identify himself, a panel of judges, cited statements attributed to the artist in which he dismissed intellectual property laws. much moral that, and everything else that we have been covering here on al jazeera, on our website. there it is, the address i'll just 0 dot com. ah and now a reminder of the top stories on al jazeera, iran's only nuclear power plant has been shut down for what's being described as emergency reasons. the head of the state energy company says the shut down of the bush or plant could cause possible power outages in several cities. there had been warnings that the plant could stop working because iran had been unable to buy maintenance parts due to us faction. meanwhile, israel's new prime minister has condemned abraham races when in iran's presidential

election, after the bennett says, it should serve as a red flag for world powers working to revive the nuclear deal. race selection is i would say the last chance for the world powers to wake up before returning to the nuclear agreement and to understand who they're doing business with these guys are murder, mass murderers. regime of brutal haman must never be allowed to weapons of mass destruction that will enable it enough to kill 1000 millions. caretaker prime minister nico pushing ian has just claimed victory in armenia as a snap of parliamentary election. but she never called the vote in april. he faith, months of protest from losing territory the other by john and the coroner cut back during a week's long conflict last year, he has made a call to restore national unity a road that links eastern and

western libya is reopening after many years. the 2 parts of the country were under the control of rival administrations. after the fall of more market, duffy forces loyal to warlords halle for half hour to say that they weren't consulted and are yet to approve. the decision france has been voting in a 1st round of regional elections that seen huge games for the traditional right. very la pens far right party is hoping to when it's 1st region in the 2nd round. the election is seen as an indicator for next year's presidential vote. those are the top stories. how medieval chemist influenced modern practices, is coming up next in science in a golden age and my colleagues in though i will have more news in half an hour. i'll see you in a few days. on the coast china aged population,

the country will become the 1st nation in history to gold for it become switched to the finance industry isn't living up to his own bring credential, legal traffic jams. so people turning to the waterways came to the coast on. i'll just say, between the 8th and 14 centuries, there was a golden age of science. when scholars from the stomach world introduced a rigorous experimental approach that laid the foundations of the modern scientific method, they transformed the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. the chemical industry has of course reshaped the modern world, giving us new fuel drugs and new materials. but the methodology and principles of chemistry. go back over a 1000 years. i'm tomorrow clearly, and i've been researching the contributions of the scientists of the golden age. i'll be tracing that the roots of modern chemistry to the scholars of the earliest

slamming world. the news this is the capital of cut off 2 decades ago. none of this existed all this development has only been possible because of a huge investment of revenue from oil and gas. in other words, the chemical industry, the news oil is responsible for much that we take for granted his daily life from fuels to

plastic medicines, even the common road i'm driving on the chemical plants over there is processing the gas crude oil that exists in such abundance and at least the oil in its roof state to the mixture of many different chemicals. and these are separated out through a process called fractional distillation. the, the crude oil is heated until it becomes a vapor oil vapor, rises up the distillation tower, and separate into different components as the fraction eating power in a modern oil. refinery is a high tech version of a piece of apparatus called and, and limbic used by the golden age scientists. as a distillation to over a 1000 years ago, the one pioneer of distillation was the 9th century physician and chemist arises,

amongst his many writings of the earliest known accounts of using destination to produce substances like kerosene. so fuel recast it, and pure alcohol. this wasn't for drinking, but the use as a medical disinfectant. ah hale and stumbled doctor peter starr studies the work of the scholars of the golden age. he's brought with him and allenby, still to show me how the early chemist used it for distillation. this one is made of copper. there will be given others made of glass very well. lastly, yes, just the important thing about the still is that there's a hot and, and that there's a cold. and so the whole tend is where the steam is produced. it then condenses and is received into the receiver. here. what we would need would be water. first of

all, usually distilled water. you could use rainwater, that this data will do. and then we will need to or whatever you're going to distill. for example, if you're going to perfume, this would be excellent, rather than show the restaurant my mind. and so the water with the rose petals will be heated up here, as the steam given off it take the sense of the roses. it reaches the limbic, where it condenses back to liquid and drips down here into this other container. who are the people who accounting out these, these, this chemistry? i think there are 2 main names which stand out above all the others. above all job of in time, but also arise the job of a high on a particular very early on in the golden agent is regarded by many as the 1st scientists of the golden age. you will sorts of things is he doing many of his chemical procedures are those which may still be used today. for example, cancellation or precipitation or distillation job. but how young was a poly math?

