that they would not be viable anymore, and so there shouldn't be too much risk from that. but i mean, certainly the, the de permafrost is, is melting in these areas. if really, all organisms are being able to survive for such long periods and potentially would be releasing more of those. i think at this point it still seems likely that most animals would not be able to survive. and, and i still have some questions whether these, whether these rotors have actually survived for this long. ah, hello, the headlines on al jazeera, jo biden's due to arrive in the u. k. within a few hours on his 1st overseas trip is u. s. president who's planning to deliver a strong message on corona virus. a day visit includes nato and g 7 summit. it's on talks with russia. what reputed in switzerland, it's a transfer by to show the u. s. values as partners and allies after for rocky years

under donald from alan fisher is the white house and says, the panoramic will be a big focus of a summit in cornwall. they're going to talk about the economy, how cove it is impact to the economy and how they can recover for that. but also vaccines are betty key to the discussions, both with the g 7 and the e. u as well. and we'll do a bite and was leaving, and he said they wanted to show china and russia that the u. g 7 is very much in that the difficulty is that they're not when it comes to vaccines. joe biden has said, for example, that he wants to see the pot and lifted, so the total countries can afford to start a vaccination program. well, joe biden says he will revoke an executive order that sought to ban the popular chinese owned abs, pick talk, and we chat. biden's administration says it will conduct its own review of several foreign controlled apps and see if they posed a security risk to americans. previous president, donald trump issued a series of orders over concerns on how us data was being collected from its users

. algae zeros condemning a series of cyber attacks against its services in a statement. it says be attacks, tried to access, disrupt down, control it's news pot forms. all attempts were thwarted since they begun on saturday. the u. n. is warning if a massive loss of life in me and mar if no immediate action is taken. an estimated 100000 people have been forced to leave their homes because of fighting and me and mars kaya states. it's accusing security forces of indiscriminate airstrikes against civilian albanians. parliament has voted to impeach president taylor metter . it follows an investigation that found he should be voted out for violating the constitution. the president's rule is considered a political, but matter has regularly class with prime minister at the rama. those are the latest headlines on al jazeera science in a golden age is coming up. next, bye bye news.

news. news news. ah, ah, ah, ah, they've been so many great involved in science over the past 100 years. everything from relativity and quantum mechanics to electronics computing, they struggled, but none of this progress would have been possible without the mathematicians ation of science. and the development of algebra and the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic would algebra, which has its roots in the title of a manuscript written around $820.00. during the time i referred to as the golden

age assign, this was the period between the 9th and 14th century, when scholars in the atlantic quote 1st applied the principles of mathematics on gym to the british professor, the reticle physics born in baghdad. i'm going to look at how the mathematical underpinnings of science apply today and trace their routes back to the golden age . ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, the asian is one of the most remarkable achievements of modern science. and in

order to be sure that the plains we fill, stay in the sky, we needed to mock the mathematics of flung the this is we come on the and be green, who's a jet pilot and a mathematician, the wheel strike. and you have the mathematics background, so you understand more than most the mathematics involved in a vacation employee. absolutely. it is a great way to be able to understand how to fly an airplane, to understand the dynamics of what's actually going on in the aircraft. because i can actually dig into the equations and understand the thoughts behind it. the, the mathematics that i'm interested in is something called a quadratic equation. square equation, the unknown quantity, x times itself, the square lower equation please the essential basic quadratic fundamental to how much lift and airplane can generate,

how fast it needs to fly. it is the basis of all ation. it's actually not as complicated as many people might think. if we think about the lift and there were some various constants and then this half row v squared. so it looks complicated, lots of symbols. but if you brackets all this, all it's saying is lift is some number times the square of the velocity, very simply. if you go twice as for v squared, you will get 4 times as much lift which is why aerobatic airplanes are powerful. they need to fly off to do those very crisp, very precise maneuver. the if you want, for instance, to roll the airplane. then if you double the speed, we will roll full time dots $1.00 to $3.00 or my other parts went and he increases his speed to twice as fast

because the lift depends on the squared this 4 times as much lift so he can roll the plane 4 times rolling our modern methods for solving mathematical problems like these involving quadratic equations. go all the way back to the golden age. in fact, for the wonderful title book, keith tom and most of our 50 sob and joe barber, which trans late says the compendium book on calculations by completion and balancing. it was written by the 9th century persian mathematicians. i'll call me. now hold me wasn't the 1st man to sole quadratic equations. they go all the way back antiquity. but he was certainly the 1st mathematician to provide the general

