, you could navigate, you could measure the height, the buildings or distances. so also you could do all of that with this because of course, these are all moving parts. it's possible to, to, to take it apart. yeah. and we can, we can, a single map of the stars would only be correct for one location on the earth. but these sophisticated aster leaves were designed to work in many places. a later asked her date, such as the 17th century yesterday, had a number of different place engraved on both sides. and each one could be used for a different city to tell the time to plot the motions of the stars or whatever it is that you needed us to live, to do wherever you were in the world. you'd use the half of the scar with all its intricate markings and measurements to use an aster labor. you already needed

a good working knowledge of astronomy. so here we have 5 plates inside. you then adjust this. see if you put the right place in position. yes, you take a measurement of of a particular star or sun and then and then you adjust the reach over the correct plate and that gives you a map of the sky where you are. the actual apes will helpful tools for astronomers in the golden age. modern are going to have access to a vast array of instruments such as this, the love radio telescope, children bank in the u. k. during the golden age, astronomers would come together from across the world to co operate. and that way

of working is still imbedded in astronomy. today, astronomers working with this telescope often collaborate with other telescopes and astronomers. internationally. unlike conventional telescope doesn't capture light through a lens, but rather uses a matter that collects very weak radio signals from deep space. allowing us to mask the universe in ever greater detail. not him because the level telescope is a radio telescope. it seeing the sky in a way that we can see. yeah, i mean, it basically sees the visible universe. i've got a picture here of what the level telescope sees. if we could see radio was, this is the way the sky would appear. that's how milky way galaxy, what we see in that picture is not the stars that we see with our eyes is the stuff between the stars. one of the really interesting things, i think he's looking at planets around of the stars. there's a picture here of young star in our galaxy called hatch alto,

the stars of the center, and then a rounded there is a disk of gas and dosed. well, the interesting thing here are the dark circles. we think that they are formed by planets that have the deformed inside the disk. and as those planted circle around, they sweep up the gas of the doors and they leave behind these empty gaps. it's amazing, isn't it, that we're not talking about planet is going around our own phone system the the planet is going around distance of hundreds of light years away. and many, many thousands of these pies, many billions. in fact, in our old milk us out. and you mentioned that image was taken by another telescope . this is part of a larger collaboration to get the sort of sharp views. we have to combine signals from many telescopes spread across the country and even across the planet itself. so this shows as all the locations of the various radio telescopes across europe, out into china, down to south africa. and we even link up these telescopes with a russian spacecraft. that's all but india so. so we end up making telescopes,

the size of the planet, or even larger than that because they're all contributing their own data. so a single task will give you a blood view by working together with these telescopes, you know, in these countries, we all join forces to make this planet size telescope. this shows the detail, this idea of 5, this working collaboratively together, particularly in astronomy, is something that goes back a 1000 years to the golden age was in baghdad, ran the 9th century. when we 1st start to see astronomers working in groups to solve big problems in astronomy, something that the greeks didn't do something they only really emerged in the golden age and has survived so successfully to this day. ah, one of the most important velvet trees of the golden age was called the moreover observatory, built in 1259 in persia for the greater stone on the l. to see when the mongols

invaded, they captured the mountain 4th of al muth. well, to see worse, not only did he convince the mongol, general polak or, or hello the con, to spare his life, he convinced him to build him a new observatory in return altos, who promised to provide the general with his astrological charge, so that he'd know what day to go to battle. the moreover, observatory became the most important of its day, and a great hub. international find to collaboration. ah, of course, was great about the morale, the observatory in astronomy. there isn't the observations they may, they didn't have telescopes, but it's the mathematical tricks they develop. that will be influential in astronomy, for centuries, to come and wanted to show you something here. so this is a diagram for me to seize work. people like to see when they're looking at trying to explain how the stars and planets moved. they were trying to develop the math to

make it sensible. you know, they were using the greek model. yeah. which had gone incredibly complicated because the greeks believed the central solar system. and in order to make the mathematical model fit the observations of the way in which the planets appear to move on the sky, they have for always ridiculously complicated features into the model. it got very, very messy circles within circle going around other circle. and that's, that's with to says genius comes in because this diagram the, to see couple simplified a lot of that for show you what's supposed to happen. you see this small circle going around the big one. if you trace a point on the perimeter, it's moving up and down in a straight line. and that turned out to be a very useful trick that simplified a lot of that complicated. but what's really fascinating, compare this text with an arabic with this one is an identical one,

but written in latin and were fascinating. is the letters labeling the points follow the arabic alphabet, not the latin alphabet. so and if bar gene dog a, b, g, clearly whoever to this knew about to work and the to the coupled with a manager, this was copernicus. so this is copernicus who came up with the idea though, rather than the earth. the central office of it was the sum of that senator and all the planets, including the earth, revolves around a revolt around and that's the picture that we have today. copernicus was and is regarded as the father of modern science because of this great revolution. i mean, it was so fascinating that this was built on the on to she's ideas. yes. so it shows the continuity of science, copernicus owes this debt to these medieval astronomers from the golden age. incredible. ah islam itself, with a significant reason behind many of the early explorations and discoveries in

