the turkey in late june and uncle specs, a similar move by britain after a native summit on june 14th gillem, g political pensions, it still won't be certain, it can reach a goal of 13000000 visitors. seen i'm castillo, l 0 sample. and just a quick mind you can always catch up anytime on our website in rest of that is our 0 dot com. and you can watch a slide to here on the orange line icon. ah, reminder the top stories on how to 0. benjamin netanyahu is 12 year run is ready, prime minister has come to an end, after parliament approved a new government by the narrowest of margins. right. we need to natalie bennett, has now been sworn in as israel's new prime minister. his 8 party clinician won a confidence motion just one vote and followed a heated debate during which the to now who supporters frequently interrupted and

someone pays had to be escorted out of the chamber. now who used his last speech, his prime minister vow he would bring his could party back to power. he also worked lizard members of the connected. we've gone from being a marginal state to a rising power in the global arena. this is our way mine and my friends from the national block, my friends of the real rights. and if it is destined for us to be in the opposition, we will do it with our back straight. and so he toppled the dangers government and returned to lead the country in our way of tiny bennett and the coalition government held their 1st cabinet meeting soon after he was sworn in. during the meeting, bennet vowed his government would work to men the rift in the nation country's duty to urged his ministers to show restraint in their differences to ensure the 8th party coalition remained stable and the few come sheila, you mean we are at the start of new days, hardships, not an exaggerated word,

in this case, much of hardships, of establishing the unity government is behind us. and now the people of israel, everyone is putting their eyes on us and the burden of proof is on us. we will work together in partnership with responsibility in order command, the resting the nation with immediately bring back the country for normal functioning, one after a long period of paralysis and corals. and in other news, g 7 leaders have wrapped up some mentioned the u. k saying 2021 should be a turning point for the world. a group of 7 wealthiest democracies made a series of climate commitments. but environmental groups say they aren't enough and lack detail. it is also promised to end the pandemic and prepare for the future . and there was a clear push to counter china's growing influence over developing nations. as the top stories do, stay with us, science in the golden age is coming up next. when you see you after that, for now, we understand the differences and similarities of culture across the world. no

matter why you call hand era who bring you the news and current affairs. the algebra was upon a time the ideal of robots was the symbol of a futuristic world world in which technology and machine place human labor to a large extent, that will is with us today in the 21st century. but the idea of what least automated machine is much older than you might see during the heyday of a golden age of fire between the 14th century engineers from across the atlantic world. from the middle east, the southern spain built many incredible devices, water clocks, automatic setting machines, and a number of other innovative creations onto the british professor of the rest of

the bone. him back that i've been researching some of the mechanical wonders of this golden age of fire and comparing them to the engineering and technological advances of the modern world. the news news years. we can't promise that we have robots in our home carrying out household chores. and that hasn't really happened. well, here's something that might change all that. in this lab, the developing a prototype, we might sometime soon have in our kitchens at home. the

news, this is the molly robotic kitchen. a pair of fully computerized mechanical arm set in a purpose built cantfield. ah, the arms replicate the movements of a human shift. and today the robot cooking the crab. ah. so you can see it move, not like a robot. the emotion not going to very simple. moving to get a robot, but a very human and fluid need using motion capture. we recorded movements of a chef hand while they're cooking a real recipe, and then the system will reproduce those movements. exactly. the principal, it should be exactly as good the cook as if i'm off the shift according to the shepherds. more consistent than the human chef. when a chef is cooking, they call it always get the timing of the temperature the amount exactly right.