method, the technique, the recipe for solving them. what we would today call the algorithm, a word derived from a whole new latanus name algorithm if he's also right regarded as being the father of the field of algebra. even the term algebra comes from the word and jibber in the title of his book. what's most remarkable about this mathematical textbook though, is not that it has any equations in it. because l hard is me, wrote his whole book in woods alone. the code is ms book contains many practical, everyday problems of the time, such as dividing up land, paying laborers, or splitting up inheritance. businessmen and traders would have found the equations, particularly helpful. valerie businessmen id, so on a high tree, grew up in the desert, raising camels and still keeps her today. so these are beautiful camel. thank you.

how important all camels in arabia and embedded in culture, while camels, a very important bed when culture for transportation, for mil came for me it's, it's very both and yeah. and if i wanted to buy a camel, i mean, what sort of price would they fetch rise income with that expensive, you know, when we 50002700 1000000. yes. wow. yes. the beauty of that expensive is talking about several millions. you know, it's not, this is janice again, most jealous. yes. they want the attention very bought. i mean that very expensive . up to 20000000. yeah. yeah. maybe more as simple one is maybe 500-2000. i ask you this because i want to use the value of a camel to carry out a particular mathematical calculation. while i want to give you a problem and show you the sort of thing the car is me, wrote about in his book of algebra, going to use the example of

a man who dies owning just one campbell, which of course has to be sold. now, what if that camel fetched? 80 dollar homes, the man has a friend to whom he bequeathed a quarter of his money. he leaves a widow to whom he bequeath 18, and he has 3 sons. how, what does each son get? he would set up the algebraic equation where the unknown quantity, the thing shape is part of the equation. this is what we call x in algebra to day. so the way i would write it is 80 equals 80 divided by 4 plus 80 divided by 8 plus 3 x 3 sums each receiving x. that's what we have to work out for me, work through the algorithm, the recipes work this out. so if i simplify this, 80 equals 20 plus 10 plus 3 x. so 80

is 30 plus 3 x. i take the 30 to the other side, 80 minus 30 equals 3, x 50 equals 3 x. and so x is 50 over 3. which of correct is $16.00 and $2.00 thirds their homes. this sort of algebraic equation was something very complicated to the people at the time of holiday me showed the recipe for carrying out very important calculations that would have been used in everyday life. that's right, isn't it? i i use

anti green isn't just a pilot. he's also a world record holder. in 1997. he became the 1st and only dr. and officially travel on land faster than the speed of sound. the longest standing record in history, and up to this point, nobody has broken it. that's about to change with building a new car to go a lot of the we all now building at the lead housing supersonic off. it's gotta be a call like no other blood town has been designed using the latest engineering techniques in complex computer modeling to create such an advanced vehicle. the bloodhound engineers have sold thousands of equations. we're going to the limit to the modern technology, 1600 kilometer or 1000 miles and 40 percent faster than the speed of sound and went traveling that fast. some of the most important equations deal with drag

the force of resistance. the car needs to come to reach a 1600 kilometers an hour in exactly the same way that lift will increase. point 4. when you double the speed, the drag on a vehicle will also increase. how much drag you will experience is again, a square law and even more extreme in the last record context to court with going so much false about the square terms. so enormous a bloodhound we're looking at 1600 kilometer now. square that it becomes a very big number, and the amount of dragon is meant to create such an advanced high speed vehicle as well as quadratic. the bloodhound engineers have also need to solve many other types of equations. what impressive is the korea nice work on quadratic equations then inspired other later mathematicians to solve even more complicated equation. and another great persian are high, whose regard is one of the greatest medieval poets in my view is an even better

mathematician. he was solving cubic equations involving a quantity, tons itself pounds itself again. and this is also important for bloodhound because the amount of power needed from the engine is a cubic equation. basics form, right, like make that step 2 cubic equations. they gave us the final building block, because it's not only when we double the speed, we have to drag, but it takes a to find the power is trying to get on to and it becomes a very, very large number. it's that v cube which produces such a huge power on it. the fact that it's covered at medieval on these a scholarship ah ah

