was the horses gathered at fan parks all over europe to watch the open a, including in saint petersburg, in russia. the city is set to her 7 games, including roches 1st march of the tournament on saturday, against the well top rank team. belgian ah, this is out there. are these your top stories? the corona vars pandemic has dominated for the 1st day of the g. 7 summit lead as a promising 1000000000 current of ours fact seems to developing nations. the un security general has welcome to move the call to further global action. we need more than by left, so forms of support and the individual countries initiatives. we need to consider that so that we need a global vaccination plan and for the global recognition plans will be possible. we need all the companies that are meaningful in the production or can be with the

proper support to come together. if not, louis is that there will be still large areas the developing world where the virus spreads. likewise fire and the risk of mutation and the risk of new variance coming and becoming if you move x in the mind. the efforts as it comes up every day to make sure that the full population is actually entirely locked and has been impose in the capital. despite more than half its population being fully vaccinated. santiago's reports as some of the worst coven 19 case numbers. since a panoramic began, the regions confirm daily caseload has said 25 percent over the past 2 weeks. 98 percent of intensive care beds occupied argentina has issued emergency approval for china's can see no single use current of ours vaccine. the countries now reporting the 3rd highest number of new cases every day behind india and brazil

. 15 year old palestinian boy has died off to being shot by israeli forces during a protest in the occupied west bank. the teenager was one of several palestinians who were wounded off to israeli soldiers open fond demonstrators and base south of nobliss palestinian health ministry says he later died from his injuries. the soldiers also 5 t gas. molly's transitional government has named a new cabinet army officials have several key positions and the government led by military leader cannot see me going to was sworn in as president on monday. deforestation and brazil's amazon rain forest. his surge by 67 percent compared to you earlier with those national space research institutes is more than 2 and a half 1000 square kilometers were destroyed. that's about 3 times the size of new york city. as a headlines, science and a golden age as next the demand for low price clothing is

accelerating at high speed. that's absolutely great by 2030, the industry will expand by an additional 60 percent. i'll just take a detailed look at the disposal of our calculating that exposing the hidden human and environmental costs. why was a company give free what this is you never know data said boss fashion. all knowledge of me, ah, ah, ah, ah, they've been so many great involved in science over the past 100 years. everything from relativity and quantum mechanics to electronics computing. they struggled. but

none of this progress would have been possible without the mathematicians ation of science and the development of algebra. the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic would algebra, which has its roots in the title of a manuscript written around $820.00. during the time i referred to as the golden age assign, this was the period between the 9th from 14th century. when scholars in the atlantic world 1st applied the principles of mathematics. and jim can be a british professor of theoretical physics born in baghdad. i'm going to look at how the mathematical underpinnings of science apply today and trace their routes back to this golden age. ah, ah, ah

. the hazy ation is one of the most remarkable achievements of modern science. and in order to be sure that the plains we fill, stay in the sky, we needed to mark the mathematics of the week. come on the and the green, who's a jet pilot and a mathematician, the we'll strike and you have a mathematical background. so you understand more than most the mathematics involved in a ation employee. absolutely, it is a great way to be able to understand how to fly an airplane to understand the dynamics of what's actually going on in the aircraft. because i can actually dig into the equations and understand the science behind it. the,

the mathematics that i'm interested in is something called a quadratic equation. square equation, the unknown quantity, x times itself, the square lower equation, the essential basic quadratic fundamental to how much lift and airplane can generate, how fast it needs to fly. it is the basis of all ation. it's actually not as complicated as many people might think. if we think about lift and, and there was some various confidence and then there's half row v squared. so it looks complicated, lots of symbols. but if you brackets all this, all it's saying is lift is some number times the square of the velocity, very simply. if you go twice as for v squared, you will get 4 times as much lift which is why aerobatic airplanes are powerful. they need to fly off to do those very crisp, very precise maneuver. the if you want, for instance,

to roll the airplane. then if you double, the speed will roll 4 times the dots. roll 123. when andy increases his speed, lead to twice as far because the lift depends on the squared this 4 times as much lift. so he can roll the plane 4 times with the rolling one our modern methods for solving mathematical problems like these involving quadratic equations. go all the way back to the golden age. in fact, for the wonderful title book and key tub and most of our 50 sob and joe, far below, which trends late says the compendium book on calculation by completion,

