or should not the host the copper america? this debate has ended up in the supreme court. the opposition worker's party has thus the judiciary branch to stop the championship. a supreme court justice has given the president 5 days to explain the government's last minute decision. also now though it's pressing ahead with the plan and has announced that at least 3 cities besides re diginero have agreed to host the match of monetary and give all just sera rio de janeiro ah ad hoc. these are the headlines almost 2 weeks on the sci fi which ended the latest conflict between israel and math and united nations in red cross officials or in garza to see the damage for themselves. they're also assessing the extent of the humanitarian crisis after the 11 day conflict. garza's critical infrastructure, including homes and schools, and hospitals were destroyed. thousands of people remained displaced. the i c r c.

director general robert martini has been meeting people who lost their homes to these radio strikes. what i think fear was the key word, fear, anxiety, and stress the word, the key words i heard repeatedly today. even if the escalation was shorter than in previous situations. 11 days. but of course it will take years to rebid. what was the damage in only 11 days? my palestinian journalist xena al hallowani has been released from prison after being arrested during fighting unoccupied east jerusalem in may. this video of her when viral is she smiled and gave a victory sign after being manhandled by police officers. she was eventually charged with carrying a palestinian flag says what haunted her most though from her time and joe with the children that were in there with her negotiations, continue in israel to form

a new government and to end a 2 year political stalemate. opposition leader. yeah, yeah, a la pete has until the end of wednesday to declare he can form a coalition. then talks with the farmer rightly naphtali bennett's an environmental disaster off the coast of sri lanka is only getting worse as a large container ship. the court fire is now thinking part of it is also becomes stuck on the seabed. several 100 tons of oil are in its tanks. it is already colds . the countries was ever maritime environmental disaster. the ship was transporting a congo chemicals, plastic and in gere. at least a $136.00 students are missing after an armed group attacked and a slamming group. this isn't to gina in the state of new jersey. it happened on sunday. one person was killed and another critically injured. you're up to date with the news from al jazeera science in a golden age is coming up next. me

. ah, ah ah, ah, ah, understanding the universe from the office space is at the forefront of physics and astronomy research today. everything from white dwarf and red giant, to neutron stars and black holes. for imagine, trying to make sense of the cosmos before the telescope, even invented. well between the 9th and 14th centuries, stolen from the flemish world, consolidated and refined the astronomy, early civilization. and came up with ideas that are deeply influenced astronomy. right through to the present day onto masculinity which is professor of physics

born in back that and i'll be taking a look at modern day of strong in the navigation and exploring the contribution made to these fields by the scientists of the golden age. ah ah ah ah, why word scholars of the stomach world so interested in astronomy. one reason this for navigation. people have been using the sun and the stars to find their way around for thousands of. ah,

i'm heading into the desert outside of dough high baton. and i'm using the sap now to help me. so in a sense, i'm still looking to the sky to navigate who's well now it's getting late and i think come really last. so i think going to have to call someone to help me. the hon if it's a very business man embedded with a deep knowledge of the deserts and the better way of life. navigation has always been a crucial skill for the bed. doing so, ali, as a bedouin, how do you find your way around the desert so so accurately there's that to, to toe during that day. we know by the fun, in the side or the side. if it's in the middle, sometimes we get lost then and then i will go bias tops. you're familiar with oh

yeah. which is in the north. yes. it's always there. and we have some. i don't know the names i kiss. hale joyce, these all star names and all arabic names. yes. and we know the direction by, by that stuff. this stuff bed when by, by the way, they have a very unusual sense of direction. it's in their d n a. when i'm driving walk, and i know if you just start, stop me, i sent it, you said on the was not it was just north and mediately. ah, thank you. in as well as navigation astronomy, it was also important for the measurements of time. for example, the slamming calendar is a lunar calendar where the month determined by the phases of the moon. during the

golden age astronomer studied the movement of the moon to predict the calendar more accurately the 12 month making up the atlantic year, a shorter than the orbit of the sun. so slamming months and religious observances like ramadan move from year to year in the loan on the calendar is a shorter by 11 days and at $330.00 or 3 years about it will. it's a cycle, for example, you know, the gregorio? yes. for example, if i start in for, but i'm about to start now in january, which is in the middle of the winter after 33 years, it will come back again in january. ah, i think these days even someone let me can pretend to be as knowledgeable about the night sky because i want to show you this app i have on my tablet. you see it shows wow. it met the night sky. yes,

