music lovers able to sing and dance full annual music festival with many creative iris measures now lifted vestiges. mazique went ahead with 15 months of restriction at celebrate the summer solstice, the longest day of the year. it wasn't a complete return to normal day when he restrictions in place with a plan, st. concert band and limits on capacity at restaurant the. i don't y'all just bear with me the whole rahman in dough hall, reminder of all top stories. county is underway in ethiopia is twice to a general election. prime minister element is hoping to hold on to power. and walt is his 1st real electoral test. several opposition parties of boycotted the votes. mama did our reports now from the polling station in the capital. there was a long key was in the capital of the sub,

about several other cities across the country. people had started gathering some of these pulling sessions as early as 4 in the morning. these are very crucial elections to, if they see us the 1st step towards democratizing their concern. they want the anti world to see it just not a walk in progress. armenia is prime minister nichol touching young and to support as a celebrating their victory and sundays not parliamentary election after a bitter and divisive political campaign session, yet as full for a national reconciliation therapy in union, u. k. us and canada have imposed sanctions on valerie over the false diversion of a passenger plane to minutes class month. among those talk to the close allies of present, alexander lucas, shank and keep his health ministry has released details of his 2nd self developed cove. at 19 vaccine, they say it has 92 percent effective. abdullah and is a 3 shot vaccine,

keep it facing its worst outbreak since the start of the pandemic with a record number of daily infections around president elect has declared his country has many more foreign policy objectives. and reviving the 2015 nuclear deal and bohemia icy array rated support for the agreement. but he said he was not prepared to meet us president joe biden. at least 20 palestinians are injured after tax by israeli settlers insecurity force. if you don't defy these teresa. that was 3 walks and chairs that families living and shake jobs, neighborhoods, and the palestinians were arrested mexico. argentine i recall that boston from nicaragua over present daniel will take his increasing crackdown, an opposition no more than a dozen opposition figures have been arrested this month. and you can follow the story the course on the website. does al jazeera dot com. oh news. in half an hour here. next on on there it signs in a golden age. something was going to change. anything really changed?

this is the dam. make violin that needs to be addressed at its core. we are in a race against the barrier and know what to say. so we are all saying we're looking at the world as it is right now, not the world. we like it to be. the devil is always going to be in the details. the bottom line, when i was just there, i'm between the 8 and 14 centuries. there was a golden age of science. when scholars from the stomach world introduced a rigorous experimental approach that laid the foundations of the modern fine method, they transformed the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. the chemical industry has, of course, reshape the modern world, giving us new fuel drugs and new materials. but the methodology and principles of chemistry, go back over a 1000 years. i'm jim clearly and i've been researching the contributions of the scientists of the golden age. i'll be placing that the roots of modern chemistry to the scholars of the earliest slamming world.

the news news. this is the capital of cutoff 2 decades ago. now this existed all this development has only been possible because of a huge investment of revenue from oil and gas. in other words, the chemical industry, the use of the oil is responsible for much that we take for granted his daily life from

fuels to plastic to medicines. even the common road i'm driving on the chemical plants over there is processing the gas crude oil that exists in such abundance and the leaf, the oil in its roof state to the mixture of many different chemicals. and these are separated out through a process called fractional distillation. the, the crude oil is heated until it becomes a vapor. the vapor rises up the distillation tower, and separate into the different components of the fraction eating power in a modern oil. refinery is a high tech version of a piece of apparatus called an endemic used by the golden age scientists. as a distillation to over a 1000 years ago, the one the pioneer of distillation was the 9th century physician and chemist arises amongst his many writings of the earliest known account using destination to

produce substances like kerosene. so fewer cathy and pure alcohol. this wasn't for drinking, but to use as a medical, disinfected, ah, ah, stumbled doctor peter starr studies the work of the scholars of the golden age. he's brought with him and allenby, still to show me how the chemist used it for distillation. this one is made of copper. there will be different. others made of glass very well lawfully. yes. yes . the important thing about the still is that there's a hot and, and that there's a cold. and so the whole trend is where the steam is produced. it then condenses and is received into the receiver. here. what we would need would be water festival,