balancing. it was written by the 9th century persian mathematicians. hard as me. now hold me, wasn't the 1st man to solve quadratic equations. they go all the way back antiquity . but he was certainly the 1st mathematician to provide the general method, the technique, the recipe for solving them. what we would today call the algorithm, a word derived from a whole new latanus name algorithm this. he's also right regarded as being the father of the field of algebra. even the term algebra comes from the word and jibber in the title of his book. what's most remarkable about this mathematical textbook though, is not that it has any equations in it. because l hard is me, wrote his whole book in woods alone. the code is ms book contains many practical, everyday problems of the time, such as dividing up land, paying laborers, or splitting up inheritance. businessmen and traders would have found the equations

particularly helpful. the theory, businessmen id, so on a high tree, grew up in the desert, raising channels and still keeps her today. so these are beautiful camel. thank you . how important are camel's in arabia an embedded in culture? well, come of the very important and when culture for transportation, for milking for me, it's a fair you both and yeah. and if i wanted to buy a camel, i mean, what sort of price would they fetch rights income? what's that expensive? you know, when we 500027 1000000? yes. wow. that's the beauty of that expensive. you're talking about several millions. you know it's not this is jennifer again, most jealous? yes. they want the attention and very both. i mean that very expensive. up to 20000000. yeah. yeah. maybe more as simple one is maybe 500-2000. i ask you this

because i want to use the value of a camel to carry out a particular mathematical calculation. while i want to give you a problem and show you the sort of thing the car is me, wrote about in his book of algebra, going to use the example of a man who dies owning just one campbell, which of course has to be sold. now, what if that camel fetched 80 durance? the man has a friend to whom he bequeathed a quarter of his money. he leaves a widow to him, he bequeath 18. and he has 3 sons. how much does each son get? he would set up the algebraic equation where the unknown quantity, the thing shape is part of the equation. this is what we call x in algebra to day. so the way i would write it is a t equals 80 divided by 4 plus 80 divided by 8

plus 3 x 3 sums each receiving x. that's what we have to work out before we work through the algorithm, the recipe to work this out. so if i simplify this, 80 equals 20 plus 10 plus 3 x. so 80 is 30 plus 3 x. i take the 30 to the other side, 80 minus 33 x 50 equals 3 x. and so x is 50 over 3. which if i'm correct, is 16 and 2 thirds their homes. this sort of algebraic equation was something very complicated to the people at the time of holiday me showed the recipe for carrying out very important calculations that would have been used in everyday life. that thrice isn't that i

use anti green isn't just a pilot. he's also a world record holder. in 1997. he became the 1st and only dr. and officially travel on land faster than the speed of sound. please. the longest standing record in history, and up to this point, nobody has broken it. that's about to change with building a new car to go a lot of the we all now building at the lead housing supersonic off. it's gotta be a call like no other blood town has been designed using the latest engineering techniques and complex computer modeling to create such an advanced vehicle. the bloodhound engineers have sold thousands of equations. we're going to

the limited modern technology, 1600 kilometer and a half, or 1000 miles an hour, 40 percent faster than the speed of sound. and when traveling that fast, some of the most important equations deal with drag the force of resistance the car needs to overcome to reach a 1600 kilometers an hour in exactly the same way that lift will increase by 54. when you double the speed, the drag on a vehicle will also increase. how much drag will experience is again, a square law and even more extreme in the land speed record context. because of course, we're going so much false about the square to be so enormous. the bloodhound we're looking at 1600 kilometers nap square. that can be very big number. and the amount of dragon isn't meant to create such an advanced high speed vehicle as well as quadratic. the bloodhound engineers have also needed to solve many other types of

equations. what's impressive is the korea me work on quadratic equation then inspired other late to mathematicians to solve even more complicated equation and another great persian alma who regard is one of the greatest medieval poets. it might be was an even better mathematician. he was solving cubic equation involving a quantity times itself, posit self again. and this is also important for bloodhound because the amount of power needed from the engine is a cubic equation. a fixed rate like make that step to the cubic equation. they gave us the final building block because it's not only when we double the speed, we have both on to drag. but it takes a to find the power is trying to to, to and it becomes a very, very large number, 8 v cube which produces such a huge power upon it. the fact that it's covered at met eagles on the.