astronomy, during the golden age, there was a need to know the accurate time for prayer, the direction of faith towards mecca, and the date of religious festival. according to the calendar, astronomical incidents like the actually played a very important role in the the huh. 0, one of the requirements of what to know which direction mecca was in order to face towards it during prayer. now, during the early days of the empire, it wasn't so large and this wasn't a problem. the scholars of the golden age very proficient that map making. but as

the empire grew and stretched from india in the east, all the way to spain under lucy, in the west, it was much more of an issue, because the scholars also knew that the earth wasn't flat. now, why does this matter? well, if you say a muslim and quarterback, then facing towards mecca, if you just looked at a flat map, would involve pointing roughly se, but on the globe is difference. if i attach this string one in to corda and the other to mecca, then you see the line actually takes you east to begin with and then curves down to the southeast. so it's not at all obvious without understanding that the earth is a sphere. this meant that the stolen had to develop an area of mathematics called spiritual geometry, which was exceptionally advanced 4000 years ago. but to use this 3rd call geometry scholars 1st needed to know the size of the earth. the ancient greeks had

provided several estimates of this method was clever, but crude. it involved measuring the angle of the thumb at a particular time of day and then walking in a straight line in a particular direction and filled up the angle changed by one degree. all they then needed to do was calculate how far they need to walk for the angle to change by 360 degrees. that would give them the circumference of the the early night century a basset. keyless moon wanted to improve on this estimate. so he commanded a group of astronomers to repeat it. however, the method involved them trudging through the desert for over a 100 kilometers a method that was prone to error. 200 years later, in the 11th century, the persian astronomer l bay rooney came up with a much easier and more accurate method of estimating the size of the earth. but it did involve climbing a mountain that looked over the horizon. alto rooney was

a prolific scholar who even debated about whether the earth was moving. he explained how to work out the size of the earth in his book on the determination of the coordinates of cities. first, he measured the mountains height. elburn, he then had to climb to the top of the mountain and armed with an aster lane and a plum line, he then measured the angle of deep from the horizontal down to the distant horizon . now this was just half a degree, so he had to be incredibly precise. but armed with this information, he could then use the more clever geometry to calculate the circumference of the earth. let me show you. imagine this circle is the earth. and this is they room his mountain now looking across horizontally,

he measured the angle of dip. seuss the horizon this angle here. now if you draw 2 lines, one through to the center of the earth from the mountain and the other from where the line touches the horizon, you end up with a right angle triangle. now, they rooney knew that the angle he measured is the same as this angle inside the armed with these 2 pieces of information, the size of this angle and the height of the mountain. he was able to use geometry to work out the radius of the earth. multiplying this number by 2 pi gives him the complete circumference he got to within one percent of the accurate value we know today about 40000 kilometers, which is pretty remark. ah, it's easy to think that astronomy went to sleep, foster the greek,

i didn't wake up again until copernicus and the 15th century. but developments and astronomy continues in spain, the middle east and central asia throughout medieval time. through nascent scientists of europe, who created modern astronomy, were building on the work of people like obey rooney, and to see who in turn were building on the knowledge passed over to them from earlier civilization. today, in the 21st century, international teams of scientists are still looking to start a mapping the cosmos using ever largest health. because we must remember that they owe a huge debt of gratitude to the strong them as of the morocco observatory. ah, next time we cover how the scholars at least slamming world matter, metallic science. ah, we delve into the equations of flight and discover how the mathematicians of the

golden age laid the foundations of algebra. it's extraordinary that they might that step to the cubic equation the we see the role they played in the evolution of numbers themselves everywhere. today we use this decimal system and we forget how difficult it was before it exist. in the end, we reveal how the legacy has led to the mathematics behind the fastest car in the world is the longest spending record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broken it. that's about to change with a new call to go a lot faster. ah. the important thing if you are walking around in beirut was not to be in the line of fire from the holiday fall off. we heard gunshots. i was the 1st one to flee, the hot battle lasted 3 days and 3 nights and there were no prisoners at the end

control over the in and you control the region around. and that's why i was such a bloody that an icon of conflict at the heart of the lebanese civil war bay route holiday in war hotels on al jazeera. ah, welcome to portal your gateway to the very best to volunteer there. an online content that you may have met a new program that the for our platforms makes the connections and presents a digestible, seeing each the award winning online content on their audience portal with me sound or gotten on to 0. me vaccines a promising path out of the panoramic. but the implementing the greatest inoculation in history is testing the global community around the world. already a clear gap has emerged between rich nations and poor ones when it comes to

vaccinating their populations from the geo politics to the pure economics. the misinformation, the latest developments, what's going on here is very different. first off, the back thing comes in the form of a nasal spray. special coverage of the colona virus pandemic. on a gina ah, west african broke echo, suspended molly's membership off to the crew and asked the military to immediately appoint a civilian prime minister. ah, hello there, mr. hay and this is algebra live from door house, also coming up. benjamin netanyahu is days as israeli prime minister could be numbered as his political rivals to form a unity government ending his 12 grip on.