they should always get the same, the mess around the source time with the variable we get the same drip because it's repeated mostly exactly the same motions. i mean, at the moment you have to have all the ingredients at exactly the right place because of course, the robot is operating, line business offline, best and none can't feel they can't see. what is one of the reasons robots haven't made it into the home yet? is to deal with re deviation in complex lighting environments. the planning actually intelligently being able to make decisions like old faulty is not where i couldn't find it, recognize it. yes. and even try to find it, hiding behind something or mixed in the things that look similar sort of thing that we take for granted and very, very easy to keep. so we've taken a much simpler approach to standardized everything in the kitchen and make it

a very controlled environment with control lighting and define positions for the reading. now we can just run this recipe. it works every single time. ah, lost the kind of a few drops in trouble. who's it was eaten it in a restaurant. it's cooked by human ship. i guess i wouldn't be surprised that enjoy it. for some reason i, i wasn't quite expecting it to taste so nice and to. i mean this is exactly as a chef would cook it. i mean, i've witnessed a robot making me a very nice dish. of course, this robot relies on the very latest technology. but what was the state of the art at the beginning of the golden age? well, we find out in the key topic, or the book of tricks written around 850

a the by the 3, the new mussa brothers. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions, everything from entertainment to making life easier. things like water dispensing devices, a self correcting lamp, and lots of different mechanical tools. they drew their inspiration from ancient greek chinese, persian and indian engineering. but its belief that the inventions in the book go much further than anything else that had been seen before. ah, the museum lamp. com. dave, an early copy of the key tablet he on in the collection the i'm really excited about this manuscript because it's probably one of the most famous texts from the medieval world. the original was written in midnight century by the by new mussa. brothers. one was an astronomer, one was a mathematician, a mom was in the nation

a and they were really the center of scientific life. in fact, in the golden age of science, the boss keyless element, mood recognize the talents of the brothers from an early age and sent them to study in the house of wisdom in baghdad. where great texts were gathered from across the globe and translated into arabic. during that time, in the house of wisdom, they grew and influence and even became patrons of other translators, as well as translation. they wrote many works of their own clothing. the book of trick. it's good to have it here, which literally means the book, a tricks book, a trickery, but they're not to mix in the sense of magic. these contractions and devices, executive toys is probably the best term for it. but i mean it's full of beautiful diagrams showing valves and leave is, and gears and very, very clever. they employed these incredibly forward thinking processes,

things that weren't really adapted until many centuries, like things like crankshaft. they were using things like differences in precious liquids and also in air to make things appear to move by themselves to action, to their own volition, the famous robotic flu plan operate through sort of water pressure. yep. and there's the self trimming lamp. there's, there's all these kind of things that must have seemed like magic at the time. hence the idea of trickery. i guess a lot of the ideas do go back to reaction greek. people like archimedes, for instance, but they're putting them together in a way that was slightly different. yes, it's not just translation movement. it's rethinking these as well. the stuff in this book is more than just fun toys. it tells us that what they were doing at this time is mid 9th century, the venice of the golden age. they were carrying out proper scientific

experimentations with the john scott is a mechanical engineer based in cambridge, in the u. k. he builds and tests historic inventions and currently he's reconstructing one of the been new mussa brothers, most complicated devices. ready the flute which plays itself by jim, here's the device. fantastic. are you even got the little character? yeah, yes. so most of brothers a said to have built with my lease, wrote about that place. yeah. yeah. how much detail was that? you could get hold of the allow you to reproduce. well, there was a reasonable amount, there are references, but there are different, apparently different translations. so some things are not entirely clear.

presumably modern scholars historian, looking back at this, there's a lot of guesswork and how they solve the problem. they said talk me through it. how does this work? right? well, the basic principle is that there is a driveway over here which operates this rotating drum. that would have been water power to riley, and there are a series of effectively cams, which lift little arms which then seal or unseal. they tone holes only on the flute . an air come here passes through air, comes in here. okay, what can we have a demonstration with air own little tone right now is the most is what you might call program to make scale vertical. you could make it by very nice. just good. so you've got this just as a scale, but of course these could be real, right?