usually distilled water. you could use rainwater, that this data will do and then we will need or whatever you're going to distill. for example, if you're going to perfume, this would be excellent, rather samples up and show the restaurant my mind. and so the water with the rose petals will be heated up here as the steam given off it take the center of the roses. it reaches the limbic, where it condenses back to liquid and drips down here into this other container. who are the people who accounting out these, these, this chemistry? i think there are 2 main names which stand out above all the others above all job of in time. but also arise job and high on a particular very early on in the golden age isn't. he's regarded by many as the 1st scientist of the golden age. what sorts of things is he doing? many of his chemical procedures are those which may still be used today. for example, cancellation, or precipitation or distillation job and how young was

a poly math who grew up in modern day iraq bast work covers medicine, music, alchemy, chemistry, and much more. there were thousands of manuscript attributed to far more than a single man could actually have written, is believed. many later scholars wrote under his name because he was held in such high regard. whatever the truth he's credited with applying and experimental based approach to early chemistry. ah, ah, the scholars of the golden age began applying the scientific method to chemistry by which i mean, they were conducting experiments in a way that was a big leap from the pure philosophical thinking of the ancient greeks. but to conduct canceled experiments, they needed operators, much of which hadn't even been invented at the time. and the chemistry in

particular, they need to hone their skills at gloss, blowing, and glass making. and so i'm going to be to, man, you're going to show me just how difficult or easy it is to actually carry out that skill. i think personally chemo is in lynbrook, in the canada, to summer lea. to clear up some next one can sure she can hear me. the me. i mean a for the dependent for the judge. they're

all one of them got in full on last. it's in the number 6 with me if you haven't. hi, i was making allenby back in the late a century. he certainly would have been doing it this way. the sort of laugh they would have used over a 1000 years ago would have been very different. they would have put that there and, and lead and all the other ingredients into these oven and just cook them and bake them until they melted. so although they did have glass blowing to shake the molten cloth, they didn't have something with such high temperature like this. jets of gas hear me

ship. well, that's pretty remarkable. my own i. although job i don't have those like him performing experiments and effecting operators work they were doing was very much a mixture of chemistry and alchemy. indeed, the arabic word for chemistry is l. kenya, from which the word alchemy is derived. but whereas modern chemistry is a rigorous, exact science, alchemy is associated with super petition a magic. the alchemist's main goal was to turn other metals into gold, his followers job, and how young was known as l sophie, the mystic, because they believed his work was no different from sorcery. even today, some chemistry can seemed like magic. assume the chemistry student and she's going

to help me with some demonstration that i guess could be used as part of a magic show. i'm going to turn these talentless liquid black simply with the power of my mind. right? think can use i have i need to make the chemicals together. first of all, we have to turn off the light. here we go. ah, oh wow. i use that he's not, it's not halt. so this is a chemical reaction that's giving up light, but no heat. and for our final trick

me, of course, for all these reactions, we know that the chemical explanation for what's going on. but what we call chemistry has its roots in the alchemy of the golden age. so peter, to what extent was there real science being done in amongst all this miss mysticism and alchemy. jim, i don't see a contradiction between science and alchemy. rather, i see a synergy one feeds on the other quite often and, and that you could say about every periods, great period of scientific breakthroughs. you said of the greek, considerably heights of a latin middle agency. you could say it's a very nice off will even isaac newton was involved in alchemy. the classic example ah, ah,

the early alchemist's obsessed with turning common less valuable medicine into precious gold job would have been high on a particular was obsessed with trying to dissolve metals. and that led him to research or different kinds of assets. but golden, notoriously difficult to dissolve. so i'm going to buy small amounts of it and see if it's possible the student nick can be a fairly limited at a 5 digital way to nothing because they could and then there's another visible emily love. so we have how 100 they had the she 5 more just haven't you don't come in who i bought a thought to convince island stuff. and this was, she didn't ever complete what had been awful for the job in high chemo, howard and helen had. okay. citizen,