who grew up in modern day iraq, vast work covers medicine, music, alchemy, chemistry, and much more. there were thousands of manuscript attributed far more than a single man could actually have written believe many later scholars wrote under his name because he was held in such high regard. whatever the truth, he's credited with applying an experimental based approach to early chemistry. ah, ah, the scholars of the golden age began applying the scientific method to chemistry by which i mean, they were conducting experiments in a way that was a big leap from the pure philosophical thinking of the ancient greeks. but to conduct canceled experiments need is operators, much of which hadn't even been invented at the time. and for chemistry in

particular, they need hone their skills at glass blowing and glass making. and so i'm going to meet a man who's going to show me just how difficult or easy it is jack to carry out that skill. i think natalie ala chemo is him, her being in the canada to family, to clear up or there are some next, or i can sure she can help me . okay. ah ah ah, just to say i need a little bit of the i mean for the the judge

on one of the money out of city number 66, he's not with me if john hi i was making allenby back in the late a century. he certainly would have been doing it this way. the sort of laugh they would have used over a 1000 years ago would've been very different. they would put that stand and lead and all the other ingredients into the oven and just cook them and bake them until they melted. so although they did have glass blowing to shake the molten cloth, they didn't have something with such high temperature like this. jets of gas hear me

ship. well, that's pretty remarkable. my own l m b i although job i don't have those like him performing experiments and effecting operators work they were doing was very much a mixture of chemistry and alchemy. indeed, the arabic word for chemistry is l. kenya, from which the word alchemy is derived. but whereas modern chemistry is a rigorous, exact science, alchemy is associated with superstition. a magic b alchemist's main goal was to turn other metals into gold, his followers job and how young was known as l. sophie, the mystic, because they believed his work was no different from sorcery. even today, some chemistry can seemed like magic. assume the chemistry student and she's going

to help me with some demonstration that i guess could be used as part of a magic shows. i'm going to turn these callous liquid black simply with the power of my mind. right? think i have i need to make the chemicals together. first of all, we have to turn off the light. here we go. ah, oh wow. i use, he's not it's not holt, so this is a chemical reaction, this giving of light but no heat. and for our final trick

me, of course for all these reactions, we know that the chemical explanation for what's going on. but what we call chemistry has its roots in the elf kimmy of the golden age. so peter, to what extent was there real science being done in amongst all this miss mysticism and alchemy? jim, i don't see a contradiction between science and alchemy. rather, i see a synergy, the one feeds on the other quite often and, and that you could say about every periods, great period of scientific breakthroughs. you said the greeks concert heights of the latin middle ages. you could say it's very nice off. we'll even isaac newton, which was involved in alchemy. the classic example, yeah, ah, ah,

the early alchemy obsessed with turning common less valuable medicine into precious gold job would've been high on a particular was obsessed with trying to dissolve metals. and that led him to research or different kinds of assets. but golden, notoriously difficult to dissolve. so i'm going to buy small amounts of it and see if it's possible. i think there's to them and can we sell them at a 5 digital way? nothing because they could and then there's another table, emily? love us. so we her whole 100 head pisa, kimmy. oh, she's just haven't come in who i bought a thought on when. not early and stuff and this was going to show you didn't have a favor and you haven't had ottoman. i'm awful for the fall job. what a ben. hi kimmy. oh, how is the head?

ok. city is the money to come in. so we have discount land, i sure would figure when i figure my shovel and charlotte going thing me through my experiment to dissolve gold is professor health boesky. why then hell i need your chemistry expertise here. i've got this gold coin and i wonder, is it possible to dissolve gold? very, very difficult. jim. gold like all mobile metals is relatively on reactive, but particularly interactive towards acids. there's any one acids that can really do the job, which has this one aqua region, which means kingly water is called king the water because it's the only thing which is all gold, is believe that job of a high on 1st distilled it and it's a mixture of active to acid, nitric acid, and had a chloroplast. yeah. and it's exception corrosive. and except the react,

