as official olympic posters are unveiled, there are still so many unanswered questions. but finally, the biggest one is now seemingly resolved. the games will go on. mcbride al jazeera . ah, this is all. these are the top stories. libby, as foreign minister says, thousands of foreign mercenaries could be out of the country within days. representatives of libya as government are meeting with leaders in berlin to foster security ahead of national elections in december tactical mechanisms. not just ideas on paper, but practical and concrete ways of unifying. the libyan army. re integrating militias withdrawing mercenaries and foreign forces from libya, securing the border. unifying the libyan central bank to name a few. the people of my country pin so much hope and the 2nd conference of the

battery and process. my people are looking forward to seeing more concrete measures which have a positive impact and the ground. it's time for actions because my people have heard enough. dozens of people who reportedly been killed off on an air strike in a market. and a few of us to grade region health workers in the village of to go have told the associated press soldiers blocked medical teams from reaching to see saddam has asked the un security council to intervene in a dispute about if he appears hydroelectric dam on the blue nile sedan and egypt, what he, it could impact water levels surrounds for a minister once the security council to urge ethiopia not to fill the damn this july as planned. southern african nations have agreed to deploy forces to mozambique at a meeting in plato. the most am beacon capital in april arms groups stormed the town of palmer in the north, getting dozens of people and displacing thousands. iran has condemned the u. s.

seizure of 33 media websites, calling it a breach of freedom of speech. the us says the sides violate sanctions against iran and accuse them of spreading this information. hong kong pro democracy newspaper, apple daily has confirmed. it's going to shut down operations by saturday. assets are frozen. she's call him, this has been arrested. the 6000 member detained. this month under basic is national security law that accused of colluding with fought and forces these pictures from the apple daily headquarters. 90 separatists politicians and accidents, promising to keep pushing for a capital i'm the public after their release from prison in spain. they been serving sentences are between 9 and 13 years after catalonia is for succession in 2017. those are the headlines will be back in about half an hour with more news goodbye. ah,

ah, ah, ah. ah . between the 8th, the 14th century's, there was a golden age of science. when scholars from the stomach world introduced a rigorous experimental approach that laid the foundations of the modern scientific method, they transformed the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. the chemical industry has of course reshaped the modern world, giving us new fuel drugs and new materials. but the methodology and principles of chemistry, go back over a 1000 years. i'm jamal clearly, and i've been researching the contributions of the scientists of the golden age. i'll be tracing that the roots of modern chemistry to the scholars of the earliest

slamming world. the news this is the capital of cut off 2 decades ago. none of this existed all this development has only been possible because of a huge investment of revenue from oil and gas. in other words, the chemical industry, the use, the oil is responsible for much that we take

for granted his daily life from fuels to plastics. medicines, even the common road i'm driving on the chemical plants over there is processing the gas crude oil that exists in such abundance and leave the oil in its roof state to the mixture of many different chemicals. and these are separated out through a process called fractional distillation. the, the crude oil is heated until it becomes a vapor oil vapor, rises up the distillation tower, and separate into the different components as it cruise the fraction eating power in a modern oil. refinery is a high tech version of a piece of apparatus called and limbic used by the golden age, cited as a distillation to over a 1000 years ago. the one as the pioneer of distillation was the 9th century physician and chemist arises amongst his many writings of the earliest

known accounts of using destination to produce substances like kerosene. so fury, cathy and pure alcohol. this wasn't for drinking, but the use as a medical disinfectant. ah hale and stumbled doctor peters star studies the work of the scholars of the golden . he's brought with him and allenby, still to show me how the early chemist used it for distillation. this one is made of copper. there will be given others made of glass very well lawfully. yes. yes. the important thing about the still is that there's a hot and, and there's a cold. and so the whole trend is where the steam is produced. it then condenses and is received into the receiver. here. what we would need would be water. first

of all, usually distilled water. you could use rainwater that day, then that will do. and then we will need or whatever you're going to distill. for example, if we go on perfume, this would be excellent. yeah, really simple that show the restaurant my mind. and so the water with the rose petals will be heated up here, as the steam given off it take the center of the roses. it reaches the limbic, where it condenses back to liquid and drips down here into this other container. who are the people who accounting out these, these, this chemistry? i think there are 2 main names which stand out above all the others. above all job of in time, but also arise the job of a high on a particular very early on in the golden age is regarded by many as the 1st scientists of the golden age. will sorts of things is he doing many of his chemical procedures are those which may still be used today. for example, cancellation or precipitation or distillation job. but how young was a poly,

