mine, he's also controversial, he's ministry claims to treat several invoices online. and of course there was a time that you to had to shut down his journal because of the claims that the company things are great, just and verifiable. now pastor joshua passes on and a lot of people will be watching closely to see how his ministry survives, is leave him behind a legal charge that has credit swings, not only in africa, but the rest of the world. ah, look at the main stories now and how many shaft, gerard resident luna. l could, has been released off to israeli forces arrested our home in occupied east jerusalem on sunday. early anthony sides don grenade to disperse. protest is outside a police station calling 5 release. israel is trying to force to be remove her family and other palestinians in the neighborhood that we would,

that he intimidation just nothing more, nothing less. they said i was undermining civil peace because of the activities that are taking place in shift. at the end of the day, all i'm doing is filming what is happening. i'm documenting the violations and the song. meanwhile, algebra correspondent, yavara baterri, is left hospital after receiving treatment injury suffered during her arrest by his reading forces. she sustained a fracture in her left hand during the incident very was arrested while covering a demonstration, unoccupied. east jerusalem. and the algebra is camera man had his equipment broken during the arrest. but dary is accused of harassing israeli forces and not presenting her press credentials. allegations that both she and al jazeera strongly deny. they broke my hand, i spent all the night in the hospital. my heart and my back hurts me a lot. and he had my hand from the cuffs. and also they heard so much because the

soldiers and because we're fighting it all the time they, they want the camera to be broken as they broke it yesterday with my colleague beam as though they wanted the microphone to be on the gaunt. but we are telling them that the microphone and the come it all we say, and we will continue. nothing will stop us, nothing. we faced more than this and we will continue. well, now mexicans are voting in local elections in that country. the pole is being seen as a crucial test for the president under his money. lopez open the door and his economic agenda for the country. it's also been marked by some of the worst selection violence for years. thousands of candidates monday by suspected gangs in the run up to the pole. oh, those are the headlines they found that fit for myself and the team here in london will be back tomorrow, coming up next on al jazeera science in a golden age. lewis johnson will host world leaders at

a u. k. coastal town for the 2021 g 7, summit corona virus, vaccines and carbon emissions will be high on the agenda. but with russia and china out of the loop, how much progress can be made in tackling the global issues of our time? the g 7 summit on al jazeera, ah, ah, ah, ah, they've been so many great involved in science over the past 100 years. everything from relativity and quantum mechanics to electronics computing, they struggled, but none of this progress would have been possible without the mathematicians ation of science. and the development of algebra and the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic wood algebra, which has its roots in the particle of a manuscript within around $820.00. during the time i referred to as the golden age

of science, this was the period between the 9th and 14th century. when scholars in the atlantic world 1st applied the principles of mathematics science. and you can leave a british professor of the radical physics that born in baghdad. i'm going to look at how the mathematical underpinnings of science apply today and trace their routes back to this golden age. ah ah ah, a v is one of the most remarkable achievements of modern science,

and in order to be sure that the plains we fill, stay in the sky, we needed to mock the mathematics of flying. the, this is week, come on, the, and the green, who's a jet pilot and a mathematician, the, we'll strike and you have a mathematical background. so you understand more than most the mathematics involved in a ation employee. absolutely, it is a great way to be able to understand how to fly an airplane, to understand the dynamics of what's actually going on in the aircraft, because i can actually dig into the equations and understand the science behind it . the, the mathematics that i'm interested in is something called a quadratic equation. square equation, the unknown quantity x times itself. the square lower equation, the essential basic quadratic fundamental to how much lift and airplane can

generate, how fast it needs to fly. it needs the basis of all ation. it's actually not as complicated as many people might think. if we think about the lift and there are some various constance, and then there's half row v squared. so it looks complicated, lots of symbols. but if you bracket all this, all it's saying is lift is some number times the square of the velocity, very simply. if you go twice as for v squared, you will get 4 times as much lift which is why aerobatic airplanes are powerful. they need to fly off to do those very crisp, very precise maneuver, the if you want, for instance, to roll the airplane. then if you double the speed, we will roll full times with thoughts. roll 12345. when andy increases his speed

