file as a political issue, but it's our right amount of the signed agreements allow us to grant id papers. but israel took us right away, is ready, authorities say family reunification is only possible under special humanitarian conditions. spouses and children do not qualify. some couples told us they had to leave the country to remain together. those who opted to stay we'll have to do for now with meetings like this across the river. neither brought him eligible either the occupied west bank. ah. flow again, i'm surely vacuum with the headlines on, i'll just 0 u. s. president joe biden, and russian leader not me. 14, have hands what they call a positive and constructive meeting. they've agreed to resume talks on arms control and cybersecurity, but disagree on human rights. russia in the us where we turn ambassadors to each

other's capitals, president food, and i had a share unique responsibility to manage the relationship between 2 powerful and proud countries. relationship that has to be stable and predictable. the shots, the initiative to ask for the overall assessment. i believe that that has been no hospitality. on the contrary, the meeting took place in a constructive spirit. we have very assessments on a number of issues, but i believe both sides expressed willingness to understand each other and to seek ways to bilateral reproach. talks of quite constructive police in hong kong, have arrested 5 executives at the apple daily newspaper in an early morning raid. among them is the editor in chief of the pro democracy outlet. the hong kong security secretary says the operation is aimed at those who's reporting and dangerous national security. it's the 2nd time the newspapers been targeted last longer, the police arrested is found the media mobile jimmy lie, was now serving

a 20 month jail sentence. the. the 1st clue to be sent to china is news. space nation has taken off on board the 7th and 12 mission of taking 3 men for a 3 month stay in the floating lab 11 more mission planned over the next year and a half to complete the station in columbia, a car bomb inside a military base has injured 36 people leaving 3 in critical condition. the defense minister is blaming the national liberation army, the country's largest group. it happened in a town bordering venezuela and where several criminal groups operate drug trafficking and the u. s. congress has voted to make june the 19th or june teams a public holiday. the new federal holiday commemorates the end of slavery in the nation. the bill now goes to president joe biden, and he's expected to sign it into law. those are the headlines coming up next. it

signs in a golden age engineering. the demand for low price clothing. it looks celebrating at high speed. that's absolutely great by 2030, the industry will expand by an additional 60 percent. i'll just take a detailed look at disposal fashion. we want to calculate it exposing the hidden human and environmental costs. why was a company give be what she's never been there? no doubt it was said, boss fashioned all knowledge of the once upon a time, the ideal of robot was the symbol of a futuristic world world in which the technology and machine replaced human labor. to a large extent, that world is with us today in the 21st century. but the idea of what least automated machine is much older than you might see during the heyday of a golden age of fire. between the lines and 14th century engineers from across the

atlantic world, from the middle east to southern spain, built many incredible devices. walter clocks automatic setting machines and a number of other innovative creation. i'm team actually the british professor of the rest of the visit born him back that i've been researching some of the mechanical wonders of this golden age of fire and comparing them to the engineering and technological advances of the modern world. the news ah, ah,

few years we can promise that we have robots in our carrying out household chores. and that hasn't really happened. well, here's something that might change all that. in this lab, the developing a prototype robot that we might sometime soon have in our kitchen at home. the news, this is the molly robot, the kitchen, a pair of fully computerized mechanical arm, set in a purpose built, canceled the arms, replicate the movements of the human shift. and today, the robot cooking, the crab, the so you can see it move, not like a robot. the motion, not going to very simple. moving to get a robot, but a very human and fluid and even using motion capture, we recorded movement to the chef hand while that cooking

a real recipe. and then this system will reproduce those movements. exactly. the principal, it should be exactly as good a cook as if i'm off the chef. according to the chef, it's more consistent than a human chef. so when a chef is cooking, they call it always get the timing of the temperature and the amount. exactly right . this rule will get the same mess around the source time with the variable we get the same trip because it's repeated back to the same motion. i mean, at the moment you have to have all the ingredients and exactly the right place because of course, the robot is operating line, isn't it offline and numb canfield and can't see? what is one of the reasons robots have made it home yet? i think it is to deal with the 3 deviations in complex lighting environments, due to planning actually intelligently being able to make decisions like old faulty