it sound nothing. it's very, very nasty. it's vicious. so a, can you demonstrate it for me? let's see if it works. so we're going to pour it into the baker. i'm going to say your peaceful gold coin. you've traveled so far with it and use this rather more expensive piece of zinc. so i think i was going away. party would react to soft as that certainly would dissolve away. and why would people want to do this? why would they want to dissolve metal like go? because you can purify or you can fine your code by dissolving it and then re protecting the methyl out and there was still, the fumes are still coming up. i think that lump of zinc has been dissolved entirely in the liquid. ah, we did leave a small piece of gold and aqua region, although this takes a lot longer to react. but over an hour the gold gradually dissolved, ah,

needed if that fits on their own will dissolve gold. but taken together, they produce the right to do exactly that. oh, the cody chemistry was only about alchemy. there was a practical side to it as well. and many developments and chemistry were driven by islam. cleanliness was a religious requirements in islam, for example, the washing of the hands face and feet before prayer. and this requirement for cleanliness quickly led to the development of whole industry. for example, the development of the 1st solid falls of soap were found manufactured in the atlantic world. ah

ah, ah job of a hey on wrote about the difference between an alkali and the word alkali derived from the arabic alcholay. which means the ashes of salt walk, referring to the original source of alkali substance. and of course, the alkaline used in making rima hasn't run for small stroke, making business in jordan, where she uses age old chemical processes to manufacture. so this, this work tonight. thank you. we put the pure on board. ok, rima make so by mixing olive oil with an alkaline and then adding own herbs and spices games. this chemical process is called upon

a fixation. no. after cooling, the soap is cut in above and then left to dry for to lose this fuel of oil like herd bailey's. yes, this is a leave. this is, but it is good for all the skin maybe and for the has not for me know too late. ah. during the golden age, soak making was commercialized. and the process starts to be developed on an industrial scale. today, a bar of soap ream and makes in 2 weeks, can be produced in an industrial soap factory in just a few hours. so factories in the, in the united kingdom,

and jamie bentley is in charge of the clock service principally been made in the same way for centuries. a mixture of oil and alkali, we've been making. so here for a 150 years. and one of our key ingredients is in this big bulk tank. that's $100.00 tons of caustic soda, the alkali, to react with the oil on this site, they produce about 30 tons of soak per day around a $100000.00 tons a year. industrialized soap making on this grand scale needs chemistry on a grand scale to and the critical factor is controlling the chemical reaction. mixing, carefully measured quantities in temperature controlled reactors. so in this reactor we've got palm kern oil, which is already in, we're adding the coconut oil, which is the parts of the so that actually creates the phone off to that we're adding caustic soda. ah,

the mixture is constantly monitored as it reacts. and about an hour later, the reaction is complete. as with remus process, once it's reacted. the next stage is to dry, the soap. me in here is a vacuum spray dryer. so the soak that pumped through. here we can create the vacuum, the water out of the so, ah, bags of dried soak pellets are sent from the factory all over the world where they perfumed and shaped into the bars of soap. soap has been made and basically the same way for century modern technology, light vacuum spray dryers and precisely controlled reactors have sped up the process. modern chemistry relies on being able to weigh and measure accurately. and that's something we can trace back to the goal

today. one of the reasons we regard the scholars of the golden age as the 1st 2 sciences is the obsession with accuracy. if the reason why we think of job on high on and drowsy as the 1st true chemist. and here's an example of why this beautiful set scales. it was built by a scholar by the name of a house in the, in the 12th century, it's called nissan. l. hickman. and is said to be accurate to one part in $60000.00 . if you look very carefully along the arm, you can see very precise graduations giving us the distance from the center. and as the cops are hanging from different length is basically the principle of moments as they move out, they will pull it down. the balance is achieved when the diamond shape in the middle is exactly vertical. it's very, very precise, but a powerful nurse, actually a beautiful work of art as well. ah,

accurate weighing in measurements allowed early came in like job would've been high on to be more rigorous in their experiments. and they were approached to all aspects of chemistry. and this included the way he looked at materials grouping and categorizing them, categorizing substances. and they was us to navigate to way around the world. just like in this bizarre, over here i find carpet over here, life and after the light textiles. and over here, ceramics what jump would've been high on did that was different with categorized substances, not according to arbitrary factors, but according to the way they behaved in experiments. this was a huge change in what had come before. ah, back in the lab,