massive who grew up in modern day iraq, vast work covers medicine, music, alchemy, chemistry, and much more. there were thousands of manuscripts attributed far more than a single man could actually have written as police. many later scholars wrote under his name because he was held in such high regard, whatever the truth, he's credited with applying an experimental based approach to early chemistry. ah, ah, the scholar of the golden age began applying the scientific method to chemistry. by which, i mean, they were conducting experiments in a way that was a big leap from the pure philosophical thinking of the ancient greeks. but to conduct careful experiments need is operating much of which hadn't even been

invented at the time. and for chemistry, in particular, they need to hone their skills at glass blowing and glass making. and so i'm going to meet a man who's going to show me just how difficult or easy it is jack to carry out that skill. i think just not only chemo him, her be of any kind of to stammer li, cleared up. all right, there are some like so i can sure she can help me . okay. ah, ah ah, i mean a of the did the i mean for the, the, the judge on one of the murray got

informed of sidney number 66. he's not with me if javelin. hi. i was making allenby back in the late a century. he certainly would have been doing it this way. the sort of laugh they would have used over a 1000 years ago would've been very different. they would put that stand and lead and all the other ingredients into these oven and just cook them and bake them until they melted. so although they did have glass blowing to shape the molten glass, they didn't have something with such high temperature like this jets of gas hear me. i

ship. well, that's pretty remarkable. my own a little bit. i although job i don't have those like him performing experiments and effecting operators work they were doing was very much a mixture of chemistry and alchemy. indeed, the arabic word for chemistry is l. kenya, from which the word alchemy is derived. but whereas modern chemistry is a rigorous, exact science, alchemy is associated with superstition, a magic. the alchemists, main goal was to turn other metals into gold, his followers job, and how young was known as l sophie, the mystic, because they believed his work was no different from sorcery. even today, some chemistry can seem like magic. assume the chemistry student and she's going to

help me with some demonstration so that i guess could be used as part of a magic shows. i'm going to turn these tennis liquid black simply with the power of my mind. right. i think the the need to make the call together. okay. first of all we have to turn off the light. here we go. ah, oh wow. he's not, it's not holt. so this is a chemical reaction that's giving off light but no heat. and for our final trick,

of course, for all these reactions, we know that the chemical explanation for what's going on. but what we call chemistry has its roots in the alchemy of the golden age. so peter, to what extent was there real science being done in amongst all this miss mysticism and alchemy. jim, i don't see a contradiction between science and alchemy. rather, i see a synergy the one feeds on the other quite often. and you could say about every periods, great period of scientific breakthroughs, you said of the greek concert heights of the latin middle agents, you can say to their nights off will even isaac newton was involved in alchemy. the classic example the, the, the, the early alchemist's,

obsessed with turning common less valuable metal into precious gold job would have been high on, in particular, was obsessed with trying to dissolve metals. and that led him to research or different kinds of assets. but gold is notoriously difficult to dissolve. so i'm going to buy a small amount of it and see if it's possible. i think they stood in nick can be a fairly limited at a 5 digital but nothing because they could. and then there's another table, emily, love us. so we her whole 100 head kimmy. oh, she's just haven't come in. i bought a thought on when not only and stuff, and this was communicated in favor if you had are often full of thought job would've been high on chemo. howell and helen had.

