for coffee, there's not enough investment in south african coffee farms to maximize profits and sustain his business. still not only grows coffee beans, he also wrote them and packages the final product for sale. while sold african coffee. bailey features in global markets farm as hoping their hard work pays off for me. the miller, i'll just 0 pursuant to tell south africa. ah . what's villages there with lisa who rom, the reminder of all top stories. israel's new prime minister of tommy banners, his meeting outgoing president reuben reflect injury slim. it's one of several meetings he's due to hold on monday. the day after parliament approved a new coalition by the narrowest of margins. the move and benjamin netanyahu, the 12 year run as prime minister stephanie decker. is it mister islam that she says, bennett is facing several challenges, including the immediate one of

a right wing flag marked which is due to take place soon. we're expecting tens of thousands of right wing israelis flying the flag. they're expected to a live dance outside of damascus gate. they're not allowed this year to pause through the damascus gate into the old city through the muslim quarter, because it is seen as so provocative because the ground is still very fragile if you will, a. but we also hearing from the palestinians that they're calling for a day a rage. potentially people coming from different cities across israel is really palestinians to, to what they say is to fight this provocation, not fight as it. but as their presence is sort of push it back. so this is a major challenge. so it is chief install to bug says the relationship with russia and the lions is at its lowest points since the cold war. he also warned, there must be a united response against the security challenges the china poses. reports of a possible radiation league as a nuclear power plant in southern china were being dismissed by its operators.

states from china, general nuclear power groups as operations that had stationed in $1.00 province be safety rules on the surrounding environment to safe. a french company that party and station warned of an imminent radiological threat. and the trial of the amount supposed be done thanks to chance to to begin on monday, she thinks and 6 challenges, including corruption, violating over 19 restrictions. she's been under house arrest since february to americans on trial in japan of admitted that they helped form and miss on chairman college going for the country and 2019 michael taylor and is unpaid now face up to 3 years in jail. malaysia has extended a nationwide lockdown for 2 weeks or 2 more weeks in advance for shop increasing cave. in 1900 infections, an average of more than 5000 new cases have been confirmed every day for the past week. those were the headlines that clark will be here with the new tsar in half an hour. we'll see them on counting the cost agenda. inequality,

it's always been there when it comes to employment. and now the pandemic made it worth. we've got the numbers on just count disproportionate job loss of the theme and the discussion on what needs to happen to reverse these troubling trends. counting to come on out or 0. once upon a time, the ideal of robots was the symbol of a futuristic world world, in which technology and machine place human labor. to a large extent, that world is with us today in the 21st century. but the idea of what lease automated machine is much older than you might see during the heyday of a golden age of fire. between the 9th and 14th century engineers from across the atlantic world, from the middle east, the southern spain built many incredible devices. walter clocks automatic setting machines and a number of other innovative creations onto malcolm. the british professor of electrical born him back that i've been researching some of the mechanical wonders

of this golden age of fire and comparing them to the engineering and technological advances of the modern world. the news news is we can promise that we have robots in our home carrying out household chores. and that hasn't really happened. well, here's something that might change all that in this lab, the developing a prototype. bobo, we might sometime soon have in our kitchens at home. the

news, this is the molly robotic kitchen. a pair of fully computerised mechanical arm, set in a purpose built can't feel the arms replicate the movements of a human shift. and today, the robot cooking the crab b. ah. so you can see it move, not like a robot. the motion, not going to very simple. moving to get a robot, a very human and fluid need using motion capture. we recorded movements of a chef hand while they're cooking a real recipe, and then the system will reproduce those movements. exactly. the principal, it should be exactly as good the cook as if i'm off the chef according to the shepherd, more consistent than a human chef. so when a chef is cooking, they call it always get the timing, the temperature, the amount exactly right?