is not where i couldn't find it, recognize it. yes. and even part of hiding behind something are mixed in the things that look similar to the thing that we take for granted and very, very easy to keep. so we've taken a much simpler approach. that's the standardized, everything in the kitchen and make it a very controlled environment. we control lighting and define positions for the grid. now we can just run this recipe. it works every single time who's lost the kind of a few drops in trouble. ah, it was even in a restaurant, it's cooked by human shift. i guess i wouldn't be surprised that enjoy it. for some reason i, i wasn't quite expecting it to taste so nice. i mean, this is exactly as

a chef would cook it. i mean, i've witnessed a robot making me a very nice dish. of course this robot relies on the very latest technology. what was the state of the art at the beginning of the golden age? while we find out in the key top, we'll see on, on the book of tricks written around 850 a, the by the 3, the new mussa brothers. the book contains a range of ingenious inventions and contractions. everything from entertainment to making life easier. things like water dispensing devices, a self correcting lamp, and lots of different mechanical tools. they drew their inspiration from ancient greek chinese, persian and indian engineering. but its belief that the inventions in the book go much further than anything else that had been seen before. ah, the museum slammed com. dave and the copy of the key tablet he on in the collection

i. i'm really excited about this manuscript because it's probably one of the most famous text from the medieval world. the original was written in midnight century by the by new mussa. brothers. one was an astronomer, one was a mathematician. a mom was in the nation a and they were really the center of scientific life. in fact, in the golden age of science. bassett, keyless element, mood recognize the talents of the brothers from an early age and sent them to study in the house of wisdom in baghdad, where great texts were gathered from across the globe and translated into arabic. during that time, in the house of wisdom, they grew and influence and even became patrons of other translators, as well as translation. they wrote many works of their own clothing, the book of drink. it's good to have it here, which literally means the book, a tricks of book trickery,

but they're not to mix in the sense of magic tricks. these contractions and devices, executive toys is probably the best term for it. but i mean it's full of beautiful diagrams showing valves and leave is, and gears and very, very clever. they employed incredibly forward thinking processes, things that weren't really adaptive until many centuries, like things like crankshaft, they were using things like differences in precious liquids and also in air to make things appear to move by themselves to action, to their own volition, the famous robotic flu. plan operate through sort of water pressure. yep. and there's the self trimming lamp. there's, there's all these kind of things that must have seemed like magic at the time. hence the idea of trickery. i guess a lot of the ideas do go back to the actual greet people like archimedes, for instance, but they're putting them together in a way that was slightly different. yes,

it's not just translation movement. it's rethinking these as well. the stuff in this book is more than just fun toys. it tells us that what they were doing at this time is mid 9th century, that the venice of the golden age, they were carrying out proper scientific experimentation with the john scott is a mechanical engineer. faced in cambridge in the u. k. he builds and tests historic inventions and currently he's reconstructing one of the been new mussa brothers, most complicated devices. ready the flute which plays itself by jim, here's the device, synthetic oil. you even got little carrick?

yeah, yes. so most of brothers a said to have built my lease, wrote about that place. yeah. how much detail was that? you could get hold of to allow you to reproduce. well, there was a reasonable amount, there are references, but there are different apparently different translations. so some things are not entirely clear. presumably modern scholars historians looking back at this, there's a lot of guesswork and how they solve the problem. they said talk me through it. how does this work? right? well, the basic principle is that there is a driveway over here which operates this rotating drum. that would have been water power to riley, and there are a series of effectively cams, which lift little arms which then seal or unseal, they tone holes only on the flu. an air come passes through air comes in here. okay, what can we have a demonstration. we can get a little tone right now

is mo, it is what you might call program to make scale vertical. you could make it by very nice boot. so you've got this just as a scale, but of course these could be real, right? yes. in a sense, this is an early programmable is very much, and if you think it's way before musical boxes, which was sort of 6700 century mentions, but yes it's, it's a very clever thing for the period. but of course, you use a pressurized air supply to blow the air through. how would the bending mussa brothers have done this? well, far as we know from the references, there are 2 ways. one was apparently to provide a steam supply, a very low pressure, steam supply center itself is seen power. yes, the same, right. the other way of doing it was to use a system of chambers to chambers which could be filled up with water and emptied.