yes. and then let me see if i can see the north star. you so you know, that's north the yeah, i have to. yeah, that's it. i thought they call it the north star. well, that's another name for it, but it's it. see, i don't need to know that no, i can hold that. if i know the north star is there, then we know you know the direction i should know my direction. ah, ah ah, the, this apple, my tablet allows me to scan the night sky and identify the stars and planets is the modern day equivalent of the ancient starch are known in arabic as each. now in the early 9th century, the boss of keyless elma moon, the ruler of the powerful islamist empire, was a man obsessed with scholarship and learning. and he commissioned

a group of astronomers to produce a museum age. now they already had the astronomical tables of the ancient greeks, but they were tasked with improving on them correcting errors and make more accurate measurements. they produced a new star chart that became known as age and moved to hon. verified tables. ah ah, the here in a stumble, i'm standing on the very edge of europe, but i can look across the asia on the other side of the box for the from the 7th

century, the lemme empire and its people spread out to the rapier to asia in the east all the way to spain, new york, ah, but took the whole cost so much land. they had to be great navigators. throughout antiquity maps were drawn by hand and relied on travelers account. for example, before the golden age, the greek astronomy autonomy had compiled lists of over 8000 coordinates, detailing the positions of oceans, landmarks, and city. in the 9th century, the ruling kaylee for baghdad, moon commissioned a group of his scholars to make a new battle of the world. and to improve on ptolemy data. campbell's museum of the history of science and technology and islam dr. left quinta and is a scholar of ancient geography. together we looking at the moon's map, this map dates back to the rain of moon and the 1st 3rd of the 9th century. the

flourishing period of a rhetoric is lemming science. and by that, i guess what was different about is that they wanted to improve on, on the greeks math. absolutely. they measure the longitude and latitude back. and of course the but that didn't even exist in the time they had to, i guess, add all these new cities, mecca as well. mecca as well. so there were a lot of more precise coordinate. oma moons met for some very early years of age. here we have sample of a map, several centuries later, the culmination of geography in this lamp empire. it's a map of the world, but it's not one that i recognize. i don't see any countries that look like they should. all rhetoric maps, housemart's oriented. so f, because always on the top, so if that, so this is upside down, it is up,

so don't we can recognize it. that's better. okay, so now i see a ravia and the mediterranean. so what was new or different about this man? you can see the shape of the mediterranean and shaw size even onto the shape of the caspian sea. and it was this map then of course led on to advance is the neuro absolute mental that was important for navigation. ah, so how did the math make because of the golden a, determine the field measurement. they use diverse kinds frontier instruments called an extra late in the come to the museum is slamming all where among the many artifacts they have a wonderful collection of actually standing back almost a 1000 years. and i'm hoping that one of the curators,

dr. new con is going to tell me what's special about a couple of them in the lovely thing about esther leaves, nor is that before the invention of the telescope, these devices were incredibly important. how far back dash relieves go with a 1st one story and say they go back to 300 b c in greece. and the word aster lay comes on the arabic as the love love exactly, originally from the greek to graph the stars. because actually what you have here is a handheld model of the sky. early yesterday, labor offered only a few functions. but during the golden age, astronomers developed more sophisticated astral apes. this one is very, very elaborate. and it's multifunctional. sure, it's in many ways with the, the computers of the day. and they basically said number purposes, you can use it to find the time of day or night. you could decide prayer time,

you could navigate, you could measure the height, the buildings or distances so that you could do all of that with this because of course, these are all moving parts. yes. it's possible to to, to take it apart. yeah. and we can, we can, a single map of the stars would only be correct for one location on the earth. but these sophisticated aster leaves were designed to work in many places. a later asked her date, such as the 17th century yesterday, had a number of different place engraved on both sides. and each one could be used for a different city to tell the time to plot the motions of the stars or whatever it is that you needed us to live, to do wherever you were in the world. you'd use the half of the scar with all its intricate markings and measurements to use an aster late. you already needed a good working knowledge of astronomy. so here we have 5 plates inside. you then

adjust this the re see if you put the right place in position. yes, you take a measurement of of a particular star or on and then and then you adjust the reach over the correct plate. and that gives you a map of the sky where you are the me aster labor. what hopeful tools for astronomers in the golden age. modern school numbers have access to a vast array of instruments such as this, the love radio telescopes, children bank in the u. k. during the golden age, astronomers would come together from across the world to co operate and that way of working is still embedded in astronomy. today, astronomers working with this telescope often collaborate with other telescopes and astronomers. internationally. unlike conventional telescope doesn't capture light

