apps tick tock and we chat. biden's administration says it will conduct its own review of several foreign controlled apps to determine if they pose a danger to americans. former president donald trump had issued the orders citing national security concerns. a microscopic worm has come back to life after being frozen for 24000 years and siberia. scientists dug up the creature from the soul of a river in the northern russian region of your future. the multi failed organism is able to withstand extreme cole and earliest study revived frozen worms from another area siberia. that was 30000 years. ah tough. a quick check of the top stories here. now just us president joe biden's in the u. k. and his 1st official trip abroad since taking office during the 8 day visit to europe biden will take part in g 7 and nature of summits. it also meet the russian president vladimir putin. i'm going to communicate that there are

consequences rely, violating the sovereignty of democracies in the united states in europe and elsewhere. i'm going to be clear that the trans atlantic alliance will remain vital, vital source of strength for the u. k. europe and the united states can make sure there's no doubt as whether the united states will rise in defense of our most deeply health values and our fundamental interest. a russian court has outlawed political organizations linked to jailed opposition leader alexis valentine, labeling them as extremist. it means that these allies won't be allowed to run in september's parliamentary elections, to palestinian intelligence, been killed by writing forces during an incursion image of janine and the occupied westbank. a 3rd, palestinian was injured me and mouths, opposed to william leader unsung suit. she has been charged with corruption. she faces up to 15 years in jail suit. she's being accused of misusing lambs for

a charitable foundation, as well as accepting money and go military has already bought a series of criminal charges against her since taking power. she's been detained since our government was overthrown in a coup. in february demonstrations had been held in columbia as capital after protest leaders called on people to take over budget. unrest began after president even do k proposed tax reforms. in april, that plan was withdrawn, but protest to continue done, turn into a cold and deep rooted inequalities. human rights watch has criticized the police as response to the rallies. and the you has endorsed a vaccine certificate for travel within the european block, the certificate without the vaccine passport, and allow vaccinated travelers to move between european countries without needing to quarantine or have coven tests. it's hope a new rules are boost europe's pandemic. ravage tourism industry as a confident entered it peak summer, seasonal. so those were the headlines. the news continues here on 0 after

syfma golden age stage. and thanks for watching, i thought i should be about raising prices and harley down to the time we bring you the stories and developments that are rapidly changing the world . we live in time in that designate adult had made up as the task of fixing a war torn economy. counting the cost on al jazeera ah, ah ah, they've been so many great involved in science over the past 100 years. everything from relativity and quantum mechanics to electronics computing, they struggled, but none of this progress would have been possible without the mathematicians ation of science and the development of algebra. and the term algebra can be traced back

to the arabic wood algebra, which has its roots in the particle of a manuscript when around $820.00. during the time i referred to as the golden age of science. this was the period between the 9th 14th century, when scholars in the stomach world 1st applied the principles of mathematics. and you can leave a british professor of the radical physics that born in baghdad. i'm going to look at how the mathematical underpinning the science apply today and trace their roots back to this golden age. ah, ah, ah, ah. the

ation is one of the most remarkable achievements of modern science. and in order to be sure that the plains we fill, stay in the sky, we needed to mock the mathematics of flying. the this is week, come on the and the green, who's a jet pilot and a mathematician. the, we'll strike and you have a mathematical background, so you understand more than most the mathematics involved in a ation employee. absolutely, it's, it is a great way to be able to understand how to fly an airplane, to understand the dynamics of what's actually going on in the aircraft, because i can actually dig into the equations and understand the thoughts behind it . the, the mathematics that i'm interested in is something called a quadratic equation. square equation, the unknown quantity x times itself,

the square lower equation, the essential basic quadratic fundamental to how much lift and airplane can generate, how fast it needs to fly. it is the basis of all ation. it's actually not as complicated as many people might think. if we think about lift and, and there are some various confidence. and then there's half row v squared. so it looks complicated, lots of symbols. but if you bracket all this, all it's saying is lift is some number times the square of the velocity, very simply. if you go twice as for v squared, you will get 4 times as much lift which is why aerobatic airplanes are powerful. they need to fly off to do those very crisp, very precise maneuver, the if you want, for instance, to roll the airplane. then if you double the speed, we will roll 4 times a roll. 12345

