the robot to help the human operator together, they form a new team. they can be more productive in the industrial setting. robots may not be able to avoid harming a human body, but it might take a very hard headed employee to stop worrying about robot homing that job prospects full rece aldi's era stock. ah, i thank you through some of the headlines here now to sierra now chinese state media reporting the government. is it relaxing its family planning rules to allow couples to have up to 3 children? it facing a demographic crisis as it's birth rates drop. katrina, you has more from beijing. china is heading. if things stay the same for a living demographic crisis, this has been on the minds of analysts and experts when it comes to china population for decades. and that's why we did see that locked change in 2016,

allowing for 2 children. but it seems that that policy, the to child policy has failed to produce the results that the chinese government was hoping for. and that's because we've seen this census. now china's once in a decade sense, as the result of this were released just weeks ago and that had some really worrying data included in it. anyway. nathan. yeah. whose rec? cold 12 year run is israel's prime minister could be coming to an end rival mass. danny bennett says he'll do everything possible to form a coalition with opposition leader. yay! of le, pete. chad is accusing the central african republic of committing a war. crime officer killed 6 of its soldiers. 7 outposts in the south was targeted and soldiers the kidnapped and executed in the bank on the central african republic side. chad says the incident will not go unpunished. molly has been suspended from an influential regional block off for a 2nd military coup in 9 months. west african lead is called for return to

democracy, but did not re impose sanctions on by macau. a 3rd, she's underway for a group of students, abducted by armed men into geena and central nigeria on coast and was killed the leaders of australia and new zealand. the downplayed the differences in their approaches to china. prime minister scott marston is in new zealand for his 1st meeting with justin dra done since the pandemic began. the government is being criticized by a straight if a being too soft on beijing. india is largest fact seen manufacturer plans to massively increased production next month. the theorem institute hopes to pump out $19000000.00 doses of the astrazeneca jab south africa will return to strict to lockdown measures to curb a 3rd wave of corona, virus infections. find in the golden age now talk to al jazeera, we can, the army were attacking ringer,

and now they're attacking everyone in me on monday you regret, well, it's like that we listen. absolutely. nigeria with a woman present, it would be great. we meet with global news makers and talk about the stories that matter on, sir. ah, understanding the universe from the boston space is at the forefront of physics and astronomy research today. everything from white dwarf and red giant to neutron stars and black holes. but imagine trying to make sense of the cosmos before the telescope, even invented. well, between the 9th and 14th centuries, stolen from the summit cloud, consolidated and refined the astronomy of earlier civilization. and came up with ideas that a deeply influence astronomy right through to the present day onto masculinity. a

british professor of physics born in back that. and i'll be taking a look at modern day of strong in the navigation and exploring the contribution made to these fields by the scientists of the golden age. ah ah, why word scholars of the stomach world. so interested in astronomy. one reason is for navigation. people have been using the sun and the start to find their way around for thousands of ah,

i'm heading into the desert outside of doha baton. and i'm using the sap now to help me. so in a sense, i'm still looking to the sky to navigate. well, now it's getting late and i think i'm really lost. so i think i have to call someone to help me the phone and it's just not very business man embedded with a deep knowledge of the deserts in the bed with way of life. navigation has always been a crucial skill for the bed. doing so. ali as a bedouin, how do you find your way around the desert so so accurately that to, to tow during that day we know by the fun is this side or the side. if it's in the middle, some time we get lost then, and then i will go by a stops. you're familiar with j, which is, is not. yes,

it's always there. and we have some, i don't know the names. i kiss, hale joyce, a. these all star names and all arabic names. yes. and we know the direction by that list us bed when by, by the way, they have a very unusual sense of direction. it's in their d n a. when i'm driving walk, and i know if you just start, stop me and somebody said all the way to know that it was, it does not mediately. ah, thank you. in as well as navigation astronomy, it was also important for the measurements of time. for example, the slamming calendar is a lunar calendar where the month determined by the phases of the moon. during the

golden age astronomer studied the movement of the moon to predict the calendar more accurately. the 12 month making up the atlantic year shorter than the orbit of the sun. so slamming months and religious observances like ramadan move from year to year in the loan on the calendar is a shorter by 11 days. and at $330.00 or 3 years about it will, it's a cycle, for example, you know, the gregorio, yes. for example, if i start and forever, i'm about to start now in january, which is in the middle of the winter after 33 years, it will come back again in january. ah, i think these days even someone let me can pretend to be as knowledgeable about the night sky because i want to show you this app i have on my tablet. you see it shows wow. it met the night sky. yes,