if you always get the same path in the mess around the source times with the variable we get the same drip because it's very likely that the same motions. i mean, at the moment you have to have all the ingredients and exactly the right place because of course, the robot is operating line business offline spectrum, numb canfield can see what one of the reasons robots have made it. and i have yet to deal with the 3 dimensions in complex lighting environments. planning actually intelligently being able to make decisions like old faulty and not where i couldn't find it, recognize it. yes. and you can try to find it hiding behind something or mixed in the things that look similar to some of the things that we take for granted and very, very easy to keep in mind. so we've taken a much simpler approach to standardize everything in the kitchen and make it

a very controlled environment and control lighting defined positions for the grid. now we can just run this recipe. it works every single time. ah, lost a few drops in trouble. ah, it was eaten it in a restaurant. it's cooked by human shift. i guess i wouldn't be surprised that enjoy it for some reason i, i wasn't quite expecting it to taste so nice. i mean, this is exactly as a chef would cook it. i mean, i've witnessed a robot making me a very nice dish. of course this robot relies on the very latest technology. but what was the state of the art at the beginning of the golden age, where we find in the key top we'll see on the book of tricks written around 850

a the by the 3, the new mussa brothers. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions, everything from entertainment to making life easier. things like water dispensing devices, a self correcting lamp, and lots of different mechanical tools. they drew their inspiration from ancient greek chinese, persian and indian engineering. but its belief that the inventions in the book go much further than anything else that had been seen before. ah, the museum because they haven't only copy of the tablet in their collection. i, i'm really excited about this manuscript because it's probably one of the most famous techs from the medieval world. the original was written in midnight century by the by new mussa. brothers. one was an astronomer, one was a mathematician,

and one was in the nation a and they were really the center of scientific life. in fact, in the golden age of science basset keyless mood recognize the talents of the brothers from an early age and sent them to study in the house of wisdom in baghdad . where great texts were gathered from across the globe and translated into arabic . during that time, in the house of wisdom, they grew and influenced, and even became patrons of other translators, as well as translation. they wrote many works of their own, including the book of tricks. it's called the could have it here, which literally means the book, a tricks book, a trickery, but they're not to mix in the sense of magic trick. these contractions and devices, executive toys is probably the best term for it. but i mean it's full of beautiful diagrams. showing valves and leave is and gears and very, very clever. they employed incredibly forward thinking processes,

things that weren't really adaptive until many centuries, like things like crankshaft, they were using things like differences in pressures in liquids and also in, in air to make things appear to move by themselves to action, to their own volition, the famous robotic flu class operate through sort of water pressure. yep. and there's the self trimming lamp. there's, there's all these kind of things that must have seemed like magic at the time. hence the idea of trickery. i guess a lot of the ideas do go back to the action greek, people like archimedes, for instance, but they're putting them together in a way that was slightly different. yes, it's not just translation movement. it's rethinking these as well. the stuff in this book is more than just fun toys. it tells us that what they were doing at this time is mid 9th century, the, the dentist of the golden age. they were carrying out proper scientific

experimentation with the john scott is a mechanical engineer. faced in cambridge in the u. k. he builds and tests historic inventions. and currently he's reconstructing one of the ben mussa brothers, most complicated devices. ready the flutes, which plays itself by jim, here's the device. fantastic. are you even got little kerrick? yeah, yes. so the venue most of brothers a said to have built, wrote about that. played out how much detail was there that you could get hold of to allow you to reproduce while there was a reasonable amount. there are references, but there are different apparently different translations. so some things are not

entirely clear. presumably modern scholars historians looking back at this, there's a lot of guesswork and about how they solve the problem. they said talk me through it. how does this work? right? well, the basic principle is that there is a drive wheel here which operates this rotating drum. that would have been water power is a riley. and there are a series of effectively cams, which lift little arms which then seal or unseal. they tone holes only on the flute . an air comes, passes through comes in here. okay, what can we have a demonstration? we can air on get a little toner right now is the mileage is what you might call program to make scale vertical. you could make it by very nice test book.

so you've got this just as a scale, but of course these could be real, right? yes. in a sense, this is an early programmable is very much. and if you think it's way before musical boxes, which was sort of 6700 century mentions, but yes it's, it's a very clever thing for that for the period. but of course, you use a pressurized air supply to blow the air through. how would the bending mussa brothers have done this? well, far as we know from the references, there are 2 ways. one was apparently to provide a steam supply, a very low pressure, steam supply center itself is a theme power. yes. the same right. the other way of doing it was to use a system of chambers to chambers which could be filled up with water and emptied. if you imagine the 2 chambers, as one is filling up, the other one is going down. this one, filling up the air tract is being fed into here, and then this one starts to empty. this one starts to fill in the air trapped in there isn't, provides the continuous flow, right? so it's like this operation much like a conventional bellows, but this is