. when andy increases his speed, be to twice as because the lift depends on the squared this 4 times as much lift. so he can roll the plane 4 times a rolling our modern methods for solving mathematical problems like these involving quadratic equations. go all the way back to the golden age. in fact, for the wonderful title book, and keep carbon. most of our sob. and joe wilma father, which translates as the compendium book on calculation by completion and balancing . it was written by the 9th century persian mathematician l. call me now as me

wasn't the 1st man to solve quadratic equations. they go all the way back antiquity . but he was certainly the 1st mathematician to provide the general method, the technique, the recipe for solving them. what we would today call the algorithm. a word derived from a whole new latanus name algorithm. this is also right regarded as being the father of the field of algebra. even the term algebra comes from the word and jibber in the title of his book. what's most remarkable about this mathematical textbook though, is not that it has any equations in it. because l hard is me wrote his whole book, in words alone. the code is in his book, contains many practical everyday problems of the time, such as dividing up land pain, laborers, or splitting up inheritance. businessmen and traders would have found the equations, particularly helpful businessmen id, so on a high tree,

grew up in the deserts raising camels and still keeps her today. so these are beautiful camel. thank you. how important are camels in arabia an embedded in culture? well, come of very important and when culture for transportation, for medicaid, for me it's, it's how you both and yeah. and if i wanted to buy a camel, i mean, what sort of price would they fetch rights income? what's that expensive? you know, when we $50000.00 to $70000000.00. yes. wow. that's the beauty of that expensive. you're talking about several millions. you know it's not this is jennifer again the most jealous? yes. they won't be attention very bought. i mean that very expensive. you know, and up to 20000000. yeah. yeah. maybe more simple one is maybe 500-2000. i ask you this because i want to use the value of a camel to carry out a particular mathematical calculation. while i want to give you

a problem and show you the sort of thing the car is me, wrote about in his book of algebra, going to use the example of a man who dies owning just one campbell, which of course has to be sold. now, what if that campbell fetched $80.00 homes? the man has a friend to whom he bequeathed a quarter of his money? he leave the widow to whom he bequeath $18.00, and he has 3 sons. how much does each son get? he would set up the algebraic equation where the unknown quantity, the thing as shape is part of the equation. this is what we call x in algebra today . so the way i would write it is a t equals 80 divided by 4 plus 80 divided by 8 plus 3 x 3 sums each receiving x. that's what we have to work out before me work through the algorithm, the recipe to work this out. so if i simplify this,

80 equals 20 plus 10 plus 3 x. so 80 is 30 plus 3 x. i take the 30 to the other side, 80 minus 33 x 50 equals 3 x. and so x is 50 over 3. which of correct is $16.00 and $2.00 thirds their homes. this sort of algebraic equation was something very complicated to the people at the time of holiday me showed the recipe for carrying out very important calculations that would have been used in everyday life. that's right. i use

anti green isn't just a pilot. he's also a world record holder. in 1997, he became the 1st and only dr. and officially travel on land faster than the speed of sound. the longest standing record in history. and up to this point, nobody has broken it. that's about to change with building a new car to go a lot of the we all now building at the lead housing supersonic off. it is going to be called like no other blood town has been designed using the latest engineering techniques and complex computer modeling to create such an advance vehicle. the bloodhound engineers have sold thousands of equations. we're going to the limited modern technology, 1600 kilometer and a half, or 1000 miles an hour,

40 percent faster than the speed of sound. and when traveling that fast, some of the most important equations deal with drag the force of resistance the car needs to overcome to reach a 1600 kilometers an hour in exactly the same way that lift will increase point 4. when you double the speed, the drag on a vehicle will also increase. how much drag you will experience is again a square law and even more extreme in the last record context to court with going so much false about the square terms so enormous. the bloodhound we're looking at 1600 kilometers now. square that it becomes a very big number. and the amount of dragon is meant to create such an advanced high speed vehicle as well as quadratic. the bloodhound engineers have also need to solve many other types of equations. what's impressive is the korea nice work on quadratic equations then inspired other later mathematicians to solve even more

complicated equation. and another great persian are high, whose regard is one of the greatest medieval poets. in my view was an even better mathematician. he was solving cubic equations involving a quantity tons, itself pans itself again. and this is also important for bloodhound because the amount of power needed from the engine is a cubic equation. a fixed rate might that step to the cubic equation. they gave us the final building block, because it's not only when we double the speed, we have to drag, but it takes a to find the power it's trying to do. and it becomes a very, very large number. it's that the cube which produces such a huge power quantity. the fact that is covered at medieval times, these are scholarship ah ah

. ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ah. ready ready ready ready just one of the many comments you flourished in the 9th century. ready although he was persian, he spent his academic life in the city of baghdad, which had become a renown center of learning. during the 1st century after the birth of islam, muslim armies conquered vos wades of the old world. they defeated the persians and entered iraq. in 762, the boss keyless established their capital in the newly founded city of baghdad, from which they wound over their great empire for the next 5 centuries. and it was in fact that they established the famous beta heckman or the house of wisdom. now it's not known exactly where this was or even if it was a single academy. but we do know that baghdad quickly became the greatest center of

knowledge of the medieval world. the bassett rulers, with generous patrons promoting knowledge and scholarship at the sell a money, a library to stem bull. i'm meeting professor ramadan session. he studied the origins of the house of wisdom. the above here is the 150 are liberally clammy. i cannot among sort of hashtag enough to bill don't miss the public late fee off of a tank can be on a $10.00 is la bay through 10 model. you have the make of that character to to the left there was a reaction. they were christians, jewish scholars, or there was the flemish empire being translated into arabic. many of these

scholars came from all sorts of religions. working together in this one big movement translation was central to the early work of the house of wisdom. doctor peter starr has studied this translation movements extensively. i think the translations are very central to the flourishing appliances in islam. one finds that the entire corpus of grief on fixture finds its way into our big. so they were translating essentially from greek, mainly from greek, but also languages as well, from persian, ultimately from sanskrit. when did this. so at the end of the 8th century, we find the translations. really picking up. this is the busted. yes. all the about the period, the earliest translations tend to be in the subjects which will serve the empire most medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics. so without this remarkable translation movement that went on for 2

centuries, there wouldn't have been a goal the needs of all. i think that puts a very well me the house of wisdom was much more than just a library or translation house. this was the high points of islam of civilization and unrivalled center of scholarship and learning. drawing on greek, persian and indian texts, the scholars their math off collection of world knowledge and then built on it through their own discoveries. the significance example of this use and development of knowledge from other civilizations was in geometry. ah. decoration is famous for its intricate patterns and geometric designs developed

over the centuries. very often these were derived from earlier cultures. greek roman by that time, persian and central asia. they took that knowledge and created from it these beautiful patterns. in geometry wasn't just about beauty. as me and other scholars from the house of wisdom, translated books about mathematics and geometry in order to apply that knowledge to their world. the river principal reasons for studying geometry. the arabs have now an enormous empire need to measure its image to fax it the book of elements of euclid, euclid elements. yes, as you be a very simpler building on the translations they studied. the scholars of beta heckman improved upon the measurements of the greeks, enabling them to create more accurate maps of the world. their mastery of geometry

also allowed the scholars to make astronomical calculations and described the movements of the moon, planets and stars. the shop owners and merchants, one of the most fundamental aspects of mathematics, was simply how to write numbers down in the golden age. there were several systems in use, including using arabic letters for numbers similar to roman numerals. but for me, advocated a different number system. the number system we use today, the decimal system is called the hindu arabic numeral system called hindu because it comes originally from india, arabic because it came by the islamic world. and scholars in bagdad like, pardon me, transmitted it 1st, the atlantic world, and then to the rest of the world everywhere. today we use this decimal system one

to 9 and the 0, and we forget how difficult it was before it exist, shook them. so imagine if i wanted to add up my bill, but not using the decimal system using roman numerals instead. let's see how would that would be if i 1st write these numbers down using him do arabic numerals? 4216 and 14. now i can add these up very easily. the $16.14 makes 30 plus the $42.00 is $72.00. how about and roman numeral $42.00 would be x l i. 16 is x v i. 14 is x i v. right? i have to break this down now, how many x l is 40, so that actually 4 x is and then i and then i have another v i. and then i have an x and 4. i

ok. so now i have 6, x is x, x, x, x. and then i have a v. and then i have 12347. so there's another v 2 eyes. they give me another x. so finally, 1234567, that's l x x i which is 72. so i've got the right number, but it took a lot longer to calculate. i use in the late 12 century, the italian mathematician fibonacci, traveled the world and came across these numbers in the slimy empire. in 12 o 2, he wrote his book,

