very interesting indeed to speak to you. thanks very much for taking the time to join us from melbourne. thanks o. first instructional athletes have begun arriving in tokyo ahead of the south of the lympics in 7 weeks. miss training women for softball team. it was the 1st to last vaccination for covey, 19, and were directed to testing straight after arriving, that we can find the hotel and can only leave for practice and will not games take you under a stage for emergency cases continue to rise. the majority of japanese people want the games council. ah, so without 0, these are the top stories that 2 week nationwide total lockdown has come into effect in malaysia as it struggles to cope with the recent 3rd and current of virus infections. and he's 17 essential services factors are allowed to operational

shopping centers. a shot from st. louis has the latest from color lumper. the government says this is necessary to prevent collapse of health care system that is already under very severe strain. so in this total lockdown, only manufacturing and service sectors are allowed to operate, but at reduced capacity and even then you need a letter from the relevant ministry to show you coming to one of the sectors and my colleagues. and i have been waiting for hours before we can head into the bureau. now schools and universities also shut and only 2 persons, but household are allowed to go out to buy essential items and within 10 kilometer radius from the home. i, government and brew has more than doubled its official current of our theft told more than 880000 of officials admit the number of fatalities have been under reported from them to change the criteria for over 19 related deaths. israel's opposition needed as many obstacles remain before a coalition government can be formed. yeah. le peters and talks with ultra

nationalists, natalie bennett to replace benjamin netanyahu. gyptian delegation led by the country's intelligence chief, has been in gaza for towards the group. i'm us, which controls the strip as well as building campaign, killed more than 200 pounds and ends among 5 thousands of rockets into israel, killing at least 13 people. the 20 government is relaxing. family planning restrictions to allow 3 children per couple is a major policy shift from the existing limits of to china is facing a demographic cry. demographic crisis with dramatic decline and birth in recent years and women's tennis world. number 2, name of soccer has withdrawn from the french, opens citing mental health concerns and says she's been suffering from long bouts of depression. those are your headlines back with more news herron out there. of the science in a golden age, say, with just a word. it goes to algeria and june is here to meet some of the world's most

passion football fan. i sold my clothes to go to the stadium. lloyd supported all football, hooligan, wearing stream fandom have life changing consequences. don't remember how it only felt the flame burning deadly gave algeria and dizzy and firm on al jazeera. ah, ah, understanding the universe from the boston space is at the forefront of physics and astronomy research today. everything from white dwarf, the red giants, to neutron stars and black holes. but imagine trying to make sense of the cosmos before the telescope, even invented. well, between the 9th and 14th centuries, stolen from the slummy cloud, consolidated and refined the astronomy of earlier civilizations and came up with

ideas that are deeply influenced astronomy. right through to the present day on tomorrow. i believe the british professor of physics, the phone and back that and i'll be taking a look at modern data strong in the navigation, and exploring the contribution made to these fields by the scientists of the golden age. ah, ah ah ah, why word scholars of the stomach will so interested in astronomy. one reason this

for navigation. people have been using the sun and the start to find their way around for thousands of views. i'm heading into the desert outside of the high baton and i'm using the sap enough to help me. so in a sense, i'm still looking to the sky to navigate. well now it's getting late and i think i'm really lofty. so i think going to have to call someone to help me the phone and it's just not very businessman embedded with a deep knowledge of the deserts and the better way of life. navigation has always been a crucial skill for the bed. doing so. ali, as a bedouin, how do you find your way around the desert so so accurately there's that to, to toe during that day. we know by the fun in the

side or the side. if it's in the middle, sometimes we get lost then and then i will go bias tops. you're familiar with j, which is, is there not? yeah, it's always there. and we have some, i don't know names like has hail, joy is a these all star names that all arabic name. yes. yes. and we know the direction by that this stuff bed when by, by the way, they have a very unusual sense of direction. it's in their d n a. when i'm driving walk and i know if you just start, stop me and somebody said on the way it's not it was, it does not immediately ah, thank you. in this one, navigation astronomy,

it was also important for the measurements of time. for example, the slamming calendar is a lunar calendar where the month determined by the phases of the moon. during the golden age astronomer studied the movement of the moon to predict the calendar more accurately the 12 month making up the atlantic year shorter than the orbit of the sun. so slamming months and religious observances like ramadan move from year to year in the loan on the calendar is a shorter by 11 days and at $330.00 or 3 years about it will. it's a cycle, for example, you know, the gregorio? yes. for example, if i start in forever, i'm about to start now in january, which is in the middle of the winter after 33 years, it will come back again in january. ah, i think these days even someone let me can pretend to be as knowledgeable about the