the one that come in. so we have discovered land, i figured when i figured my shovel and guiding me through my experiment to dissolve gold is professor held for boesky. why the hell i need your chemistry expertise? here? i've got this gold coin and i wonder, is it possible to dissolve gold very, very difficult in gold like all noble metals is relatively on reactive, but particularly interactive towards acids. as any one acids can really do the job, which is this one aqua region, which means kingly water is called king the water. because it's the only thing which does all gold is believe that job of a high on 1st distilled it. and it's a mixture of active to acid, nitric acid, and had a chloroplast. yes. and it's a section corrosive. and except for the react, it sounds nothing. it's very,

very nasty. it's vicious. so can you demonstrate it for me? let's see if it works. so we're going to pour it into the baker. i'm going to say your peaceful gold coin. anything you've traveled so far with it and use this rather more expensive piece of zinc. so i think i was putting away and i probably would have to soft as i said, it would dissolve away. why would people want to do this? why would they want to dissolve metal like go because you can purify or you can fine your code by dissolving it and then re precipitating the metal out and there was still the fumes are still coming up. i think that lump of zinc has been dissolved entirely in the liquid. ah, we did leave a small piece of gold and aqua region. although this takes a lot longer to react. but over an hour the gold gradually dissolved ah

needed if that fits on their own will dissolve gold. but taken together, they produced the right to do exactly that. oh, the who the chemistry was only about alchemy. there was a practical side to it as well. and many developments and chemistry were driven by islam. cleanliness was a religious requirements in islam, for example, the washing of the hands face and feet before prayer. and this requirement for cleanliness quickly led to the development of whole industry. for example, the development of the 1st solid falls of soap were found manufactured in the atlantic world. ah

ah ah job, i have wrote about the difference between acids, an alkali and the wood alkali derived from the arabic alcholay which means the ashes of salt fork. referring to the original soul of alkali substances and of course alkaline. i used to make me re, my husbands, runs a small stroke, making business in jordan where she uses age old chemical processes to manufacture . so this is lowercase set a knife. thank you. we put the fuel on board. ok. rima make so, by mixing olive oil with an alkaline and then adding own herbs and spices. gaines,

this chemical process is called the policy cation no. after cooling the soap is cut, it's above and then left to dry for to use this fuel of oil. life. heard yeah. bailey's. yes. this is a leave. this is, but it is good for all the skin maybe and for the has not for me know too late. ah. during the golden age, soak making was commercialized and the process starts to be developed on an industrial scale. today, a borrower that raymond makes in 2 weeks can be produced in an industrial soap factory in just a few hours factories in the, in the united kingdom. and jamie bentley is in charge of the cloud service

principally been made in the same way. for centuries, a mixture of oil and alkali, we've been making soap here for 150 years. and one of our key ingredients is in this big bulk tank. that's 100 tons of caustic soda. the alkali can react with the oil. on this site, they produce about 30 tons of soak per day around a $100000.00 tons a year. industrialized soap making on this grand scale needs chemistry on a grand scale to and the critical factor is controlling the chemical reaction. mixing, carefully measured quantities in temperature controlled reactors. so in this reactor, we've got palm kern oil, which is already in, we're adding the coconut oil, which is the parts of the so that actually creates the phone off to that we're adding caustic soda. ah,

the mixture is constantly monitored as it react. and about an hour later, the reaction is complete. as with remus process, once it's reacted. the next stage is to dry, the soap. me in here is a vacuum spray dryer. so the soap pump through here we can create a vacuum. stop the water out of the so, ah, the backs of dried soak pellets are sent from the factory all over the world where they perfumed and shaped into the bars of soap. soap has been made and basically the same way for century modern technology. light vacuum spray dryers and precisely controlled reactors have sped up the process. modern chemistry relies on being able to weigh and measure accurately. and that's something we can trace back to the goal today. one of the reasons we regard the

scholars of the golden age as the 1st 3 sciences is the obsession with accuracy. if the reason why we think of job of high on and drowsy as the 1st true chemist. and here's an example of why this beautiful set scales. it was built by a scholar by the name of a house in the, in the 12th century, it's called nissan. l. hickman. and is said to be accurate to one part in $60000.00 . if you look very carefully along the arm, you can see very precise graduations giving us the distance from the center. and as the cops are hanging from different length, is basically the principle of moments as they move out, they will pull it down. the balance is achieved when the diamond shape in the middle is exactly vertical. it's very, very precise. but apart from that is actually a beautiful work of art as well. ah

