years ago, the titanic story, and when we looked at the binds, we realized that there are more closely related to the strategy and the other strolling spaces that i've worked on. i have many use than i ought to any other dinosaurs in the world. that sort of means that one big, happy family. what's really interesting is that the layer of rock they come from and be up to a 1000 meters. so that means that the dinosaurs we find all across central queensland come in potentially come from different time periods. so understanding what these animals where and how they lived eyes and just started. ah, this is all just here. these are the top stories vice president comma le house has one to migrate from central america considering the dangerous tract to the us. not to come. he's met guatemala as president and others leaders to discuss the spike and migration or next stop is mexico committee. hawker has more from guatemala capital. there is an acknowledgement from comm,

la harrison. she spoke alongside the guatemala president at the national palace that she believe the reason people are making the desperate journey is because they feel they need to really harm or they can't satisfy basic needs. and that's why both leaders worked in a, in their bilateral meeting to discuss how they believe that they can encourage people to stay where they are in their homeland. they. and now that there would be an effort to combat not only human trafficking smuggling, but also the corruption that many are facing, that is really hurting their economic opportunity. the us justice department says it's recovered more than half of a ransom that was paid to hackers who had hacked the country's largest fuel pipeline. last month, it seized more than $2000000.00 in bitcoin from an account used by a russia based hacker group that cyber attacks and colonial pipeline disrupted supplies along the east coast. china's top legislative body is examining

a bill to protect chinese companies from foreign sanctions. that's up to us, president joe biden expanded from peter restrictions and american investments in certain chinese firms. the winner of peruse presidential election run off from means unclear with both candidates, neck and neck. after this candidate, pencil castillo has edged a head of conservative keiko fuji morty. as more of the standing votes come in from rural areas, police in the canadian province of ontario, calling the death of a muslim family, a hate crime. the driver of a pickup truck ran over 5 pedestrians in the city of london, killing 3 generations of the same family. a 20 year old man has been arrested and charged colonel as see me, boyce it has been sworn in as molly's transitional president, it had a military coup last month over throwing the transitional government installed less than a year ago. those are the headlines we'll be back in about half an hour on county. the call staff gonna sans war economy gives way for more security at the u. s.

withdrawal through how the congo, set loot. billions in a deal with them. israeli 1000000000 at floss. the oil giant losing for environment, and investors counting the costs on al jazeera. ah, ah, ah, ah, they've been so many great involved in science over the past 100 years. everything from relativity and quantum mechanics to electronics computing. they struggled, but none of this progress would have been possible without the mathematicians ation of science. and the development of algebra. the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic would algebra, which has its roots in the title of a manuscript written around $820.00. during the time i referred to as the golden

age of time. this was the period between the 9th and 14th century, when scholars in the stomach world 1st applied the principles of mathematics. and jim, how can the british professor of theoretical physics born in bagdad? i'm going to look at how the mathematical underpinnings of science apply today. and trace their routes back to this golden age. ah, ah, ah . the haitian is one of the most remarkable achievements of

modern science. and in order to be sure that the plains we fill, stay in the sky, we needed to mark the mathematics of flux. the this is we come on the and be green, who's a jet pilot and a mathematician. the, we'll strike and you have a mathematical background. so you understand more than most the mathematics involved in a ation employee. absolutely, it is a great way to be able to understand how to fly an airplane, to understand the nomics of what's actually going on in the aircraft, because i can actually dig into the equations and understand the science behind it . the, the mathematics that i'm interested in is something called a quadratic equation. square equation, the unknown quantity x times itself. the square lower equation please the essential basic quadratic fundamental to how much lift and airplane can generate how fast it

needs to fly. it is the basis of all ation. it's actually not as complicated as many people might think. if we think about lifts and there are some various constants and then this half row v squared. so it looks complicated, lots of symbols. but if you brackets all this, all it's saying is lift is some number times the square of the velocity, very simply. if you go twice as for v squared, you will get 4 times as much lift which is why aerobatic airplanes are powerful. they need to fly off to do those very crisp, very precise maneuver, the if you want, for instance, to roll the airplane. then if you double the speed roll 4 times the dots, roll them to all the other part. when andy increases his speed to twice as fast because the lift depends on the squared this 4