to twice as far, because the lift depends on the squared this 4 times as much lift so he can roll the plane 4 times. rolling our modern methods for solving mathematical problems like these involving quadratic equations. go all the way back to the golden age. in fact, for the wonderful title book and keith harvey, most of the he saw the job with my father, which translate says, the compendia book on calculation by completion and balancing. it was written by the 9th century persian mathematicians. l. call me. now as me, wasn't the 1st man to solve quadratic equations. they go all the way back antiquity . but he was certainly the 1st mathematician to provide the general method,

the technique, the recipe for solving them. what we would today call the algorithm, a word derived from a whole new latanus name algorithm this. he's also right regarded as being the father of the field of algebra. even the term algebra comes from the word and jibber in the title of his book. what's most remarkable about this mathematical textbook though, is not that it has any equations in it. because l hard is me, wrote his whole book in woods alone. the code is ms book contains many practical, everyday problems of the time, such as dividing up land, paying laborers, or splitting up inheritance. businessmen and traders would have found the equations, particularly helpful, but very businessmen id, so on a high tree, grew up in the deserts, raising camels and still keeps her today. so,

these are beautiful camel. thank you. how important all camels in arabia and embedded in culture? well, come of very important in bed when culture for transportation, for medicaid, for me, it's the same both and yeah. and if i wanted to buy a camel, i mean what sort of price would they fetch rights income? what's that expensive? you know, when we $50000.00 to $70000000.00. yes. wow. that's the beauty of that expensive. you're talking about several millions. you know, it's not says is this is jennifer again, most jealous? yes. they won't be attention very bought. i mean that very expensive. you know, and up to 20000000. yeah. yeah. maybe more as simple one is maybe 500-2000. i ask you this because i want to use the value of a camel to carry out a particular mathematical calculation. while i want to give you a problem and show you the sort of thing the car is me, wrote about in his book of algebra, gonna use the example of

a man who dies owning just one campbell, which of course has to be sold. now what if that campbell fetched 80 durance? the man has a friend to whom the queen a quarter of his money. he leave the widow to whom he bequeath 18, and he has 3 sons. how much does each son get? he would set up the algebraic equation where the unknown quantity, the thing shape is part of the equation. this is what we call x in algebra today. so the way i would write it is a t equals 80 divided by 4 plus 80 divided by 8 plus 3 x 3 sums each receiving x. that's what we have to work out before me work through the algorithm, the recipe to work this out. so if i simplify this, 80 equals 20 plus 10 plus 3 x. so 80

is 30 plus 3 x. i take the 30 to the other side, 80 minus 33 x 50 equals 3 x. and so x is 50 over 3, which has, i'm correct, is $16.00 and $2.00 thirds their homes. this sort of algebraic equation was something very complicated to the people at the time of holiday me showed the recipe for carrying out very important calculations that would have been used in everyday life. that's right, isn't it? i use anti green isn't just

a pilot. he's also a world record holder. in 1997, he became the 1st and only dr. and officially travel on land faster than the speed of sound. is the longest standing record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broken it. that's about to change with building a new car to go a lot of the we all now building at the lead housing, supersonic, it's gotta be a call like to know of the bloodhound has been designed using the latest engineering techniques and complex computer modeling to create such an advanced vehicle, the bloodhound engineers have sold thousands of equations. we're going to the limited modern technology, 1600 kilometer and a half, or 1000 miles an hour, 40 percent off to the speed of found. and when traveling that far, some of the most important equations deal with drag the force of resistance that

the car needs to overcome to reach a 1600 kilometers an hour in exactly the same way that lift will increase point 4. when you double the speed, the drag on a vehicle will also increase. how much drag you will experience is again a square law and even more extreme in the last record context to court with going so much false about the square terms so enormous. the bloodhound we're looking at 1600 kilometers now. square that it becomes a very big number. and the amount of drag is meant to create such an advanced high speed vehicle as well as quadratic. the bloodhound engineers have also needed to solve many other types of equations. what's impressive is the korea nice work on quadratic equation then inspired other late to mathematicians to solve even more complicated equation. and another great persian are high regard is one of the

greatest medieval poets. in my view is an even better mathematician. he was solving cubic equations involving a quantity tons itself harms itself again. and this is also important for bloodhound because the amount of power needed from the engine is a cubic equation. basics form, right? they make that step 2 cubic equations. they gave us the final building block, because it's not only when we double the speed, we have to drag that it takes a to find the power is trying to get on to and it becomes a very, very large number. it's that the cube which produces such a huge power quantity. the fact that is covered at medieval times, these are scholarship ah ah . ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ah. ready ready