yes. and then let me see if i can see the north star. you so you know that's north do. yeah, i have to. yeah, that's it. i thought they call it the north star. well, that's another name for it, but it's it. see, i don't need to know that nor i can hold that i. if i know the north star is there, then we know you know the direction i should know my direction. ah, ah, ah, the, this apple, my tablet allows me to scan the night sky and identify the stars and planets. is the modern day equivalent of the ancient starch are known in arabic as is ege. now in the early 9th century, the boss of keyless moon, the ruler of the powerful islamist empire, was a man obsessed with scholarship and learning. and he commissioned

a group of astronomers to produce a news age. now they already had the astronomical tables of the ancient greeks, but they were tasked with improving on them correcting errors and making more accurate measurements. they produced a new star chart. they became known as age and moved to hon. verified tables. ah, the in a stumble, i'm standing on the very edge of europe, but i can look across the asia on the other side of the vote for the from the 7th

century, the lemme empire and its people spread out to the rapier, to asia and east all the way to spain, new york, ah, but took the whole course so much land. they had to be great navigators. throughout antiquity maps were drawn by hand and relied on travelers account. for example, before the golden age, the greek astronomer ptolemy had compiled lists of over 8000 coordinates, detailing the positions of oceans, landmarks, and city. in the 9th century, the ruling kaylee for baghdad, moon commission, to the group of his scholars to make a new battle of the world and to improve on ptolemy data, stumbles museum of the history of science and technology and islam. dr. left quinta and is a scholar of ancient geography. together we're looking at l met moon's map. this map dates back to the rain of moon and the 1st 3rd of the 9th century. the

flourishing period of a rhetoric is lemming science. and by that, i guess what was different about is that they wanted to improve on, on the greeks math. absolutely. they measured the long get shoot and shoot back. and of course the but that didn't even exist in the time they had to, i guess, add all these new cities, mecca as well. mecca as well. so there were a lot of more precise coordinate. oma moons met for some very early years of age. here we have sample of a map, several centuries later, the culmination of geography and in this land empire is a map of the world. but it's not one that i recognize. i don't see any countries that look like they should. all rhetoric maps, house lots oriented. so africa was always on the top, so if that,

so this is upside down, it is up, so don't we can recognize it. that's better. okay, so now i see a ravia and the mediterranean. so what would new difference about this man? you can see the shape of the mediterranean and the short and precise even onto the shape of the caspian sea. and it was this map then of course led on to advance is the neuro absolute mental that was important for navigation. ah, so how did the math late because of the golden a, determine such detailed measurement. they use diverse economy on civic instruments called an extra name. the come to the museum is nomic all utter, where among the many artifacts they have a wonderful collection of actually standing back almost a 1000 years. and i'm hoping that one of the curators,

dr. new con is going to tell me what's special about a couple of them in the lovely thing about esther leaves, nor is that before the invention of the telescope, these devices were incredibly important. how far back to actually go with a 1st one. historians say they go back to $300.00 b c in greece, and the word aster lay comes from the arabic love exactly originally from the greek to graph the stars. because actually what you have here is a handheld model of the sky. early yesterday. labor offered only a few functions, but during the golden age, astronomers developed more sophisticated astral apes. this one is very, very elaborate, and it's multifunctional. sure, it's in many ways with the, the computers of the day. and they basically served a number of purposes. you can use it to find the time of day or night. you could

decide prayer time, you could navigate, you could measure the height, the buildings or distances. so also you could do all of that with this because of course, these are all moving parts. it's possible to, to, to take it apart. yeah. and we can, we can, a single map of the stars would only be correct for one location on the earth. but these sophisticated aster leaves were designed to work in many places. a later asked her date, such as the 17th century yesterday, had a number of different place engraved on both sides. and each one could be used for a different city to tell the time to plot the motions of the stars or whatever it is that you needed us to live, to do wherever you were in the world. you'd use the half of the scar with all its intricate markings and measurements to use an aster labor. you already needed a good working knowledge of astronomy. so here we have 5 plates inside. you then

adjust this. see if you put the right place in position. yes, you take a measurement of of a particular star or sun and then and then you adjust the reach over the correct plate. and that gives you a map of the sky where you are. the actual apes would helpful tools for astronomers in the golden age. modern are going to have access to a vast array of instruments such as this, the love radio telescope, children bank in the u. k. during the golden age, astronomers would come together from across the world to co operate. and that way of working is still imbedded in astronomy. today, astronomers working with this telescope often collaborate with other telescopes and astronomers. internationally. unlike conventional telescope doesn't capture light