ready news . ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ah. ready ready water just one of the many comments you flourished in the 9th century. ready although he was persian, he spent his academic life in the city of baghdad, which had become a renown center of learning. during the 1st century after the birth of islam, muslim armies conquered vos waves of the old world. they defeated the persians and entered iraq. in 762, the boss keyless established their capital in the newly founded city of baghdad, from which they wound over the great empire for the next 5 centuries. and it was in fact that they established the famous beta heckman or the house of wisdom. now it's

not known exactly where this was or even if it was a single academy. but we do know that baghdad quickly became the greatest center of knowledge of the medieval world. the boss had rooted with generous patrons, promoting knowledge and scholarship at the sell a money, a library to stem bull. i'm meeting professor ramadan session. he studied the origins of the house of wisdom. the above here is the 150 are liberally clammy. i cannot among sort of hashtag enough to bill don't miss the public late fee off of a think kevin is la bay to model. you had to make that character to, to that there was directions they were christians, jewish scholars,

although it was under the climate empire being translated into arabic. many of these scholars came from all sorts of religions, all working together. in this one big movement translation was central to the early work of the house of wisdom. doctor peter starr has studied this translation movements extensively. i think the translations are very central to the flourishing appliances in islam. one finds that the entire co for those groups onto fixture finds its way into our big so they were translating essentially from greek, mainly from greek, but also languages, as well, from persian, ultimately from sanskrit. when did this. so at the end of the 8th century, we find the translations really picking up. this is the busted. yes. all the about

the periods, the earliest translations tend to be in the subjects which will serve the empire most medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics. so without this remarkable translation movement that went on for 2 centuries, there wouldn't have been a golden age at all. i think that puts it very well. the house of wisdom was much more than just a library or translation house. this was the high points of islam of civilization and unrivalled center of scholarship and learning. drawing on greek, persian and indian texts, the scholars there a math, vast collection of world knowledge and then built on it through their own discoveries. the significance example of this use and development of knowledge from other civilizations was in geometry. ah,

decoration is famous for its intricate patterns and geometric designs developed over the centuries. very often these were derived from earlier cultures. greek roman, by that time, persian and central asia. they took that knowledge and created from it these beautiful patterns in geometry wasn't just about beauty. hard as me and other scholars from the house of wisdom, translated books about mathematic to geometry, in order to apply that knowledge to their world. the river principal reasons for studying geometry. the arabs have now an enormous empire need to measure its image to fax it the book of elements of euclid, euclid elements. yes, as you be a very simpler building on the translations they studied. the scholars of beta

heckman improved upon the measurements of the greeks, enabling them to create more accurate maps of the world. their mastery of geometry also allowed the scholars to make astronomical calculations and described the movements of the moon, planets and stars. the shop, toners and merchants, one of the most fundamental aspects of mathematics was simply how to write numbers down in the golden age. there were several systems in use, including using arabic letters. the numbers similar to roman numerals. but for me, advocated a different number system. the number system we use today, the decimal system is called the hindu arabic numeral system called hindu because it comes originally from india, arabic because it came by the atlantic world. and scholars in baghdad like l.

pardon me, transmitted it to the summit quilt and then to the rest of the world everywhere. today we use this decimal system one to 9 and the 0 and we forget how difficult it was before it exist shipment. so imagine if i wanted to add up my bill but not using the decimal system using roman numerals instead. let's see how we could that would be if i 1st write these numbers down using hindu arabic numerals, 421614. now i can add these up very easily. the $16.14 makes 30 plus the $42.00 is $72.00. how about and roman numeral $42.00 would be x l i. 16 is x v i. 14 is x i v. right? i have to break this down now, how many? so x l is 40, so that's actually 4 x is and then i and then i have another x,