. ready ready ready ready ready ready ah. ready ready ah. ready ready ready ready just one of the many comments you flourished in the 9th century. although he was persian, he spent his academic life in the city of baghdad, which had become a renown center of learning. during the 1st century, after the birth of islam, muslim armies conquered vos waves of the old world. they defeated the persians and entered iraq. in 762, the bosses keyless established their capital in the newly founded city of baghdad, from which they wound over the great empire for the next 5 centuries. and it was in fact that they established the famous beta heckman or the house of wisdom. now it's not known exactly where this was or even if it was a single academy. but we do know that baghdad quickly became the greatest center of knowledge of the medieval world. the bastard rulers,

with generous patrons promoting knowledge and scholarship. at the same money, a library and a stem bull. i'm meeting professor ramadan session. he studied the origins of the house of wisdom. the above here is the 150 are let me. i cannot among sort of hashtag enough to don't miss the public light is not on the coffee of the tank can be a 10 is log base 10 will model you have you make that character to the left. there was the ration. they were christians, they were jewish scholars. although the under the office of the flemish empire being translated into arabic, many of these scholars came from all sorts of religions. working together in this one big movement translation was central to the early work of the house

of wisdom. doctor peter starr has studied this translation movements extensively. i think the translations are very central to the flourishing appliances in islam. one finds that the entire corpus of greek scientific literature finds its way into arabic. so they were translating essentially from greek, mainly from greek, but also languages, as well, from persian, ultimately from sanskrit. when did this. so at the end of the 8th century, we find the translations really picking up. this is the busted. yes. all the about the periods, the earliest translations tend to be in the subjects which will serve the empire most medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics. so without this remarkable translation movement that went on for 2 centuries, there wouldn't have been a goal. been

a tool. i think that puts it very well. mm. ah, the house of wisdom was much more than just the library or translation house. this was the high point of islam, of civilization, and unrivalled center of scholarship and learning. drawing on greek persian in indian texts, the scholars there a mass collection of world knowledge and then built on it through their own discoveries. a significant example of this use and development of knowledge from other civilizations was in geometry. the limit decoration is famous for its intricate patterns and geometric designs developed over the centuries. very often these were derived from earlier cultures.

greek roman, by that time, persian and central asia. they took that knowledge and created from it these beautiful patterns in geometry wasn't just about beauty. caught me and other scholars from the house of wisdom, translated books about mathematics and geometry in order to apply that knowledge to their world. that are very practical reasons for studying geometry. the arabs have now an enormous empire and need to measure its image facts in the book of elements of euclid. euclid elements was yes, as you be a very simpler building on the translations they studied. the scholars of beta heckman improved upon the measurements of the greeks, enabling them to create more accurate maps of the world. their mastery of geometry also allowed the scholars to make extra nautical calculations and described the movements of the moon, planets and stars. the

shop, toners and merchants, one of the most fundamental aspects of mathematics was simply how to write numbers down in the golden age. there were several systems in use, including using arabic letters. the numbers similar to roman numerals. but as far as me advocated a different number system, the number system we use today, the decimal system is called the hindu arabic numeral system, called hindu because it comes originally from india, arabic because it came by the atlantic world. and scholars in baghdad like l. pardon me, transmitted it plus the summit quilt and then to the rest of the world everywhere. today we use this decimal system, 129, and the 0. and we forget how difficult it was before it exist shipment. so imagine

if i wanted to add up my bill but not using the decimal system using roman numerals instead. let's see how could that would be if i 1st write these numbers down using hindu arabic numeral, 421614. now i can add these up very easily. the $16.14 makes 30 plus the $42.00 is $72.00. how about and roman numeral $42.00 would be x l i. 16 is x v i. 14 is x i v. right? i have to break this down now, how many? so x l is 40, so that actually 4 x is and then i and then i have another x, the y. and then i have an x and for eyes. ok, so now i have 6, x is x, x x,

x. and then i have a v. and then i have 12347. so there's another v 2 eyes. they give me another x. so finally, 123-4567, that l x x i which is 72. so i've got the right number, but it took a lot longer to calculate. i in the late 12 century, the italian mathematician fibonacci, traveled the world and came across these numbers in the slimy empire in 12 o 2. he wrote his book, libra bashi, the book of calculation, in which he promoted the use of him. do arabic numeral system over the roman