through a lens, but rather uses a mask that collects very weak radio signals from beacon space, allowing us to mask the universe in ever greater detail. not him because the level telescope is a radio telescope. it's seeing the sky in a way that we can see. yeah, i mean it basically sees the visible universe. i've got a picture here of what the level telescope sees. if we could see radio was, this is the way the sky would appear. that's how milky way galaxy, what we see in that picture is not the stars that we see with our eyes is the stuff between the stars. one of the really interesting things, i think if you look at planets around of the stars, there's a picture here of the young star in our galaxy called h l t. whoa, the stars of the center and then a rounded there is a disk of gas and dosed for the interesting thing. here are the dark circles. we

think that they're formed by planets that have the deformed inside the disk. and as those planted circle around, they sweep the gas on the dust and they leave behind these empty gaps. it's amazing isn't it, that we're not talking about planets going around our own phone system. the, the planet is going around distance of hundreds of light years away, and many, many thousands of these pies, maybe billions, in fact, in our old milk us out. and you mentioned that image was taken by another telescope . this is part of a larger collaboration to get the sort of sharp views we have to combine signals from many telescopes spread across the country and even across the planet itself. so this shows as all the locations of the various radio telescopes across europe, out into china, down to south africa. and we even linked these telescopes with a russian spacecraft. that's all but india. so we, so we end up making telescopes, the size of the planet, or even larger than that because they're all contributing their own data. so a single task will give you a blood view by working together with these telescopes,

you know, in these countries, we all join forces to make this planet size telescope. this shows the detail, this idea of 5, this working collaboratively together, particularly in astronomy, is something that goes back a 1000 years to the golden age. it was in baghdad ran the 9th century. when we 1st start to see astronomers working in groups to solve big problems in astronomy, something that the greeks didn't do something they only really emerged in the golden age and has survived so successfully to this day. ah, one of the most important advantage of the golden age was called the moreover observatory, built in 1259 in persia for the greater stone on the l. to see. when the mongols invaded, they captured the mountain 4th of al moon. well, to see work, not only did he convince the mongol, general polak or, or handle the con,

to spare his life, he convinced him to build him a new observatory in return altos, who promised to provide the general with his astrological chart so that he'd know what day to go to battle. the moreover, observatory became the most important of its day, and a great hub. international find to collaboration. ah, of course, was great about the morale, the observatory in astronomy. there isn't the observations they may, they didn't have telescopes, but it's the mathematical tricks they develop. that will be influential in astronomy, for centuries, to come and wanted to show you something here. so this is a diagram for me to seize work. people like to see when they're looking at trying to explain how the stars and planets moved. they were trying to develop the math to make it sensible. you know, they were using the greek model. yeah. which had gone incredibly complicated because the greeks believe the central solar system. and in order to make the

mathematical model fit the observations of the way in which the planets appear to move on the sky, they have for always ridiculously complicated features into the model. it got very, very messy circles within circle going around other circle. and that's, that's with to his genius comes in because this diagram the, to see couple simplified a lot of that for show you what's supposed to happen. you see this small circle going around the big one. if you trace a point on the perimeter, it's moving up and down in a straight line. and that turned out to be a very useful trick that simplified a lot of that complicated math. but what's really fascinating, compare this text with an arabic with this one is an identical one, but written in latin and were fascinating. is the letters labeling the points follow the arabic alphabet, not the latin alphabet. so alice bar gene does a b,

g. clearly whoever to this new about to work and the, to the coupled with a manager, this was copernicus. so this is copernicus who came up with the idea though, rather than the earth being the central office to meet with the sun. senator and all the planets, including the earth, revolves around a revolt around it. and that's the picture that we have today. copernicus was and is regarded as the father of modern science because of this great revolution. i mean, it was so fascinating that this was built on the on to says id. yes. so it shows the continuity of science, copernicus owes this debt to these medieval astronomers from the golden age. this incredible ah, islam itself was a significant reason behind many of the early explorations and discoveries in astronomy, during the golden age, there was a need to know the accurate time for prayer, the direction to face towards mecca,

and the date of religious festival. according to the calendar, astronomical incidents, like the astral aid played a very important role in this, ah, ah, the huh. 0, one of the requirements of what to know which direction mecca was in order to face towards it during prayer. now, during the early days of the empire, it wasn't so large and this wasn't the problem. the scholars of the golden age very proficient that map making. but as the empire grew and stretched from india in the east, all the way to spain and lucy, in the west, it was much more of an issue because the scholars also knew that the earth wasn't