a water pad bellows. so, so the whole contraption is cont, was really water power moving the, the wheels and cold. yeah. water powering pushing. yes. yes. right. yeah, it seem with a general philosophy because they are obviously evolved a lot in water lifting water movement devices. so water was obviously as a most pallets very much in mind. so i imagine when they came to develop this water power, the 1st thing they thought of to make it work. mm. water played a key role in many medieval engineering projects, both large and small. the stomach world inherited many techniques of irrigation water supply from the egyptians, greeks and romans. this beautiful structure is an underground water reservoir in constantinople, modern day stumble. it was built by the romans in the 6th century. the engineers of

the golden age preserved this, that they also modified, improved and constructed their own water projects. they develop new techniques to capture, store, and res water use many sophisticated hydrophilic pumps and water raising devices developed by l. jaceria. one of the most prolific engineers of the atlantic world. born in the 12th century, he served as a royal engineer at the art of lou palace in what is now turkey. at assembles museum of the history of science and technology in islam. they've built working models of some of l. jeffries, water devices, dr. debt, left quinton explains them to me. ah. you have a look inside this building. you can see the donkey and this donkey moving

mechanism, bringing into running these gears as you can see. and then lifting the water up to these channels. that's a quite a sophisticated machine. it is a sofa. and generally he was a model fascinating engineering water device like hell, january's were hugely important throughout the assembly world as their empire spread across the globe. engineers of the golden age built reservoirs, unimpressive dams, many of which still survive today across the middle east and slamming spain, as well as these dams, in places like corda, iran and syria irrigation was also provided by norie from the arabic now, or which a giant scooping water wheel, but as populations grew throughout the atlantic world, it became necessary to have more advanced devices. and towards the end of the 12th century, l. january, develop sophisticated water pumps. so have more

sophisticated water listing devices. as the water moves the water wheel round, that's moving backwards for this like a double piston. pumping up the water through both pipes. right up to the tower. it lifts and pumps water up to a height of 11 meter. l. january combined several sophisticated mechanisms. the pump works via the valve, the create a partial vacuum causing the water to be suck top from the river below. this top is also remarkable because it has a double action. each side takes it in turn. this double pumping makes it much more efficient. the machine is driven by the river itself, which turns a water wheel. and that water wheel is attached to gears and 2 pistons.

water is sucked up from the river on the pistons, which slide back and forth as the deer turns. by doing this, al jazeera is converting the rotating movement of the water wheel into a linear side to side. motion is possibly the earliest description of a crank slider, a fundamental components of many modern machines, including car engines. ah, ah, we know about till january devices. because he wrote about them in great detail and the copy of his greatest work exist right here in the stumble. ah, the author man's conquered constantinople, one day stumble towards the end of the golden age. and when they took power, many thousands of manuscripts were transferred. here to stumble ah

ah, this is a wonderful text. it dates back to the mid 1200. the title of the book is kit of a job for me what i'm as which try was late father can tell to the complete book of knowledge and work. what is lovely about it is that throughout the text, all these wonderful vivid color diagrams of his contractions and devices, they get increasingly complex and ingenious. this is a particular favorite of mine because it depicts an animal, an ox, or donkey, which is supposedly turning this axis and acting to pump the water. but at least one account suggests that the, actually the animal is it needed. a tool is only there. so it's not to scare people into thinking this some kind of magic. essentially,

the water is in the river here. and as it drops down below the river, the energy, the kinetic energy of the water, turns this axis by set of gears, which operates a vertical axis and spins in that, in terms operates another gear. we lift the water in these vessels up to a higher level, so it's self sustaining. beautiful. and you don't need an ox or don't keep to operate at full. i, you know, wow, ah, in the snomed follows of the faith required to pray specific times during the day. and so knowing the time accurately is very important today looks like this. outside the mosque gives the precise time to suppress

the o . l. jerry and other engineers of the golden age devised a great many clocks which were more accurate and elaborate than what had gone before. l. jesse re wrote about clocks that rely don't candles were driven by weights, or were regulated by water. but his most famous creation was the extravagant elephant call me, ah, professor beer is one of the most scholars of the engineers of the golden age. he studied the original description of the clock written in jazz,