the y. and then i have an x and 4 i. okay, so now i have 6 x, x, x, x, x. and then i have a v. and then i have 12347. so there's another v 2 eyes. they give me another x. so finally 123-4567, that l x x i which is 72. so i've got the right number, but it took a lot longer to calculate. i use in the late 12 century,

the talia and mathematician fibonacci traveled the world and came across these numbers in the slimy empire in 12 o 2. he wrote his book libra bashi, the book of calculation, in which he promoted the use of hindu arabic numeral system over the roman numerals, describing as many benefits for both merchants and mathematicians alike. however, uptake of the system was slow, both in the atlantic world and in europe. in florence, in 1299, they banned these numerals on the pretext that they were easier to falsify than roman numerals. however, common sense eventually prevailed, and the numeral system was adopted throughout europe in the 15th century, 600 years after as introduced to the atlantic world. on mister fields, new computer encryption from email, confidentiality, the government security, encryption plays a big role in an increasingly online digital world. and the study of encryption

goes all the way back to the 9th century and the work of another famous mathematician from beta hickman. this is a very interesting book. i'm trying to figure out exactly what it's telling us. it's a book by l. kendy, the philosophy of the arabs. now, kennedy was a great poly math. he was a philosopher. he was a mathematician. he was a musician. and i think the part here he talks about, he's got to disc with the arabic alphabet, and he talks about counting the number a particular symbol appears. l. kendy figures out the idea of frequency analysis that when a letter appears a certain number of times, if it's more common than other letters, you can work out what it is. i'll can. this text is the earliest known description of frequency analysis. but that text was only discovered in 1987. before that we

had no idea that this supposedly modern technique for studying crypted messages was in use over a 1000 years ago. now, one of the oldest and most simplest ways to encrypt a message to make it secret is simply by substituting each letter. why a different one. let me show you. imagine we have a simple sentence. l kinda was a famous scholar. now provided we have the key, the encryption key, which is also called the cipher, which by the way, comes from the arabic word for which means 0. with this fifa, i represent each letter with a different one. so by looking at the table, i would see that a corresponds to l and l corresponds to k, k for kimberly k correspond to v and so on. in this way, i can turn this sentence into something that is not readable unless you have the cipher. what if we have

a paragraph like this which looked completely like gobbledygook? without the key, without the cipher, i can't work it out. now if you don't have the site, you can use frequency analysis to try and figure out the meaning. i know that the follies, most common letters in the english language, e t a o and i. so far i replaced these into that takes, i can start to see patterns emerging. for instance, if i look at the most frequently occurring letter in the text is w, so i'm guessing w is most likely e and i carry on like this until i start to recognize individual words. so for instance, a 3 letter word that begins with t and ends with e is most likely the that gives me that code for the letter age and so on. ah, ah,

[000:00:00;00] ah, developments in mathematics weren't the only legacy of the golden age. the translation movement had introduced scholars to a wide range of subjects and they made advances and fields and diverse astronomy and medicine. they took the mathematics they've developed and applied it to optic chemistry in engineering. science was now no longer just a philosophical pursuit. the mathematicians ation of science have the way to a multitude of 5 civic advances the next time we look at the state of the art robotic engineering. so you can see it move, not like a robot or a human or fluid,

but discovered that the idea of automatic machine goes back over a 1000 years, ah, testing, in a sense this isn't any programmable we fall down to that complex mechanism, such as close musical instrument and water, as the water moves the water wheel. wow, that's moving back to the pool and it's like a double piston. and investigate with our as possible. could fly all the way back to the 9th century. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval atlantic period. in the field of engineering. the height of the vista cation and mechanics at the time, was the extravagance elephant clock written around $85080.00. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions, science and

a golden age. with jim alkalinity on al jazeera, ah, ah, ah frank assessments, schools and shelters of been reduced to rubble. how do you think the shapes a generation and their politics in their life has been shipped by vitamin them? inside story on our jazeera, a weekly critique of the stories hitting the headlines and the news media have been left to sort through mixed messaging on a quite complex story from mainstream street journalism. the listening post covers the wave. the news just cover on a just tune into our english in h d for the best experience to say english h

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also coming up. chillies capital goes back into full lockdown,