nice guy because i want to show you this app i have on my tablet. you see it shows wow. it met the night scott: yes, yes. and then let me see if i can see the notes just talk you so you know, that's north the yeah. have to. yeah, that's it. i thought they call it the north star. less. that's another name for it, but it's, it's the i don't need to know that north i can hold that i. if i know the know while star is there, then we know you know either direction. i should know my direction. ah, ah, ah, the, this apple, my tablet allows me to scan the night sky and identify the stars and planets is the modern day equivalent of the ancient starch are known in arabic as each. now in the

early 9th century, the boss of keyless l. my moon, the ruler of the powerful flemish empire, was a man obsessed with scholarship and learning. and he commissioned a group of astronomers to produce a news age. now they already had the astronomical tables of the ancient greeks, but they were tasked with improving on them correcting errors and making more accurate measurements. they produced a new star chart. they became known as age and moved to hon. verified tables. ah, ah, ah, ah.

in a stumble, i'm standing on the very edge of europe, but i can look across asia on the other side of the ball for the, from the 7th century, the flemish empire and its people spread out to the rapier, to asia in the east all the way to spain, new york, ah, but took the whole course so much land. they had to be great navigators. throughout antiquity maps were drawn by hand and relied on travellers account. for example, before the golden age, the greek astronomer ptolemy had compiled lists of over 8000 coordinates, detailing the positions of oceans, landmarks, and city. in the 9th century, the ruling kaylee for baghdad, moon commission to the group of his scholars to make a new battle of the world. and to improve on ptolemy data, doubles museum of the history of science and technology and islam. dr. left quinta

and is a scholar of ancient geography. together we looking at the moon's map, this map dates back to the rain of moon and the 1st 3rd of the 9th century. the flourishing period of rhetoric is lemming science. and by that i guess what was different about is that they wanted to improve on, on the greeks math. absolutely. they measured the long get shoot and just shoot us back. and of course the but that didn't even exist in the time they had to, i guess, add all these new cities, mecca as well. mecca as well. so there were a lot of more precise coordinate. oma moons met for some very early years of age. here we have sample of a map, several centuries later, the culmination of geography and in the slammer empire. it's a map of the world, but it's not one that i recognize. i don't see any countries that they should have

. all rhetoric maps how supports oriented filled africa was always on the top. so if that, so this is upside down, it is up, so don't we can recognize it. that's better. okay, so now i see a ravia and the mediterranean. so what would you different about this man? you can see the shape of the mediterranean and the sharp and be more precise, even onto the shape of the caspian sea. and it was this map then of course led on to advance is the neuro absolute mental that was important for navigation. ah, so how did the math makers of the golden age determined study detailed measurement? they use diverse cost on tick instruments called and asked her name. ah, i've come to the museum,

it's all utter where among the many artifacts they have a wonderful collection of actually standing back almost a 1000 years. and i'm hoping that one of the curators, dr. new con is going to tell me what's special about the come in the lovely thing about esther leaves, nor is that before the invention of the telescope, these devices were incredibly important. how far back data relates go with a 1st story and say they go back to 300 b c increase. and the word estimate comes from the arabic love exactly what we originally from the greek to grasp the stars. because actually what you have here is a handheld model of the sky. early yesterday, labor offered only a few functions. but during the golden age, astronomers developed more sophisticated astral apes. this one is very, very elaborate. and it's multifunctional. sure, it's in many ways with the,

the computers of the day. and they basically served a number of purposes. you can use it to find the time of day or night. you could decide prayer time, you could navigate, you could measure the height, the building go distances. so also you could do all of that with this because of course, these are all moving parts. it's possible to, to, to take it apart. yeah. and with whom we can, a single map of the stars would only be correct for one location on the earth. but these sophisticated escalades were designed to work in many places. a later asked her date, such as the 17th century yesterday, had a number of different place engraved on both sides. and each one could be used for a different city to tell the time to plot the motions of the stars or whatever it is that you needed us to live, to do wherever you were in the world. you'd use the half of the scar with all its intricate markings and measurements to use an aster late. you already needed

a good working knowledge of astronomy. so here we have 5 plates inside. you then adjust this theory. see if you put the right place in position. yes, you take a measurement of of a particular star or on and then and then you adjust the reach over the correct plate. and that gives you a map of the sky where you are the actual apes. what helpful tools for astronomers in the golden age, the modern or scholars have access to a vast array of instruments such as this, the love radio telescopes, chilled rules bank in the u. k. during the golden age, astronomers would come together from across the world to co operate and that way of