. accurate weighing in measurements allowed early came in like job would've been high on to be more rigorous in their experiments. and they were approached to all aspects of chemistry. and this included the way he looked at materials grouping and categorizing them, categorizing substances. and they was us to navigate to way around the world. just like in this bizarre, over here i find carpet over here, life and after the light textiles. and over here, ceramics what jump would've been high on did that was different with categorized substances, not according to arbitrary factors, but according to the way they behaved in experiments. this is a huge change in what had come before. ah, back in the lab,

i wanted to find out what, how as a modern chemist, fault of job was early attempts at categorizing acts. and i wanted to show you this extracts from a manuscript of his. so this is translated from arabic into latitude, into english. it says here, among all bodies of whatsoever kind we find soul which is gold no to be burned by sulphur. the lease reacted with sulphur. the next to this lease bird is jupiter, which attain the lunar, which is silver. and he goes on, and he ends with and mars, which is ion by reason of the only agony of sulphur is most easily burned, is all very obscure. in fact, the word jibberish actually comes from job was name it. if you write something to obscurely jibberish, you know, it's like java. but what he has his seems to me the beginnings of the re activity series for metal listing them in order of how easily they react with sulfur. yeah. how, how correct was the? well, there was a couple of little inaccuracies in it,

but he was way ahead of time because showing reactivity to sulphur is often quite difficult. so what i felt we do is we're going to compare and contrast to the activities of certain metals with water ion, for example, he mentions will not on rough for a slow reaction, weekends compare and contrast. they tram brits of metals and see how foster react. and they are potassium, sodium and copper. i thought we'd start with the most reactive. this is potassium a soft and malleable and you can easily cut it with a knife. so 321. ready and larry and press lie looked flame and hopping around, but the hydrogen. ready ready we're going to move on to our next metal, sodium, sodium chloride is common. salt fabian has verify different properties. if again a methyl you can cut with an ice $3.00 to $1.00 and it goes and it's passing around . it melts because of the heat of the reaction. ready you can hear it

taking away. yes, i will spend a bottom so last longer in the wolf, that's not reacting so quickly. i. ready have comparison to them and all the variables. he's copper, we don't need that. now we don't need this because a couple of do absolutely nothing. it's very on reactive and wise the coil is in your pocket, then catch fire if you put them in a washing machine get them wet. and so this order of just how reactive metals are, i mean by modern standards of chemistry job or high on didn't get it quite right. he had metals in the wrong order in that series. but how impressive was that given that we're talking, you know, over a 1000 years ago it's exception. impressive. police didn't know what he was looking for. he didn't know what to expect. we know these things because you look at the period table. so you would call that chemistry, not alchemy. i think it definitely chemistry job and hey on was starting to

apply the scientific method deriving his conclusions from experiment and later came it's like, oh, kendy and ross. he's also basing their work on careful experiments and observations, and the way we do chemistry today, organizing and ordering the elements and looking for train in their properties. well, just like the reactivity series, that's what job we're 1st started to do. next time we traveled to some of the most cutting edge medical facilities in the middle east today. due to non human genome sequence in 10 years. now we can sequence the human genome within $6.00 to $10.00 days. how we look back to how once coma from the golden age challenged accepted ideas to explain the human hong. this is the phone that he said relation. that is the discovery. it's now obvious, but it was,

and then the man see how texts from the atlantic world was so influential in medical science across the globe. the century. science tends to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'm exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval period in the field of medicine. science tend to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. office such as like a magical and the more i learned about it, the more i respected science and the golden age with professor jim kelly on a jazz. either we town the untold story. ah, we speak when others don't. ah, we cover all sides. ah,

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