numerals, describing as many benefits for both merchants and mathematicians alike. however, uptake of the system was slow, both in the atlantic world and in europe. in florence, in 1299, they banned these numerals on the pretext that they were easier to falsify than roman numerals. however, common sense eventually prevailed, and the numeral system was adopted throughout europe in the 15th century, 600 years after as introduced to the atlantic world. mister fields moody. if computer encryption from email, confidentiality to government security, encryption plays a big role in an increasingly online digital world. and the study of encryption goes all the way back to the 9th century and the work of another famous mathematician from beta hickman. this is a very interesting book. i'm trying to figure out exactly what it's telling us.

it's a book by l. kendy, the philosopher of the arabs. now kennedy was a great poly math. he was a philosopher. he was a mathematician. he was a musician. and i think the part here he talks about, he's got to disc with the arabic alphabet, and he talks about counting the number a particular symbol appears. l. kendy figures out the idea of frequency analysis that when a letter appears a certain number of times, if it's more common than other letters, you can work out what it is. i'll can. this text is the earliest known description of frequency analysis. but that text was only discovered in 1987. before that we had no idea that this supposedly modern technique for studying crypted messages was in use over a 1000 years ago. now, one of the oldest and most simplest ways to encrypt a message to make it secret is simply by substituting each letter. why

a different one. let me show you. imagine we have a simple sentence. l kinda was a famous scholar. now provided we have the key, the encryption key, which is also called the cipher, which by the way, come from the arabic word for which means 0. with this fifa, i represent each letter with a different one. so by looking at the table, i would see that a corresponds to l and l corresponds to k, k for tindy k corresponds to v and so on. in this way, i can turn this sentence into something that is not readable unless you have the cipher. what if we have a paragraph like this which looks completely like gobbledygook without the key, without the cipher, i can't work it out. now if you don't have the site, you can use frequency analysis to try and figure out the meaning. i know that the

follies, most common letters in the english language, e t a o and i. so far i replaced these into that text, i can start to see patterns emerging. for instance, if i look at the most frequently occurring letter in the text is w, so i'm guessing w is most likely e and i carry on like this until i start to recognize individual words. so for instance, a 3 letter word that begins with t and ends with e is most likely the that gives me that code for the letter age and so on. ah, ah, [000:00:00;00] ah,

developments in mathematics were the only legacy of the golden age. the translation movement had introduced scholars to a wide range of subjects and they made advances and fields and diverse astronomy and medicine. they took the mathematics they've developed and applied it to optic chemistry in engineering. science was now no longer just a philosophical pursuit. the mathematicians ation of science have the way to a multitude of 5 civic advances the next time we look at the state of the art robotic engineering. so you can see it move, not like a robot or a human fluid mission, but discovered that the idea of automatic machine goes back over a 1000 views about testing. in a sense, this isn't any programmable but what we find out about complex mechanisms such as

clot, musical instrument and water. as the water moves the water, we allow that moving back to the pool and it's like a double piston. and investigate with that as possible for us could fly all the way back to the 9th century. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval atlantic period in the field of engineering. the height of sophistication in mechanics at the time was the extravagant elephant clock, ah, written around $85080.00. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions, science and a golden age. with jim alkalinity on al jazeera.

ah ah ah frank assessments is an argument for suggestions and the martin administration such a long game. it's very much of a warm embrace as iran nuclear deal because of us domestic politics informed opinions. schools and chelsea have been reduced to rubble. how do you think this shapes a generation and they have politics? then their life has been shaped by vitamin the in depth analysis of the days global headlines inside story on our jazeera abuse and been accused by the government of failing to safeguard their families. and the fault lines investigates, institutionalized victim blaming that is leading to survivors of domestic abuse being separated from their children. how many of those removal do you think were absolutely necessary?

probably like 510 percent of the cases that most the abuser needs to be held accountable. not the mother failure to protect on jesse, you know, we understand the differences and similarities of cultures across the world. so no matter when you call home will be used in current affairs that matter to you ah, on a mission tonight world leaders on turn a virus job i didn't had to europe for his 1st for and trip us president. ah, watching all 0 life for my headquarters and i'm going to also the a change of tax on pick off the us presidential versus

a ban imposed by donald trump on popular chinese. a court hearing seeking to