okay, let me come in. so we'll discuss land, i sure would figure when i figure my shovel going thing me through my experiment to dissolve gold is professor health boesky. why then hell i need your chemistry expertise here. i've got this gold coin and i wonder, is it possible to dissolve gold? very, very difficult. jim. gold like all mobile metals is relatively on reactive, but particularly interactive towards acids. there's any one acids that can really do the job, which is this one aqua region, which means kingly water is called can be water. because it's the only thing which is all gold, is believe that job of a high and 1st distilled it. and it's a mixture of active to acid, nitric acid, and had a chloroplast. yeah. and it's section corrosive. and except the react,

it sound naughty, it's very, very nasty. it's vicious. so a, can you demonstrate it for me? let's see if it works. so we're going to pour it into the baker. i'm going to find your peaceful gold coin. you've travelled so far with it and use this rather more expensive piece of zinc. i think i was going away. party would react as fast as that certainly would dissolve away. and why would people want to do this? why would they want to dissolve metal like go? because you can purify or you can fine your code by dissolving it and then re protecting the methyl out and there was still, the fumes are still coming up. i think that lump of zinc has been dissolved entirely in the liquid. ah, we did leave a small piece of gold and aqua region, although this takes a lot longer to react. but over an hour the gold gradually dissolved, ah,

needed a 5 assets on their own will dissolve gold. but taken together, they produced right on exactly that. oh, the cody chemistry was only about alchemy. there was a practical side to it as well. and many developments and chemistry were driven by islam. cleanliness with religious requirements in islam, for example, the washing of the hands face and feet before prayer. and this requirement for cleanliness quickly led to the development of home industries. for example, the development of the 1st solid falls of soap were found manufactured in the atlantic world. ah

ah ah job i have wrote about the difference between an alkali and the word alkali derived from the arabic alcholay which means the ashes of salt fork referring to the original full of alkali substances. and of course the alkaline are used in making. rima hasn't run for small soap making business in jordan, where she uses age old chemical processes to manufacture. so this is the co work tonight. thank you. we put the pure overboard here. ok. remember make so by mixing olive oil with an alcohol and then adding own herbs and spices games.

this chemical process is called upon a fixation. no. after cooling, the soap is cut into above and then left to dry for to lose this. fuel of oil was heard bailey's. yes. this is a leave. this is, but it is good for all this kid. maybe for the has not for me to late. ah. during the golden age, so making was commercialized and the process starts to be developed on an industrial scale. today, a bar of soap that rima makes in 2 weeks can be produced in an industrial soap factory in just a few hours. this factory is in the, in the united kingdom,

and jamie bentley is in charge of the cloud service principally been made in the same way. for centuries, a mixture of oil and alkaline we've been making. so here for 150 years and one of our key ingredients is in this big bulk tank. that's $100.00 tons of caustic soda, the alkali, to react with the oil on this site, they produce about 30 tons of soak per day around a $100000.00 tons a year. industrialized soap making on this grand scale needs chemistry on a grand scale to and the critical factor is controlling the chemical reaction. mixing, carefully measured quantities in temperature controlled reactors. so in this reactor, we've got palm current oil, which is already in. we're adding the coconut oil, which is the parts of the so that actually creates the bow off to that we're adding caustic soda. ah,

the mixture is constantly monitored as it reacts. and about an hour later, the reaction is complete. as with remus process, once it's reacted, the next stage is to dry, the soap. me in here is a vacuum spray dryer. so the soak that pumped through here we can create the vacuum . stop the water out of the so, ah, bags of dried soak pellets are sent from the factory all over the world where they perfumed and shaped into the bars of soap. soap has been made and basically the same way for century modern technology. light vacuum spray dryers and precisely controlled reactors have sped up the process. modern chemistry relies on being able to weigh and measure accurately. and that's something we can trace back to the golden age. one of the reasons we regard the

scholars of the golden age as the 1st 3 sciences is the obsession with accuracy. if the reason why we think of job of high on and rosie as the 1st true chemist. and here's an example of why this beautiful set scales. it was built by a scholar by the name of a house in the, in the 12th century. it's called nissan. l. hickman. and is said to be accurate to one part in $60000.00. if you look very carefully along the arm, you can see very precise graduations giving us the distance from the center. and as the cops are hanging from different length is basically the principle of moment as they move out, they will pull it down. the balance is achieved when the diamond shape in the middle is exactly vertical. it's very, very precise. but apart from that is actually a beautiful work of art as well. ah