i wanted to find out what, how as a modern chemist thought of job was early attempts at categorizing acts. and i wanted to show you this extracts from a manuscript of his. so this is translated from arabic into latitude, into english. it says here, among all bodies of whatsoever kind we find soul which is gold no to be burned by sulphur. the lease reacted with sulphur. the next to this lease burned is jupiter, which attain the lunar, which is silver. and he goes on, and he ends with and mars, which is ion by reason of the only agony of sulphur is most easily burned, is all very obscure. in fact, the word jibberish actually comes from job was name it. if you write something to obscurely jibberish, you know, it's like java. but what he has, his seems to me the beginnings of the reactivity series for metal listing them in order of how easy they react with fulford. yes. how, how correct was the? well, there was a couple of little inaccuracies in it,

but he was way ahead of his time because showing reactivity to sulphur is often quite difficult. so what i feel we do is we're going to compare and contrast to the activities of certain metals with water ion, for example, he mentions will not on rough. that's a slow reaction. we're going to compare and contrast a transitive metals and see how foster react. and they are potassium, sodium and copper. i thought we'd start with the most reactive. this is potassium, it's very soft and malleable, and you can easily cut it with a knife. so 321. and larry and press lie looked flame thing on and pumping around the hydrogen. ready mccann to move on to our next metal sodium taking claude is common salt fabian has got very, very different properties. it's again a metal you can cut with a knife, $3.00 to $1.00 and it goes and it's passing around per think. it's probably gonna

melts because of the heat of the reaction you've been hearing taking away yet. i will spend a bottom last the longer in the wolf, that's not reacting so quickly. i have comparison to them and i own the variables. have copper and we don't need that. now we don't need this because couples do absolutely nothing. it's very on reactive. and wise the coil is in your pocket, then catch fire if you put them in a washing machine washing machine get them wet. and so this order of just how reactive metals are, i mean, by modern standards of chemistry job or high on didn't get it quite right. he had metals in the wrong order in that series. but how impressive was that given that we're talking, you know, over a 1000 years ago it's exception. impressive. police didn't know what he was looking for. he didn't know what to expect. we know these things, but we look at the period table. so you would call that chemistry, not alchemy. i think it's definitely chemistry job and hey on was starting to

apply the scientific method deriving his conclusions from experiment. and later came in like l. kendy and ross. he's also basing their work on careful experiments and observations. and the way we do chemistry today, organizing and ordering the elements and looking for train in their properties. well, just like the reactivity series, that's what job we're 1st started to do. next time we traveled to some of the most cutting edge medical facilities in the middle east today. that original human genome was sick once in 10 years. now we can sequence the human genome within $6.00 to $10.00 days. how we look back to how one scholar from the golden age challenged accepted ideas to explain the human home. this is the problem that he said relation . that is the discovery. it's now obvious,

but it was in them with man see how texts from the atlantic world was so influential in medical science across the globe. the century. science tends to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. ah, me, in allegations of torture, emerging under the military track, down one on one east investigate the secret detention it makes on the defective to reveal lines. one out of the, you know, place inside gone was say, press brit treated of the car about a media hub and vital vantage point. during the 1st truly televised war from the roof. we could see the declaration at the american embassy, where the most iconic images of the conflict and vietnam were transmitted to the world. this was the front row seat to the final stages of the war, saigon caravel,

a new episode of war hotels on al jazeera award winning programming from international. so make it one quick, so it's right on the back side of the global x. that's in discussion. what guarantee delivery the right typically life giving voice to the voice here in california. almost everybody's a paycheck away from being on house program, but open your eyes. you know, if you well today, this is what the picture looks like. the, the world from a different perspective on houses there's for ramirez and lima families. the pain is unbearable for of their relatives were killed last week. doing a military operation ordered by the venezuelan government security forces accused him of being part of a colombian rebel group. and said they died and come, but the neighbors and family members in session, they were innocent, taken from their homes and executed under pressure venezuela's,

defense minister by the me to reno said the forces were obliged to defend that country from irregular groups that added the human rights needed to be respected and that the events at the border would be investigated. ah, i mean, he has votes counting continues with early results showing the prime minister nicole passion yon is in the lead. ah, hello welcome. i and peter w watching out to hear a live from headquarters here and also coming up.