times as much lift so he can roll the plane 4 times. rolling our modern methods for solving mathematical problems like these involving quadratic equations. go all the way back to the golden age. in fact, to the wonderful title book, i'll keep carbon of our 50 sob and joe, far below. which trends late says the compendium book on calculation by completion, balancing. it was written by the 9th century persian mathematicians. i'll call it as me. now call me wasn't the 1st man to solve quadratic equations. they go all the way back antiquity. but he was certainly the 1st mathematician to provide the

general method, the technique, the recipe for solving them. what we would today call the algorithm, a word derived from a whole new latanus name algorithm. this he's also rightly regarded as being the father of the field of algebra. even the term algebra comes from the word and jibber in the title of his book. what's most remarkable about this mathematical textbook though, is not that it has any equations in it. because l code is me, wrote his whole book in woods alone. the code is in his book, contains many practical everyday problems of the time, such as dividing up land, paying laborers, or splitting up inheritance. businessmen and traders would have found the equations, particularly helpful battery businessmen id, so on a high tree, grew up in the deserts raising camels and still keeps her today. so these are

beautiful camel. thank you. how important all camels in arabia and embedded in culture? well, camels are very important and when culture for transportation, for milking for me it's, it's heading both and yeah. and if i wanted to buy a campbell, i mean, what sort of price would they fetch rise income with that expensive, you know, when we $50000.00 to $70000000.00. yes. wow. that's the beauty of that expensive. you're talking about several millions. you know, it's not this is jennifer again, most jealous. yes. they won't be attention. very bought. i mean they're very expensive. up to 20000000. yeah. yeah. maybe more as simple one is maybe 500-2000. i ask you this because i want to use the value of a camel to carry out a particular mathematical calculation. while i want to give you a problem and show you the sort of thing the car is me, wrote about in his book of algebra, gonna use the example of

a man who dies owning just one campbell, which of course has to be sold. now, what if that campbell fetched $80.00 homes? the man has a friend to whom he bequeathed a quarter of his money. he leaves a widow to whom he bequeath 18, and he has 3 sons. how, what does each son get? he would set up the algebraic equation where the unknown quantity, the thing shape is part of the equation. this is what we call x in algebra to day. so the way i would write it is 80 equals 80 divided by 4 plus 80 divided by 8 plus 3 x 3 sums each receiving x. that's what we have to work out of for me, work through the algorithm, the recipe to work this out. so if i simplify this, 80 equals 20 plus 10 plus 3 x. so 80

is 30 plus 3 x. i take the 30 to the other side, 80 minus 30 equals 3, x 50 equals 3 x. and so x is 50 over 3. which if i'm correct, is 16 and 2 thirds durham, this sort of algebraic equation was something very complicated to the people at the time of holiday me showed the recipe for carrying out very important calculations that would have been used in everyday life. that's right. i use . ringback anti green isn't just a pilot. he's also

a world record holder. in 1997, he became the 1st and only dr. and officially travel land faster than the speed of sound. the longest standing record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broken it. that's about to change with building a new can go a lot of the we all now building at the lead housing supersonic off. it is going to be a call like to know other blood town has been designed using the latest engineering techniques in complex computer modeling to create such an advanced vehicle. the bloodhound engineers have sold thousands of equations. we're going to the limit to the modern technology. 1600 kilometer gonna pull 1000 miles and 40 percent faster than the speed of sound and went traveling that fast. some of the

most important equations deal with drag the force of resistance that the car needs to overcome to reach a 1600 kilometers an hour in exactly the same way that lift will increase by 5 full when you double the speed, the drag on a vehicle will also increase, how much drag you will experience is again, a square law and even more extreme in the once we reco contact the of course, we're going so much false about the square terms, so enormous a bloodhound we are looking at 1600 kilometers. now square that it can be very big number and the amount of dragon is meant to create such an advanced high speed vehicle, as well as quadratic and the bloodhound engineers have also needed to solve many other types of equations. what's impressive is the car, if me work on quadratic equations, then inspired other later mathematicians to solve even more complicated equation. and another great, our high regard is one of the greatest medieval poets in my view is an even better

mathematician. he was solving cubic equations involving a quantity tons itself pas itself again. and this is also important for bloodhound because the amount of power needed from the engine is a cubic equation, a fixed rate that make that step to the cubic equation. they gave us the final building block, because it's not only when we double the speed, we have to drag, but it takes 8 to find the power is trying to do. and it becomes a very, very large number. it's that the cube which produces such a huge power upon it. the fact that it's covered at medieval times is a scholarship. ah ah

. ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ah. ready ready ah. ready ready ready just one of the many comments you flourish in the 9th century. although he was persian, he spent his academic life in the city of baghdad, which had become a renown center of learning. during the 1st century, after the birth of islam most mommies conquered vast waves of the old world. they defeated the persians and entered iraq. in 762, the boss had keyless, established their capital in the newly founded city of baghdad, from which they wound over the great empire for the next 5 centuries. and it was in fact that they established the famous beta heckman or the house of wisdom. now it's not known exactly where this was or even if it was a single academy. but we do know that baghdad quickly became the greatest center of knowledge of the medieval world. the bassett rulers were generous patrons promoting

knowledge and scholarship at the sell a money, a library and a stem bull. i'm meeting professor ramadan session. he studied the origins of the house of wisdom. they are above here in if i can loan city are let me i cannot amongst sort of hashtag enough to don't miss the public light on the coffee of the tank can be is la bay through all you will have you make that character to that there was a reaction, they were christians, they were jewish scholars, or there was the office of the flemish empire being traveling to arabic. many of these scholars came from all sorts of religions. working together in this one big movement translation was central to the early work of the house of

wisdom. doctor peter starr has studied this translation movements extensively. i think the translations are very central to the flourishing appliances in islam. one finds that the entire corpus of greek sonic literature finds its way into arabic. so they were translating essentially from greek, mainly from greek, but also languages, as well, from persian, ultimately from sanskrit. when did this. so at the end of the 8th century, we find the translations really picking up. this is the busted. yes. all the about the period, the earliest translations tend to be in the subjects which will serve the empire most medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics. so without this remarkable translation movement that went on for 2 centuries, there wouldn't have been a goal, needs

a tool that puts it very well. mm. ah, the house of wisdom was much more than just a library or translation house. this was the high point of slamming civilization, an unrivalled center of scholarship and learning. drawing on greek, persian and indian texts, the scholars there a mass collection of world knowledge and then built on it through their own discoveries. the significance example of this use and development of knowledge from other civilizations was in geometry. the limit decoration is famous for its intricate patterns and geometric designs developed over the centuries. very often these were derived from earlier cultures.

greek roman, by that time, persian and central asia. they took that knowledge and created from it these beautiful patterns in geometry wasn't just about beauty. as me and other scholars from the house of wisdom, translated books about mathematics and geometry. in order to apply that knowledge to their world, there are very practical reasons for studying geometry. the arabs have now an enormous empire need to measure its image tax in the book of elements of euclid, euclid elements whose yes is you be a very simpler building on the translations they studied. the scholars of fatal heckman improved upon the measurements of the greeks, enabling them to create more accurate maps of the world. their mastery of geometry also allowed the scholars to make astronomical calculations and described the movements of the moon planets and stars.

ah, shop owners and merchants, one of the most fundamental aspects of mathematics was simply how to write numbers down in the golden age. there were several systems in use, including using arabic letters, the numbers similar to roman numerals. but for me, advocated a different number system. the number system we use today, the decimal system is called the hindu arabic numeral system called hindu because it comes originally from india, arabic because it came by the atlantic world. and scholars in baghdad like l power is me, transmitted it to the summit quilt, and then to the rest of the world everywhere. today we use this decimal system one to 9, and the 0 and we forget how difficult it was before it existed. sugarland. so imagine

if i wanted to add up my bill but not using the decimal system using roman numerals instead. let's see how we could that would be if i 1st write these numbers down using hindu arabic numeral, 421614. now i can add these up very easily. the $16.14 makes 30 plus the $42.00 is $72.00. how about and roman numeral $42.00 would be x l i. 16 is x v i. 14 is x i v. right? i have to break this down now, how many? so x l is 40, so that actually 4 x is and then i and then i have another x, the y. and then i have an x and i ok, so now i have 6, x is x, x x,

x. and then i have a v. and then i have 12347. so there's another v 2 eyes. they give me another x. so finally, 123-4567, that l x x i, i, which is 72. so i've got the right number, but it took a lot longer to calculate. i use in the late 12 century, the italian mathematician fibonacci, traveled the world and came across these numbers in the slimy empire in 12 o 2. he wrote his book libra bashi, the book of calculation, in which he promoted the use of him do arabic numeral system over the roman