libra bought the book of calculation in which he promoted the use of hindu arabic numeral system over the roman numerals describing as many benefits for both merchants and mathematicians alike. however, uptake of the system was slow, both in the atlantic world and in europe. in florence, in 1299, they banned these numerals on the pretext that they were easier to falsify than roman numerals. however, common sense eventually prevailed, and the numeral system was adopted throughout europe in the 15th century, 600 years after as introduced to the atlantic world. on mr. fields, computer encryption from email, confidentiality to government security. encryption plays a big role in an increasingly online digital world. and the study of encryption goes all the way back to the 9th century and the work of another famous

mathematician from beta hickman. this is a very interesting book. i'm trying to figure out exactly what it's telling us. it's a book by elf kennedy, the philosophy of the arabs. now, kennedy was a great poly math. he was a philosopher. he was a mathematician. he was a musician. and i think the part here he talks about, he's got to disc with the arabic alphabet, and he talks about counting the number a particular symbol appears. l. kendy figures out the idea of frequency analysis that when a letter appears a certain number of times, if it's more common than other letters, you can work out what it is. i'll can. this text is the earliest known description of frequency analysis. but that text was only discovered in 1987. before that we had no idea that the supposedly modern technique for studying crypted messages was in use over a 1000 years ago. now, one of the oldest and most simplest ways to encrypt

a message to make it secret is simply by substituting each letter. why a different one. let me show you. imagine we have a simple sentence. l kinda was a famous scholar. now provided we have the key, the encryption key, which is also called the cipher, which by the way, come from the arabic word for which means 0. with this fifa, i represent each letter with a different one. so by looking at the table, i would see that a corresponds to l and l corresponds to k, k for tindy k corresponds to v and so on. in this way, i can turn this sentence into something that's not readable unless you have the cipher. what if we have a paragraph like this which looks completely like gobbledygook without the key, without the cipher, i can't work it out. now if you don't have the cipher,

you can use frequency analysis to try and figure out the meaning. i know that the follies most common letters in english language, e, t a o and i. so far i replaced these into that takes, i can start to see patterns emerging. for instance, if i look at the most frequently occurring letter in the text is w. so i'm guessing w is most likely and i carry on like this until i start to recognize individual words. so for instance, a 3 letter word that begins with t and ends with e is most likely the that gives me that code for the letter age and so on. ah, ah, [000:00:00;00]

ah, developments in mathematics weren't the only legacy of the golden age. the translation movement had introduced scholars to a wide range of subjects and they made advances and fields and diverse astronomy and medicine. they took the mathematics, they developed and applied it to optic chemistry in engineering. science was now no longer just a philosophical pursuit. the mathematicians ation of science have the way to a multitude find difficult vance. the next time we look at the state of the art robotic engineering. so you can see it move, not like a robot or a human fluid, but discovered that the idea of automatic machine goes back over a 1000 year. testing, in a sense,

this is an early programmable we find out about complex mechanisms such as cloth, musical instrument. and water as the war to move the water wheel around, that's moving back to the pool. and it's like a double piston. and investigate with that as possible for us could fly all the way back to the 9th century. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval atlantic period in the field of engineering. the height of sophistication in mechanics at the time was the extravagance elephant clock, ah, written around $85080.00. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions, science and a golden age. with jim alkalinity on al jazeera award winning programming from

international. so make one looks like so it's right on the back side of the global discussion. what guaranteed to be the right, typically life giving voice the voice here in california, almost everybody's a paycheck away from being on house program that opened your eyes to view. well, today, this is what the picture looks like either. wow, from a different perspective on out here. abuse. and then accused by the government of failing to safeguard their families. and the fault lines investigates, institution life victim blaming that is leading to survivors of domestic abuse being separated from their children. how many of those removal do you think were absolutely necessary? probably like 510 percent of the cases that most the abuser needs to be held accountable. not the mother failure to protect on a jesse, you know,

it's one of the biggest clubs in south america. but it's greatest rival is just a few blocks away. a mutual dislike between funds formed from a class divide, sustained over generations. most book, a junior support is a born into these club colors in an epic feud of rich versus poor, the friends who make football. when i was just the europe i hello, i'm diamond jordan in dough. with a quick reminder at the top stories here on out 0 us president joe biden is in the u. k. and his 1st official trip abroad since taking office during the 8 day visit to europe by them will take part in g 7, a native summits. it also meet the russian president vladimir putin. i'm going to communicate that there are consequences rely,

violating the sovereignty of democracies in the united states in europe and