working is still imbedded in astronomy. today, the sun was working with this telescope, often collaborate with other telescopes and astronomers. internationally. unlike conventional telescope doesn't capture light through a lens, but rather uses a mask that collects very weak radio signals from teeth and space. allowing us to mask the universe in ever greater detail. not him because the level telescope is a radio telescope. it seeing the sky in a way that we can see. yeah, i mean it basically sees the invisible universe. i've got a picture here of what level telescope sees. if we could see radio was, this is the way the sky would appear. that's how milky way galaxy. what we see in the picture is not the stars that we see with our eyes is the stuff between the stars. one of the really interesting things i think is looking at planets around the stars. there's a picture here of young star in our galaxy called

h l t. how the stars of the center, and then a rounded there is a disk of gas and dosed. well, the interesting thing here are the dark circles. we think that they are formed by planets that have the deformed inside the disk. and as those planted circle around, they sweep the gas on the doorstep. they leave behind these empty gaps. it's amazing, isn't it, that we're not talking about planet going around our own phone system. these are planets going around, distance of hundreds of light years away. and many, many thousands of these pies have many billions. in fact, in our mill q out. and you mentioned that image was taken by another telescope. this is part of a larger collaboration to get the sort of sharp views. we have to combine signals from many telescopes spread across the country and even across the planet itself. so this shows as all the locations of the various radio telescopes across europe, out into china, down to south africa. and we even linked these telescopes with a russian spacecraft, us all, but in the week. so we end up making telescopes,

the size of the planet, or even larger than that because they're all contributing their own data. so a single telescope will give you a blood view by working together with these telescopes, you know, in these countries, we all join forces to make this planet size telescope. this shows the detail, this idea of 5, this working collaboratively together, particularly in astronomy, is something that goes back a 1000 years to the golden age. it was in impact. dad ran the 9th century when we 1st start to see astronomers working in groups to solve big problems in astronomy, something that the greeks didn't do something they only really emerged in the golden age and has survived so successfully to this day. ah, one of the most important to visit trains of the golden age was called the moreover observatory, built in 1259 in persia for the greater stone on the l to see. when the mon goals

invaded, they captured the mountain full of muth well to the work. not only did he convince the mongol general polak or, or handle the con, to spare his life, he convinced him to build him a new observatory in return altos, who promised to provide the general with his astrological chart so that he'd know what day to go to battle, the more of observatory became the most important of its day, and a great hub, international fine to collaboration. ah, of course, was great about the morale of the observatory in astronomy. there isn't the observations they may, they didn't have telescopes, but it's the mathematical tricks they develop. that will be influential in astronomy, for centuries, to come and wanted to show you something here. so this is a diagram for me to seize work. people like to see when they're looking at trying to explain how the stars and planets moved. they were trying to develop the math to

make it sensible. you know, they were using the greek model. yeah. which had gone incredibly complicated course . the greeks believed the central solar system in order to make the mathematical model fit the observations of the way in which the planets appear to move on the sky. they have for always ridiculously complicated features into the model. it got very, very messy circles with in circles going around other circle and that's, that's with to his genius comes in because this diagram the, to see couple simplified a lot of that for show you what's supposed to happen. you see this small circle going around the big one. if you trace a point on the perimeter, it's moving up and down in a straight line. and that turned out to be a very useful trick that simplified a lot of that complicated math. but what's really fascinating, compare this text with an arabic with this one is an identical one,

but written in latin. and we're fascinating, is the letters labeling the points follow the arabic alphabet, not the latin alphabet. so alice bar, gene dog, a, b, g. clearly whoever to this knew about to work and the to the coupled with a manager, this was copernicus. so this is copernicus who came up with the idea though, rather than the central office to meet with the some senator and all the planets, including the earth, revolves around a revolt around and that's the picture that we have today. copernicus was and is regarded as the father of modern science because of this great revolution. i mean, it was so fascinating that this was built on the on to she's ideas. yes. so it shows the continuity of science, copernicus owes this debt to these medieval astronomers from the golden age. incredible. ah islam itself, with a significant reason behind many of the early explorations and discoveries in

astronomy, during the golden age, there was a need to know the accurate time for prayer, the direction of faith towards mecca, and the date of religious festival. according to the calendar, astronomical incidents like the actually played a very important role in the the huh. 0, one of the requirements of what to know which direction mecca was in order to face towards it during prayer. now, during the early days of the empire, it wasn't so large and this wasn't a problem. the scholars of the golden age very proficient that map making. but as