ah. ready ready ready ready just one of the many comments you flourished in the 9th century. ready although he was persian, he spent his academic life in the city of baghdad, which had become a renown center of learning. during the 1st century after the birth of islam, muslim armies conquered vos waves of the old world. they defeated the persians and entered iraq. in 762, the boss keyless established their capital in the newly founded city of baghdad, from which they wound over their great empire for the next 5 centuries. and it was in fact that they established the famous beta heckman or the house of wisdom. now it's not known exactly where this was or even if it was a single academy. but we do know that baghdad quickly became the greatest center of knowledge of the medieval world. the bassett rulers,

with generous patrons promoting knowledge and scholarship at the sell a money, a library, the stem bull. i'm meeting professor ramadan session. he studied the origins of the house of wisdom. the above here is the $150.00 are let me i cannot among sort of hash times enough to bill don't miss the public calla late fee coffee next to the tank can be on a $10.00 is la bay to tell you how you make the that coverage to, to the left there was a reaction. they were christians, jewish scholars, although the office of the flemish empire being translated into arabic. many of these scholars came from all sorts of religions. working together in this one big movement translation was central to the early work of the house of

wisdom. doctor peter starr has studied this translation movements extensively. i think the translations are very central to the flourishing appliances in islam. one finds that the entire corpus of grief on civic literature finds its way into arabic . so they were translating essentially from greek, mainly from greek, but also languages, as well, from persian, ultimately from sanskrit. when did this. so at the end of the 8th century, we find the translations really picking up. this is the busted. yes. all the about the periods, the earliest translations tend to be in the subjects which will serve the empire most medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics. so without this remarkable translation movement that went on for 2 centuries, there wouldn't have been a goal the need to pull. i think that puts

a very well me the house of wisdom was much more than just a library or translation house. this was the high points of slamming civilization, an unrivalled center of scholarship and learning. drawing on greek, persian and indian texts, the scholars there a mass collection of world knowledge and then built on it through their own discoveries. the significance example of this use and development of knowledge from other civilizations was in geometry. ah, decoration is famous for its intricate patterns and geometric designs developed over the centuries. very often these were derived from earlier cultures. greek

roman, by that time, persian and central asia. they took that knowledge and created from it these beautiful patterns in geometry wasn't just about beauty. as me and other scholars from the house of wisdom, translated books about mathematics and geometry in order to apply that knowledge to their world. the river principal reasons for studying geometry. the arabs have now an enormous empire need to measure its image to tax it the book of elements of euclid, euclid elements. yes, as you be a very simpler building on the translations they studied. the scholars of fatal heckman improved upon the measurements of the greek, enabling them to create more accurate maps of the world. their mastery of geometry also allowed the scholars to make astronomical calculations and described the movements of the moon, planets and stars. the

shop, toners, and merchants, one of the most fundamental aspects of mathematics was simply held to write numbers down in the golden age. there were several systems in use, including using arabic letters. the numbers similar to roman numerals. but for me, advocated a different number system. the number system we use today, the decimal system is called the hindu arabic numeral system called hindu because it comes originally from india, arabic because it came by the atlantic world. and scholars in baghdad like l. pardon me, transmitted it to the summit quilt and then to the rest of the world everywhere. today we use this decimal system one to 9 and the 0 and we forget how difficult it was before it exist shipment. so imagine if i wanted to add up my bill but

not using the decimal system using roman numerals instead. let's see how could that would be if i 1st write these numbers down using hindu arabic numeral, 421614. now i can add these up very easily. the $16.14 makes 30 plus the $42.00 is $72.00. how about and roman numeral $42.00 would be x l i. 16 is x v i. 14 is x i v. right? i have to break this down now, how many x l is 40, so that actually 4 x is and then i and then i have another v i. and then i have an x and for eyes. ok, so now i have 6, x is x, x x,

x. and then i have a v. and then i have 12347. so there's another v 2 eyes. they give me another x. so finally, 1234567, that's l x x i which is 72. so i've got the right number, but it took a lot longer to calculate. i use in the late 12 century, the italian mathematician fibonacci, traveled the world and came across these numbers in the slimy ken pyre. in 12 o 2, he wrote his book, libra bought the book of calculation in which he promoted the use of hindu arabic numeral system over the roman numerals describing as many benefits for both

merchants and mathematicians alike. how the uptake of the system was slow. both in the atlantic world and in europe, in florence, in 1299, they banned these numerals on the pretext that they were easier to falsify than roman numerals. however, common sense eventually prevailed, and the numeral system was adopted throughout europe in the 15th century. 600 years after was introduced to the atlantic world. on mr. fields is computer encryption from email, confidentiality to government security. encryption plays a big role in an increasingly online digital world. and the study of encryption goes all the way back to the 9th century and the work of another famous mathematician from beta hickman. this is a very interesting book. i'm trying to figure out exactly what it's telling us.