if you imagine the 2 chambers as one is filling up, the other one is going down. this one, filling up the air tract is being fed into here. and then this one starts to empty . this one starts to fill in the attract in. there isn't, provides the continuous flow, right? so it's like this operation much like a conventional bellows, but this is a water power. so, so the whole contraption is cont, was brilliant water power moving the, the wheels and cold water powering pushing. yeah. yeah. yeah. it seem with a general philosophy because they are obviously evolved a lot in water lifting water movement devices. so water was obviously as a motive power very much in mind. so i imagine when they came to develop this water power, the testing they thought of to make it work me more played a key role in many medieval engineering projects,

both large and small. the stomach world inherited many techniques of irrigation water supply from the egyptians, greeks and romans. this beautiful structure is an underground water reservoir in constantinople more than de assembled. it was built by the romans in the 6th century. the engineers of the golden age preserved this, that they also modified, improved and constructed their own water project. they develop new techniques to capture, store, and res water use many sophisticated hydrophilic pumps and water. raising devices were developed by al jazeera, one of the most prolific engineers of the world. born in the 12th century, he served as a royal engineer at the arctic blue palace in what is now turkey assembles museum of the history of science and technology in islam. they've built working

models of some of l. january's water devices, dr. debt, left quinton explains them to me. ah. you have a look inside this building. you can see the donkey and this donkey moving mechanism, bringing into running these gears as you can see. and then lifting the water up to these channels. that's a quite a sophisticated machine. it isn't. so, i mean, generally he was more fascinating engineering with water devices like hell generates were hugely important throughout the stomach world as their empire spread across the globe. engineers of the golden age built reservoirs, unimpressive dams, many of which still survive today across the middle east. and islam explain as well as these dams, in places like cord of iran and syria. irrigation was also provided by norie from

the arabic not all which a giant scooping water wheel. but as populations grew throughout the islamic world, it became necessary to have more advanced devices. and towards the end of the 12th century, l. january, develop sophisticated water pumps. so have a more sophisticated water listing devices as the water moves the water wheel round. that's moving backwards for this like a double piston pumping up the water through both pipes. right up to the tower. it lifts and pumps water up to a height of 11 to meter. l. january combined several sophisticated mechanisms. the pump works via vowels. the create a partial vacuum causing the water to be suck top from the river below. this top is also remarkable because it has

a double action. each side takes it in turn. this double pumping makes it much more efficient. the machine is driven by the river itself, which turns a water wheel. and that water wheel is attached to gears and 2 pistons. water is sucked up from the river from the pistons, which slide back and forth as the deer turns. by doing this, l. january is converting the rotating movement of the water wheel into a linear side to side motion. it's possibly the earliest description of a crank slider, a fundamental components of many modern machines, including car engines. ah ah, we know about till january devices, because he wrote about them in great detail and the copy of his greatest work exist

right here in the stumble. ah, the ottoman has conquered constantinople, one day stumble towards the end of the golden age. and when they took power, many thousands of manuscripts were transferred here to assemble. ah, this is a wonderful text. it dates back to the mid 1200. the title of the book is catawba, john n. me, well, i'm as which try was late to father can tell to the complete book of knowledge and work. what is lovely about it is that throughout the text of these wonderful vivid color diagrams of his contractions and devices, they get increasingly complex and ingenious. this is a particular favorite of mine because it depicts an animal, an ox, or a donkey,

which is supposedly turning this axis and acting to pump the water. but at least one account suggests that the, actually the animal is it needed. a tool is only there. so it's not to scare people to thinking this some kind of magic. essentially, the water is in the river here. and as it drops down below the river, the energy, the kinetic energy of the water, turns this axis by set of gears, which operates a vertical axis and spins in that, in terms operates another gear. we lift the water in these vessels up to a higher level, so it's self sustaining. it's beautiful and you don't need an ox or a donkey to operate at all. i was on

the moon in the snomed owner of the faith required to pray specific times during the day. and so knowing the time accurately is very important today looks like this. outside the mosque gives the precise time. so prayer, the o l. jeffrey and other engineers of the golden age devised a great many clocks which were more accurate and elaborate than what had gone before. l. jesse re wrote about clocks that rely don't candles were driven by weights, or were regulated by water. but his most famous creation was the extravagance elephant. call me

ah, professor beer is one of the most scholars of the engineers of the golden age. he studied the original description of the com, written in just a really great tax build up that will just in the media to the major within the tyler, the mediator who made would they deny them? well, more than i know you're pulled to all the details about. the mechanisms are all written in this book. the elephant clock not only showcases the heights of sophistication and mechanics at the time. it's also an early representation of the multiculturalism that existed during the golden age she park. am lou did any rod can really joke your list of the years that she