through a lens, but rather uses a mask that collects very weak radio signals from deep in space. allowing us to match the universe in ever greater detail. not him because the level telescope is a radio telescope. it's seeing the sky in a way that we can't see. yeah, i mean, it basically sees the invisible universe. i've got a picture here of what the level telescope sees. if we could see radio was, this is the way the sky would appear. that's how milky way galaxy, what we see in that picture is not the stars that we see with our eyes is the stuff between the stars. one of the really interesting things, i think if you look at planets around of a stars, there's a picture here of young star in our galaxy and called hatch alto, the stars of the center, and then rammed it. there is a disk of gas and dosed. but the interesting thing here are the dark circles,

we think that they're formed by planets that have the deformed inside the disk. and as those planted circle around, they sweep the gas and the dust and the li behind these empty gaps. it's amazing, isn't it, that we're not talking about planet going around our own phone system. the, the planet is going around distance of hundreds of light years away, and many, many thousands of these pies, many billions. in fact, in our mill q out. and you mentioned that image was taken by another telescope. this is part of a larger collaboration to get the sort of sharp views. we have to combine signals from many telescopes spread across the country and even across the planet itself. so this shows as all the locations of the various radio telescopes across europe, out into china, down to south africa. and we even linked these telescopes with a russian spacecraft. that's all but india. so we, so we end up making telescopes, the size of the planet, or even larger than that because they're all contributing their own data. so single telescope will give you a blood view by working together with these telescopes,

you know, in these other countries, we all joined forces to make this planet size telescope. this shows the detail, this idea of 5, this working collaboratively together, particularly in astronomy, is something that goes back a 1000 years to the golden age. it was in baghdad round the 9th century. when we 1st start to see astronomers working in groups to solve big problems in astronomy, something that the greeks didn't do something that only really emerged in the golden age and has survived so successfully to this day. ah, one of the most important visit to the golden age was called the moreover observatory, built in 1259 in persia for the greater stone on the l. to see. when the mongols invaded, they captured the mountain 4th of alamo. well to the worst, not only did he convince the mongol general polak or,

or had the con to spare his life, he convinced him to build him a new observatory in return altos, who promised to provide the general with his astrological chart so that he'd know what day to go to battle. the moreover, observatory became the most important of its day, and a great hub. international fire collaboration. ah, of course, was great about the morales observatory in astronomy. there isn't the observations they may, they didn't have telescopes, but it's the mathematical tricks they developed that will be influential in astronomy, for centuries, to come and wanted to show you something here. so this is a diagram for me to seize work. people like to see when they're looking at trying to explain how the stars and planets moved. they were trying to develop the math to make it sensible. you know, they were using the greek model. yeah. which had gone incredibly complicated because the greeks believe the central solar system in order to make the

mathematical model fit the observations of the way in which the planets appear to move on the sky. they have for always ridiculously complicated features into the model. it got very, very messy circles with in circles going around other circle and that's, that's with to his genius comes in because this diagram the, to see couple simplified a lot of that for show you what's supposed to happen. you see this small circle going around the big one. if you trace a point on the perimeter, it's moving up and down in a straight line. and that turned out to be a very useful trick that simplified a lot of that complicated math. but what's really fascinating, compare this text with an arabic with this one is an identical one, but written in latin and were fascinating. is the letters labeling the points follow the arabic alphabet, not the latin alphabet. so elisha bar gene does a b,

g. clearly whoever to this knew about to work and the to the coupled with a manager, this was copernicus. so this is copernicus who came up with the idea though, rather than the earth being the central office of it was the some senator and all the plants, including the earth, revolved around a revolt around it. and that's the picture that we have today. copernicus was and is regarded as the father of modern science because of this great revolution. i mean, it was so fascinating that this was built on the on to says id. yes. so it shows the continuity of science, copernicus owes this depth to these medieval astronomers from the golden age. incredible. ah islam itself, with a significant reason behind many of the early explorations and discoveries in astronomy, during the golden age, there was a need to know the accurate time for prayer, the direction to face towards mecca,

and the date for religious festival, according to the calendar, astronomical incidents like the astral aid played a very important role in this. ah, ah, the huh. 0, one of the requirements of what to know which direction mecca was in order to face towards it during prayer. now, during the early days of the empire, it wasn't so large and this wasn't the problem. the scholars of the golden age very proficient that map making. but as the empire grew and stretched from india in the east, all the way to spain and lucy, in the west, it was much more of an issue because the scholars also knew that the earth wasn't