it's a book by elf kennedy, the philosophy of the arabs. now, kennedy was a great poly math. he was a philosopher. he was a mathematician. he was a musician. and i think the part here he talks about, he's got to disc with the arabic alphabet, and he talks about counting the number a particular symbol appears. l. kendy figures out the idea of frequency analysis that when a letter appears a certain number of times, if it's more common than other letters, you can work out what it is. i'll can. this text is the earliest known description of frequency analysis. but that text was only discovered in 1987. before that we had no idea that this supposedly modern technique for studying crypted messages was in use over a 1000 years ago. now, one of the oldest and most simplest ways to encrypt a message to make it secret, is simply by substituting each letter. why

a different one. let me show you. imagine we have a simple sentence. i'll kinda was a famous scholar. now provided we have the key, the encryption key, which is also called the cipher, which by the way, comes from the arabic word for which means 0. with this fifa, i represent each letter with a different one. so by looking at the table, i would see that a corresponds to l and l corresponds to k, k for tindy k corresponds to v and so on. in this way, i can turn this sentence into something that is not readable unless you have the cipher. what if we have a paragraph like this which looks completely like gobbledygook without the key, without the cipher, i can't work it out. now if you don't have the cipher, you can use frequency analysis to try and figure out the meaning. i know that the

follies, most common letters in the english language, e t a o and i. so far i replaced these into that text, i can start to see patterns emerging. for instance, if i look at the most frequently occurring letter in the text is w, so i'm guessing w is most likely e and i carry on like this until i start to recognize individual words. so for instance, a 3 letter word that begins with t and ends with e is most likely the that gives me that code for the letter age and so on. ah, ah, [000:00:00;00] ah,

developments in mathematics were the only legacy of the golden age. the translation movement had introduced scholars to a wide range of subjects and they made advances and fields and diverse astronomy and medicine. they took the mathematics, they developed and applied it to optic chemistry in engineering. science was now no longer just still a soft pursuit. the mathematicians ation of science have the way to a multitude of 5 civic advances the next time we look at the state of the art robotic engineering. so you can see it move, not like a robot for a very human fluid, but discovered that the idea of automatic machine goes back over a 1000 use testing, in a sense this isn't any programmable we find out about complex mechanism,

such as clot, musical instrument and water, as the water moves the water wheel that's moving back to the pool and it's like a double piston. and investigate with that as possible for enough could fly all the way back to the 9th century. ah, oh, welcome to portal. your gateway to the very best to volunteer there. an online content that you may have met a new program that this through our platforms makes a connection and presents a digestible, seen each the award winning online content on their audience portal with me. sandra gatlin on out 0, me know range for months. our cause once lush vegetable garden has turned to dust, she says it's as if the land has given up on her,

but she has not given up on the land. in this land you could grow not just to biscuits, but carrots, potatoes, onion, cauliflower, if only we had water during the rainy season. it's another story, the land springs to life the state pays. i know there's to plant trees as part of the great greenwald project in initiative to stop, to verification from east to west africa. because of the rising temperatures and the lack of rainfall, most of the trees planted are either dying or already dead. and while polluting countries have recently pledged billions of dollars more funds for this project, people here say they're throwing money into the desert. they say they don't need more trees. but more access to water. i was wrong to teach children away from their parents and hurt them into

a school against their will. there was no money or no father fingers. they put us in a big playroom and we certainly look after ourselves. i don't remember the children's names, but i'll never forget that. canada's dark secret on al jazeera ah, the military wing of her mass tells down to 0. it's ready to finalize, a prisoner's up deal with israel and releases and audio recordings. claims that have been rainy. so ah, 11 o'clock, this is out there, i'd like to come up election day improved, where a teacher is going up against the daughter of a former president buying for the country's top job mexicans vote in the countries