didn't know a lot figures job reside the us your previous hold mechanism, us or tech? show the clock. tell us a time with an indicator at the top showing the number of hours since sunrise put the main mechanism for this clock is hidden inside the elephant belly of both the float sort of water tank and every half hour creates an eye catching display. the ball slowly fills with water from a home in its bottom and sinks off the half an hour when it thinks it holds a series of police and strings, which run all the way to the top of the clock. they connect the bowl to a candle of bulls, which is concealed in the talking of the police and strings causes the channel to tilt. and so one ball is released. this makes the bird on the top spin round and

the time indicator advances. the ball travels through and falls from a full can speak into a mouth, causing it to test. and this call is the elephant driver to beat the elephant. as the mechanisms inside the clock are triggered the floating bo this pull back and start filling with water again for the next half hour. ah, ah, there's another inventor who's been associated with perhaps one of the most extravagant claims of the golden age. a blast had been for now lived in the 9th century, the same time as the new moose her brother, and came from and to see it. amongst achievements, studied glass extensively devising a new method of manufacturing colored glass. and even making early corrective lenses, a precursor to reading. but that's one story about him,

which if truth is absolutely remarkable, human kind has always dreamt to flight. since long before the right brothers built their 1st airplane. in fact, we know that back in the 15th century, the united have been changed. who diagrams of glided to 700 years before davinci abbas had been for nurse had already taken to the skies. andy green is a pilot with the british royal air force, and i want to get his opinion on whether it been for us could really have made himself fly over a 1000 years ago. the news, the story goes that we are not devoted years of his life to building wind made for wooden birds account, say that he jumped off a towel or a hillside and remained able to minute sailing over the flat lands outside corridor

. but just how likely is this story to have been true? i'd love to think it was possible, but he's got some big challenges to doing that. and i 1000 years ago having the engineering structural technology to be able to produce the wings. the materials at the time would have left him with a very heavy flying machine. he would have had to run awfully quickly to get it able and even faster to survive. the landing the having the center of gravity in exactly the right place. and actually having the control to be able to control the roll pitch, the your, there's a 100 years of design and development has gone into the technology on this airplane right now. the also makes the even more challenging is that supposedly he didn't even have a tail attached to his wings, which would have made landing pretty problematic,

i guess. well, very simply, without this pace, this airplane will not fly. or indeed, you wouldn't be able to control the lift when you come into landing the. i would love to believe that it is possible he could have done this, but more importantly, he is recognized as one of the pioneers of the show that it might be apocryphal. but it's what he stood for as, as an innovator, as an inspiration to later generations. that's important is part of the amazing story of the ocean. ah, we don't know if the hill, whether possible or not the story is true. but what we do know is that there were incredible engineers and inventors during the clinic world in the golden age. men like l january and the new mussa brothers, who created incredible mechanisms to build intricate and detailed inventions over

a 1000 years ago. the next time we look at how the scholars of the golden age started to develop the field of chemistry. oh wow. we see how they created new equipment and industrialized chemical processing. we put the fuel on the phone hughes and how they began to turn the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry so important to our lives today. the news in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval slamming period in the field of chemistry, they transformed the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. many of

his chemical procedures are those which make the which is today. oh wow. science and a golden age with professor jim. and i'll just 0. in the midst of war, a generation grew up in exile. more than 13000000 syrians, that half the pre war population remain displaced inside and outside the country. and as the conflict entered the 2nd decade with no political supplement incite, there could be further displacement. home for many husband, informal camps like this in neighboring countries. and lebanon's because the valley life has been one of poverty and uncertainty. theory as economy is collapsing and international aid organizations are warning, it is pushing millions deeper into poverty. many our job listen hungry. the united nation says 60 percent or 12400000 serious. don't have regular access to enough

food, despite the battlefield, being largely quiet for a year, agencies say the daily suffering of syrians is worse than it has been at nearly any point throughout the conflict. and the hardship has not stopped a serious border of faith compelling story without uttering a single word, liam, conventionality of life. witness through the lens of the human eye analysis era. the hello, i'm fully battle in doha with a look at our main stories on al jazeera us present. joe biden and russian leader vladimir poaching have hands what they call a positive and constructive meeting. they've agreed to resume talks on arms control and cybersecurity, but disagreements remain on human rights. russia and the u. s. will return ambassadors to each other's capitals, president food and i had

a share unique responsibility to manage the relationship between 2 power.