. accurate weighing in measurements allowed early came in like job would've been high on to be more rigorous in their experiments. and they were approached to all aspects of chemistry. and this included the way he looked at materials grouping and categorizing them, categorizing substances. and they was us to navigate to way around the scientific world. just like in this bizarre, over here, i find carpet over here, life and after the light textiles. and over here, ceramics what jump would've been high on did that was different with categorized substances, not according to arbitrary factors, but according to the way they behaved in experiments. this was a huge change in what had come before. ah, back in the lab,

i wanted to find out what, how as a modern chemist thought of job was early attempts at categorizing acts. and i wanted to show you this extracts from a manuscript of his so this is translated from arabic into latin, into english. it says here, among all bodies of whatsoever kind we find soul which is gold no to be burned by sulphur. the lease reacted with sulphur. the next to this lease bird is jupiter, which attain the lunar, which is silver. and he goes on, and he ends with and mars, which is ion by reason of the only agony of sulphur is most easily burned, is all very obscure. in fact, the word jibberish actually comes from job was name it. if you write something to obscurely jibberish, you know, it's like java. but what he has, his seems to me the beginnings of the re activity series for metal listing them in order of how easy they react with fulford. yes. how, how correct was there? well, there was a couple little inaccuracies in it,

but he was way ahead of his time because showing the activities of sulfur is often quite difficult. so what i feel we do is we're going to compare and contrast to the activities of certain metals with water ion, for example, he mentions will not on rough. that's a slow reaction. we're going to compare and contrast a transitive metals and see how fast every act, and they are potassium, sodium and copper. i thought we'd start with the most reactive. this is potassium, it's very soft and malleable, and you can easily cut it with a knife. so that's 3 to one 0 larry and press lie look flame thing on and pumping around the hydrogen. ready ready we're going to move on to our next metal sodium, sodium chloride is common. salt fabian has got very, very different properties. it's again a metal you can cut with an ice 321 and it goes and it's passing around per say.

it's probably gonna melt because of the heat of the reaction. you can hear it taking away yet. i will spend a bottom last the longer in the wolf, that's not reacting so quickly. i have comparison to them and i own the variables. he's copper and we don't need that. now we don't need this because couples do absolutely nothing. it's very on reactive. and wise the coil is in your pocket, then catch fire if you put them in a washing machine washing machine get them wet. and so this order of just how reactive metals are, i mean, by modern standards of chemistry job or high on didn't get it quite right. he had metals in the wrong order in that series. but how impressive was that given that we're talking, you know, over a 1000 years ago it's exception. impressive. police didn't know what he was looking for. he didn't know what to expect. we know these things, but we look at the period table. so you would call that chemistry, not alchemy. i think it's definitely chemistry job and hey on was starting to

apply the scientific method deriving his conclusions from experiment. and later came it's like l. kendy and ross. he's also basing their work on careful experiments and observations. and the way we do chemistry today, organizing and ordering the elements and looking for train in their properties. well, just like the reactivity series, that's what job we're 1st started to do. next time we traveled to some of the most cutting edge medical facilities in the middle east today. that original human genome was sick once in 10 years. now we can sequence the human genome within $6.00 to $10.00 days. how we look back to how one scholar from the golden age challenged accepted ideas to explain the human heart. this is upon that he said relation. that is the discovery. it's now obvious,

but it was in them with man see how texts from the atlantic world was so influential in medical science across the globe. the century. science tends to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'm exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval period in the field of medicine. science tend to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. is such like a magic open the more i learn about that the more i respecting science and the golden age with professor jimmy kelly on a jazz either ah, ah

ah, for some a robot is a mechanical or even that self driving train of the apple. but androids today can be really humanoid. robots, like me, will be everywhere. al jazeera documentaries. next lead on the weird and wonderful world of robot that learn, think, feel, and even trust. i feel like i'm alive, but i know i am a machine origins of this coming soon on out to be part of the debate itself to think the end because it in the us or in the u. k. because it will just come back again when no topic is off the table, but we wanted to talk about where these men with white men impacting our lives. your dream, where at global audience becomes a global community,

jumping to the comment section, and part of the discussion there are like kinetic efforts to silence fell opinions on the online, based on al jazeera, ah, knew hope for peace and stability in libya. the foreign minister says mercenaries could pull out within days. ah, madison, this indulgence either live from home also coming up nations in south africa, agreed to send troops to moses and beat to help it fight. isolate goose un ones of catastrophe in madagascar over millions along the brink of starvation.