the empire grew and stretched from india in the east, all the way to spain and lucy, in the west, it was much more of an issue because the scholars also knew that the earth wasn't flat. now, why does this matter? well, if you say a muslim and corda, then facing towards mecca, if you just looked at a flat map, would involve pointing roughly se, but on the globe is difference. if i attach this string one in to corda and the other to mecca, then you see the line actually takes you east to begin with and then curves down to the southeast. so it's not at all obvious without understanding that the earth is a sphere. this meant that the scholars had to develop an area of mathematics called spiritual geometry, which was exceptionally advanced 4000 years ago. but to use this circle, geometry scholars 1st needed to know the size of the earth. the ancient greeks had

provided several estimates of this method was clever, but crude. it involved measuring the angle of the thumb at a particular time of day and then walking in a straight line in a particular direction and filled up the angle changed by one degree. all they then needed to do was calculate how far they need to walk for the angle to change by 360 degrees. that would give them the circumference of the the early night century a basset. keyless moon wanted to improve on this estimate. so he commanded a group of astronomers to repeat it. however, the method involved them trudging through the desert for over a 100 kilometers a method that was prone to era. 200 years later, in the 11th century, the persian astronomer l bay rooney came up with a much easier and more accurate method of estimating the size of the earth. but it did involve climbing a mountain that looked over the horizon. alto rooney was

a prolific scholar who even debated about whether the earth was moving. he explained how to work out the size of the earth in his book on the determination of the coordinates of cities. first, he measured the mountains height. elburn, he then had to climb to the top of the mountain and armed with an aster lane and a plum line, he then measured the angle of bit from the horizontal down to the distant horizon. now this was just half a degree, so he had to be incredibly precise. but armed with this information, he could then use a more clever geometry to calculate the circumference of the earth. let me show you . imagine this circle is the earth. and this is they room his mountain now looking across horizontally,

he measured the angle of dip. seuss the horizon this angle here. now if you draw 2 lines, one through to the sense of the earth from the mountain and the other from where the line touches the horizon, you end up with a right tangled triangle. now, they rooney knew that the angle he measured is the same as this angle inside the armed with these 2 pieces of information, the size of this angle and the height of the mountain. he was able to use geometry to work out the radius of the earth. multiplying this number by 2 pi gives him the complete circumference he got to within one percent of the accurate value we know today about 40000 kilometers, which is pretty remarkable. ah, it's easy to think that astronomy went to sleep false to be to greek. i didn't wake

up again until copernicus and the 15th century. but developments and astronomy continues in spain, the middle east and central asia throughout medieval times, through nasal sinus of europe who created modern astronomy were building on the work of people like obey rooney and to see who in turn were building on the knowledge passed over to them from earlier civilization today in the 21st century, international teams of scientists are still looking to start a mapping the cosmo using ever largest telescope. we must remember that they owe a huge depth of gratitude to the owners of the morocco observatory. ah, the next time we are cover, how the scholars at least slamming world matter, metallic science. ah, we delve into the equations of flight and discover how the mathematicians of the

golden age laid the foundations of algebra. it's extraordinary that they might that step to the cubic equation the we see the role they played in the evolution of numbers themselves. everywhere today, we use this decimal system and we forget how difficult it was before it exists with . and we reveal how the legacy has led to the mathematics. behind the fastest car in the world is the longest spending record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broken. that's about to change with a new car to get a lot faster. ah. in the next science in the golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval period in the field of mathematics. the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic word

algebra. we're going to the limit to the technology 40 percent. often with beta found they gave us the final building block finally discovered at medieval times. science and a golden age with gym alkalinity on al jazeera. and we're going to have this on washing and asia and africa. there'd be days where i'd be choosing and editing myron stories and a refugee camp with no electricity. and right now, where confronting some of the greatest challenges that humanity has ever faced. and i really believe that the only way we can do that is with compassion and generosity and compromise. because that's the only way we can try to solve any of the problem is together, that are so important. we make those connections be part of the debate is self defeating the end, cuz it's in the us or in the u. k. because it will just come back again when no topic is off the table. what we wanted to talk about where the white man impacting

our lives years. this dream where a global audience becomes a global community, jumping to the comment section, and part of the discussion. there are like kinetic efforts to silence palestinians on the online faith on al jazeera. ah, malaysia starts a 2 week lockdown and a bit to hold back a 3rd and current of virus cases and peruse the official code of 900 death to move and double the country admit it has been under reporting fatalities. ah, hello them, laura carl. this is al jazeera alive from dough, also coming up, opponents of israel's prime minister.