yes. in a sense, this is an early programmable is very much. and if you think it's way before musical boxes, which was sort of 6700 century mentions, but yes it's, it's a very clever thing for that for the period. but of course, you use a pressurized air supply to blow the air through. how would the bending mussa brothers have done this well, far as we know from the references, there are 2 ways. one was apparently to provide a steam supply. a very low, precious theme supplied itself is seen power. yes, the right. the other way of doing it was to use a system of chambers, 2 chambers, which could be filled up with water and emptied. if you imagine the 2 chambers, as one is filling up, the other one is going down. this one, filling up the air tract is being fed into here, and then this one starts to empty. this one starts to fill in the air trapped in there isn't, provides the continuous flow, right? so it's like this operation much like a conventional bellows, but this is

a water power so, so the whole contraption is cont, was really water power moving the, the wheels and cold. yeah. water powering pushing yeah. through it. yeah. it seem with a general philosophy because they are obviously evolved a lot in water lifting water movement devices. so water was obviously as a motive power very much in mind. so i imagine when they came to develop this water power, the 1st thing they thought of to make it work me more played a key role in many medieval engineering projects, both large and small. the summit world inherited many techniques of irrigation water supply from the egyptians, greeks and romans. this beautiful structure is an underground water reservoir in constantinople, more than de assemble. it was built by the romans in the 6th century. the engineers

of the golden age preserved this, that they also modified, improved and constructed their own water projects. they develop new techniques to capture, store, and res water use many sophisticated hydrophilic pumps and water. raising devices were developed by al jazeera, one of the most prolific engineers of the world. born in the 12th century, he served as a royal engineer at the arctic blue palace in what is now turkey. as he stumbles museum of the history of science and technology in islam they've built working models of some of l. january's water devices, dr. debt, left quinton explains them to me. ah. as you have looked inside this building, you can see the donkey and this donkey moving mechanism,

bringing into running these gears as you can see. and then lifting the water up to these channels. that's a quite a sophisticated machine. it is a sofa. and generally he was fascinating engineering the water device like hell, january's were hugely important throughout your stomach world as their empire spread across the globe. engineers of the golden age built reservoirs, unimpressive dams, many of which still survive today across the middle east and slamming spain. as well as these dams, in places like cord, iran and syria irrigation was also provided by norion from the arabic not all of which a giant scooping water wheel. but as populations grew throughout the islamic world, it became necessary to have more advanced devices. and towards the end of the 12th century, l. january, develop sophisticated water pumps. so have

a more sophisticated water listing devices. as the water moves the water wheel round, that's moving backwards for this like a double piston. pumping up the water through both pipes. right up to the tower. it lifts and pumps water up to a height of 11 meter. l. jerry combined several sophisticated mechanisms. the pump works via the valve, the a partial vacuum causing the water to be sucked up from the river below. this top is also remarkable because it has a double action. each side takes it in turn. this double pumping makes it much more efficient. the machine is driven by the river itself, which turns a water wheel. and that water wheel is attached to gears and to pistons.

water is sucked up from the river from the pistons, which slide back and forth as the deer turns. by doing this, l. january is converting the rotating movement of the water wheel into a linear side to side motion. it's possibly the earliest description of a crank slider, a fundamental components of many modern machines, including car engines. ah, ah, we know about til january advices, because he wrote about them in great detail and the copy of his greatest work exist right here in the stumble. ah, the ottoman has conquered constantinople, one day, stumble towards the end of the golden age. and when they took power, many thousands of manuscripts were transferred here to assemble. ah,

ah, ah, this is a wonderful text. it dates back to the mid 1200. the title of the book is catawba, john, n. me, what i'm as which try was late, father can tell to the complete book of knowledge and work. what is lovely about it is that throughout the text of these wonderful vivid color diagrams of his contractions and devices, they get increasingly complex and ingenious. this is a particular favorite of mine because it depicts an animal and ok, so a donkey which is supposedly turning this axis and acting to pump the water. but at least one account suggests that the actually the animal is it needed. a tool is only there. so it's not to scare people into thinking this some kind of magic.