flat. now, what does this matter? well, if you say a muslim and corda, then facing towards mecca, if you just looked at a flat map, would involve pointing roughly se, but on the globe is difference. if i attach this string one in to corda and the other to mecca, then you see the line actually takes you east to begin with and then curves down to the southeast. so it's not at all obvious without understanding that the earth is a sphere. this meant that the stole is had to develop an area of mathematics called spiritual geometry, which was exceptionally advanced 4000 years ago. but to use the circle geometry scholars 1st needed to know the size of the earth. the ancient greeks had provided several estimates of this method was clever, but crude. it involved measuring the angle of the thumb at a particular time of the day, and then walking in a straight line in

a particular direction and filled up the angle changed by one degree. all they then needed to do was calculate how far they need to walk for the angle to change by 360 degrees. that would give them the circumference of the earth. the earth like century a basset keyless moon wanted to improve on this estimate. so he commanded a group of astronomers to repeat it. however, the method involved them trudging through the desert for over a 100 kilometers a method that was prone to error. 200 years later in the 11th century, the persian astronomer l. b. rooney came up with a much easier and more accurate method of estimating the size of the earth, but it did involve climbing a mountain that looked over the horizon. rooney was a prolific scholar to even debated about whether the earth was moving. he explained how to work out the size of the earth in his book on the determination of the

coordinates of cities. first, he measured the mountains height, elburn. he then had to climb to the top of the mountain and armed with an extra layer and a plum line, he then measured the angle of dip from the horizontal down to the distant horizon. now this was just half a degree, so he had to be incredibly precise. but armed with this information, he could then use a more clever geometry to calculate the circumference of the earth. let me show you . imagine this circle is the earth. and this is they rooney's mountain now looking across horizontally, he measured the angle of dip. seuss the horizon this angle here. now if you draw 2 lines one through,

so the sense of the earth from the mountain and the other from where the line touches the horizon, you end up with a right angle triangle. now, they rooney knew that the angle he measured is the same as this angle inside the earth. armed with these 2 pieces of information, the size of this angle and the height of the mountain, he was able to use geometry to work out the radius of the earth. multiplying this number by 2 pi gives him the complete circumference. he got to within one percent of the accurate value we know today about 40000 kilometers, which is pretty remark. ah, it's easy to think that astronomy went to sleep foster. the greeks didn't wake up again and feel copernicus and the 15th century. but developments and astronomy continues in spain, the middle east and central asia throughout medieval times,

through nasal sinus of europe who created modern astronomy were building on the work of people like l. a. rooney, and to see who in turn were building on the knowledge passed over to them from earlier civilization. today in the 21st century, international teams of scientists are still looking to start a mapping the cosmo using ever largest health. because we must remember that they owe a huge depth of gratitude to the strong him is of the morocco observatory. ah, next time we are cover, how the scholars of the stomach world matter, metallic science. ah, we delve into the equations of flight and discover how the mathematicians of the golden age laid the foundations of algebra. it's extraordinary that they might that step to the cubic equation the we see the role they play in the evolution of

numbers themselves everywhere. today we use this decimal system and we forget how difficult it was before it exists the. and we reveal how the legacy has led to the mathematics. behind the fastest car in the world is the longest spending record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broken. that's about to change with a new call to get a lot faster. ah. in the next finds in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval period in the field of mathematics. the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic word algebra. we're going to the limit to the technology 40 percent. often with beta found they gave us the final building block,

find the discovery at medieval times. it is science and a golden age. with gym alkalinity on al jazeera. this lights may look like a city from the sky, but their fishing vessels just outside origin. tina's exclusive economic zone, the united states launched operations southern cross to combat illegal and regulated fishing in the southern atlantic. coast guard say, the main task is to control the movements, so they do not cross into argentine territory. from this home argent time authorities can monitor for what's happening in economic to fit films. but what a 40 here are saying is, and what's important is to regulate what's happening in international waters. i be the rescue team mean starting again. building a new life in a new country is no easy to let him drive. the witness follows one of the

last refugee families from syria to be granted an american visa from their personal sacrifices to the families prior. meet the syrian on house, just 0. ah, oh, this is al jazeera ah hello, i'm fully back to you. this is been use our live for my world headquarters in doha, coming up in the next 60 minutes, a major shift came policy. china is to allow couples to have 3 children. i made fears. an aging population could affect its economy, israel's prime minister of 5, so hold on to his job as political rivals joined forces to form.