numerals, describing its many benefits for both merchants and mathematicians alike. however, the uptake of the system was slow. both in the atlantic world and in europe. in florence, in 1299, they banned these numerals on the pretext that they were easier to falsify than roman numerals. however, common sense eventually prevailed, and the numeral system was adopted throughout europe in the 15th century, 600 years after as introduced to the atlantic world. mister fields is computer encryption from email, confidentiality to government security. encryption plays a big role in an increasingly online digital world. and the study of encryption goes all the way back to the 9th century and the work of another famous mathematician from beta hickman. this is a very interesting book. i'm trying to figure out exactly what it's telling us.

it's a book by elf kennedy, the philosopher, the arrows now kennedy was a great poly math. he was a philosopher, he was a mathematician. he was a musician. and i think the part here he talks about, he's got to disc with the arabic alphabet, and he talks about counting the number a particular symbol appears. l. kendy figures out the idea of frequency analysis that when a letter appears a certain number of times, if it's more common than other letters, you can work out what it is. i'll can. this text is the earliest known description of frequency analysis. but that text was only discovered in 1987. before that we had no idea that the supposedly modern technique for study encrypted messages was in use over a 1000 years ago. now, one of the oldest and most simplest ways to encrypt a message to make it secret is simply by substituting each letter. why

a different one. let me show you. imagine we have a simple sentence, l kinda was a famous scholar. now provided we have the key, the encryption key, which is also called the cipher, which by the way, comes from the arabic word for which means 0. with this fifa, i represent each letter with a different one. so by looking at the table, i would see that a corresponds to l and l corresponds to k, k for tindy k corresponds to v and so on. in this way, i can turn this sentence into something that's not readable unless you have the cipher. what if we have a paragraph like this which looks completely like gobbledygook without the key, without the cipher, i can't work it out. now if you don't have the site, you can use frequency analysis to try and figure out the meaning. i know that the

follies, most common letters in the english language, e t a o and i. so far i replaced these into that takes, i can start to see patterns emerging. for instance, if i look at the most frequently occurring letter in the text is w, so i'm guessing w is most likely. and i carry, unlike this, until i start to recognize individual words. so for instance, a 3 letter word that begins with t and ends with e is most likely the that gives me that code for the letter age and so on. ah, ah, [000:00:00;00]

ah, developments in mathematics weren't the only legacy of the golden age. the translation movement had introduced scholars to a wide range of subjects and they made advances and fields of diverse astronomy and medicine. they took the mathematics they've developed and applied it to optic chemistry in engineering. science was now no longer just a philosophical pursuit. the mathematicians ation of science have the way to a multitude of fine typical the next time we look at the state of the art robotic engineering. so you can see it move, not like a robot for a very human fluid mission, but discovered that the idea of automatic machine goes back over a 1000 years with testing, in a sense this isn't any programmable but what we find out about complex mechanisms

such as clot, musical instrument, and water as the water, the water we allow, that's moving back to the pool and it's like a double piston. and investigate with that as possible or not, could fly all the way back to the 9th century. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval atlantic period in the field of engineering. the height of sophistication in mechanics at the time was the extravagant elephant clock written around $85080.00. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions, science and a golden age with jim alkalinity on al jazeera, slow still to host world leaders at a u. k coastal town. so the 2021 g 7, summit corona virus,

vaccines and carbon emissions will be high on the agenda. but with russia and china out of the loop, how much progress can be made in tackling the global issues of our time? the g 7 summit on al jazeera, the morning, harry with them, and just the real world stories, a for iconic, you nicea area, and a few dollars meeting the people in the places the side and hearing the song, writers and musicians who composed the songs for north africa, on which is era it's one of the biggest clubs in south america. but its greatest rival is just a few blocks away. a mutual dislike between fans formed from a class device sustained over generations. most local junior support is born into

these club colors. in an epic feud of rich versus poor, the fans will make football when i was just the diverse range of doors from across the globe, from the perspective of a network gen and analogy, era. oh ok . do not come. do not come. the u. s. tries to stop migraines from central america heading for its border while promise to help them find hope at home. ah, i know about this, and this is all the 0 live from dell have also coming up the u. s. recovery millions of dollars in crypto currency paid to hackers of