flat. now, why does this matter? well, if you say a wisdom in corda, then facing towards mecca, if you just looked at a flat map, would involve pointing roughly se, but on the globe is difference. if i attach this string one in to corda and the other to mecca, then you see the line actually takes you east to begin with and then curves down to the southeast. so it's not at all obvious without understanding that the earth is a sphere. this meant that the stole is had to develop an area of mathematics called spiritual geometry, which was exceptionally advanced 4000 years ago. but to use this circle, geometry scholars 1st needed to know the size of the earth. the ancient greeks had provided several estimates of this method was clever, but crude. it involved measuring the angle of the thumb at a particular time of the day, and then walking in a straight line in

a particular direction and filled up the angle changed by one degree. all they then needed to do was calculate how far they need to walk for the angle to change by 360 degrees. that would give them the circumference of the earth. the earth month century a basset caleb moon wanted to improve on this estimate. so he commanded a group of astronomers to repeat it. however, the method involved them trudging through the desert for over a 100 kilometers a method that was prone to error. 200 years later in the 11th century, the persian astronomer l. b. rooney came up with a much easier and more accurate method of estimating the size of the earth, but it did involve climbing a mountain that looked over the horizon. rooney was a prolific scholar who even debated about whether the earth was moving. he explained how to work out the size of the earth in his book on the determination of

the coordinates of cities. first, he measured the mountains height, elburn. he then had to climb to the top of the mountain and armed with an extra layer and a plum line, he then measured the angle of dip from the horizontal down to the distant horizon. now this was just half a degree, so he had to be incredibly precise. but armed with this information, he could then use a more clever geometry to calculate the circumference of the earth. let me show you . imagine this circle is the earth. and this is they rooney's mountain now looking across horizontally, he measured the angle of dip to the horizon. this angle here. now if you draw 2 lines,

one through to the sense of the earth from the mountain and the other from where the line touches the horizon, you end up with a right tangled triangle. now, they rooney knew that the angle he measured is the same as this angle inside the armed with these 2 pieces of information, the size of this angle and the height of the mountain. he was able to use geometry to work out the radius of the earth. multiplying this number by 2 pi gives him the complete circumference he got to within one percent of the accurate value we know today about 40000 kilometers, which is pretty remarkable. ah, it's easy to think that astronomy went to sleep, foster the greek. i didn't wake up again and feel copernicus and the 15th century. but developments and astronomy continues in spain,

the middle east and central asia throughout medieval times, through nasal sinus of europe who created modern astronomy were building on the work of people like rooney and to see who in turn were building on the knowledge passed over to them from earlier civilization today in the 21st century, international teams of scientists are still looking for the start a mapping the cosmo using ever largest health because we must remember that they owe a huge depth of gratitude to the owners of the morocco observatory. ah, next time we are cover, how the scholars of the stomach world math and science. ah, we delve into the equations of flights and discover how the mathematicians of the golden age laid the foundations of algebra. it's extraordinary that they might that step to the cubic equation the we see the role they plays in the evolution of

numbers themselves everywhere. today we use this decimal system and we forget how difficult it was before it exists the. and we reveal how the legacy has led to the mathematics behind the fastest car in the world is the longest spending record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broke. that's about to change with a new cost. got a lot faster. ah. in the next science in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval period in the field of mathematics. the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic word algebra. we're going to the limit to mobile technology 40 percent. often with beta found they gave us the final building block,

find the discovery at medieval times. it is science and a golden age. with jim alkalinity on al jazeera, ah, ah, ah, the heroism and they were well to read for i connie, she nicea area meeting the people in the places the site and, and giving you some writers and musicians who composed the songs from north africa on which is era is a very bleak picture for

a lot of americans out there. why supremacy? in fact, all of ours completion, you're putting more money into the hands with some more 1st kicking money out of the hands of other workers. everyone goes to their campus and it becomes a us versus down. this is a deal about constraining a nuclear program. the bottom line off the big question on our 20 o, ah, the magnitude of this destruction here is, is, of course shocking and heartbreaking. an appeal for millions of dollars from the head of the red cross to help palestinians affected by israel bomb bomb. ah, hello, i'm can santa maria here in doug with the world news from al jazeera. they're a fee of an even bigger environmental disaster ensure lanka, the congo ship that's been.