a really great tax bill that will just in the media to the major within the tyler, the major who made it is deny them will more than i and then you're pulled to all the details about the mechanisms are all written in this book. the elephant clock not only showcases the height of sophistication in mechanics at the time. it's also an early representation of the multiculturalism that existed the golden age. she your parking lot, does any rod can really joke your list of the years. she didn't run a few years vicious them. and then my job was that the us, your previous hold mechanism, us or tech, show the clock. tell us

a time with an indicator at the top showing the number of hours in sunrise put the main mechanism for this clock is hidden inside the elephant belly. a bowl that floats on a water tank and every half hour creates an eye catching display. the ball slowly fills with water from a home in its bottom and thinks of the half an hour when it thinks it holds a series of police and strings which run all the way to the top of the clock. they connect the bowl to a channel of bulls, which is concealed in the tongue, the talking of the police and drinks causes the channel to tills. and so one ball is released. this makes the bird on the top spin round and the time indicator advances. the ball travels through and falls from a full can speak into a certain mouth, causing it to and this call is the elephant driver to beat the elephant. as the mechanisms inside the clock a triggered the floating bo this pull back and start filling with water again for

the next half hour. ah, ah. ready there's another inventor who's been associated with perhaps one of the most extravagant claims of the golden age. a blast had been torn. others lived in the 9th century the same time as the new mussa from it, and came from and to see it. amongst achievement, he studied last extensively, devising a new method of manufacturing colored glass and even making early corrective lenses a precursor to reading class. but that's one story about him which if truth is absolutely remarkable, human kind has always dreamt to flight. since long before the right brothers built their 1st airplane, in fact, we know that back in the 15th century, the united had been changed through diagrams of glided supposedly 700 years before

dive in. g. a boss had been for not had already taken to the skies and the green is a pilot with the british royal air force. and i want to get his opinion on whether it been for us could really have made himself fly over a 1000 years ago. the news, the story goes that things are not devoted years of his life to building wings made for wooden bird at his account say that he jumped off a towel or a hillside and remained all submitted sailing over the flat lands outside corda. just how likely is this story to have been true? i'd love to think it was possible, but he's got some big challenges that doing that. and i 1000 years ago having the engineering structural technology to be able to produce the wings. the materials at the time would have left him with a very heavy flying machine. he would have had to run awfully quickly to get it

able and even faster to survive. the landing the, having the center of gravity in exactly the right place. and actually having the control to be able to control the roll pitch the your, there's a 100 years of design and development has gone into the technology on this airplane right now. the but also make the even more challenging is that supposedly he didn't even have a tail attached to his wings, which would have made landing for t problematic, i guess. well, very simply, without this pace this airplane will not fly. or indeed, you won't be able to control the lift when you come into landing the. i would love to believe that it is possible he could have done this, but more importantly, he is recognized as one of the point is over the issue that it might be apocryphal

. but it's what he stood for as, as an innovator, as an inspiration to later generations. it's important. he is part of the amazing story of the we don't know for sure with the possible or not the story is true. but what we do know is that there were incredible engineers and inventors during the spanish world in the golden age. men like l january and the new mussa brothers, who created incredible mechanisms to build intricate and detailed inventions over a 1000 years ago. the next time we look at how the scholars of the golden age started to develop the field of chemistry. oh wow. we

see how they created new equipment and industrialized chemical processing. we put the fuel use and how they began to turn the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. so important to our lives today with from the world's most populated region the and until the story from across asia and the pacific to discover the current events with diverse coaches. and conflicting politics, ah, one of one eastern on out there. on june 18th, iran was told the presidential election will take her sound on his place, put

a conservative candidate to succeed, the moderate leader. and what impact on national and global politics join us a way to result analysis of the iran addiction on algebra. children born in jewish, did he have trash discover the beauty of music in the ugliest of places? ah, when a chance to play for the world turn ariana teeth into a dream, ah, landfill, harmonic witness documentary on the demand for low price clover. it accelerated at high speed. that's absolutely great by 2030, the industry will expand by an additional 60 percent. i'll just take a detailed look at the disposal of our committee. oh,

or the date exposing the hidden human and environmental cost way with the company. give free wants to know about it, said the boss fashions on me . ah, this is al jazeera ah, over there on the clock. this is a news on life and coming up the next 60 minute. the new face of israeli politics, naphtali bennett, lead the coalition government to the parties that could soon face his 1st big trust . the head of nato says, relations with russia are at the lowest point since the cold war is lead is gathering brussel.