essentially, the water is in the river here. and as it drops down below the river, the energy, the kinetic energy of the water, turns this axis by set of gears, which operates a vertical axis and spins it. that in turns operates another gear which lift the water in these vessels up to a higher level. so self sustaining is beautiful and you don't need an ox or a donkey to operate at school. i, you know, long on the moon in the snomed, all of the faith, the required to pray specific times during the day. and so knowing the time accurately is very important today looks like this. outside the mosque gives the

precise time. so prayer the o l. jeffrey and other engineers of the golden age devised a great many clocks which were more accurate and elaborate than what had gone before. l. jesse re wrote about clocks that rely don't candles were driven by weights, or were regulated by water. but his most famous creation was the extravagant elephant club. me ah, professor beer is one of the most scholars of the engineers of the golden age. he studied the original description of the clock written in jazz. a really great text

will stop that will just him in the media to the major within the tyler, the mediator who made would they deny them? well, more than i and then you're pulled to all the details about the mechanisms are all written in this book. the elephant clock not only showcases the height of sophistication and mechanics at the time. it's also an early representation of the multiculturalism that existed during the golden age. she park and who did any crime can really joke your list of the years that she didn't know a lot a few years. this is my job is that the us your previous hold mechanism, us or tech? show the clock, tell us

a time with an indicator at the top showing the number of hours in sunrise. put the main mechanism for this clock is hidden inside the elephant belly of both the float, sort of water tank and every half hour creates an eye catching. display. the ball slowly fills with water from a home in its bottom and sinks off the half an hour when it thinks it holds a series of pulleys and strings which run all the way to the top of the clock. they connect the bowl to a candle of bulls which is concealed in the tongue. the talking of the police and drink causes the channel to tills, and so one ball is released. this makes the bird on the top spin round and the time indicator advances. the ball travels through and falls from a full can speak into a serpent mouth holding it. and this call is the elephant driver to beat the elephant. as the mechanisms inside the clock are triggered the floating bo this pull back and start filling with water again. for the next half hour,

ah ah, there's another inventor who's been associated with perhaps one of the most extravagant claims of the golden age. a blast had been for, knows, lived in the 9th century the same time as the new mussa brothers, and came from and to see it. amongst achievements, studied glass extensively devising a new method of manufacturing colored glass. and even making early corrective lenses, a precursor to reading. but that's one story about him, which if truth is absolutely remarkable, human kind has always dreamt to flight. since long before the right brothers built their 1st airplane. in fact, we know that back in the 15th century, the united has been changed through diagrams of glided to 700 years before

davinci abbas had been for not had already taken to the skies. andy green is a pilot with the british royal air force, and i want to get his opinion on whether it been for us could really have made himself fly over a 1000 years ago. the news, the story goes that we are not devoted years of his life to building when made for wooden bird account. say that he jumped off a towel or a hillside and remained to minute sailing over the flat lands outside quarter. but just how likely is this story to have been true? i'd love to think it was possible, but he's got some big challenges to doing that. and i 1000 years ago having the engineering structural technology to be able to produce the wings. the materials at the time would have left him with a very heavy flying machine. he would have had to run awfully quickly to get it

able and even faster to survive. the landing, the having the center of gravity in exactly the right place. and actually having the control to be able to control the roll pitch, the your, there's a 100 years of design and development has gone into the technology on this airplane right now. the also makes the even more challenging is that supposedly he didn't even have a tail attached to his wings, which would have made landing pretty problematic, i guess. well, very simply, without this pace, this airplane will not fly. or indeed, you wouldn't be able to control the lift when you come into landing. the. i would love to believe that it is possible he could have done this, but more importantly, he is recognized as one of the pioneers of the show that it might be apocryphal.

but it's what he stood for as, as an innovator, as an inspirations and later generations, that's important is part of the amazing story of the ocean. ah, we don't know if the hill, whether possible or not the story is true. but what we do know is that there were incredible engineers and inventors during the clinic world in the golden age. men like l january and the new mussa brothers, who created incredible mechanisms to build intricate and detailed inventions over a 1000 years ago. the next time we look at how the scholars of the golden age started to develop the field of chemistry. oh wow. we

see how they created new equipment and industrialized chemical processing. we put the fuel on the phone hughes and how they began to turn the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. so important to our lives today with frank assessments, schools and shelters of been reduced to rubble. how do you think this shapes a generation and their politics in their life has been shipped? why vitamin inside story on our jazeera, a wiki critique of the stories hitting the headline, news media have been left to sort through mixed messaging on a quite complex story from mainstream street journalism. listening post covers the way the news is covered on a just a city defined by military occupation. there's never been an arab state. he with

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