us tax authorities for several years before winding up in barcelona in october 2020, where he was jailed. in his final tweet on june 16th, mcafee denied having any hidden assets and said his friends had abandoned him. i have nothing he wrote, yet. i regret nothing. of course you can follow all of the stories that we're covering on our website at the dot com ah don't see on there with me. so he'll run the reminder of all top stories before the philippine president banana kina has died up to be hospitalized in manila. on thursday, the 61 year old served one from 2010 to 2016, and presided over a period of study economic grace. which melinda can, has more from manila, our own sources have confirmed that indeed he passed away this morning. but we were

told also that his siblings are now in the capital medical center where he was taken early this morning and that they are set to make an official announcement soon. we have yet to hear from the philippine government official statements coming from the philippine government bertino, president bennett. latino has been out of the public eye over the last few years and there were persistent reports already that he had several health issues over the past few years. the u. s. s. condemned and alleged as try calling a busy marketing ethiopians to grow region, which reportedly killed dozens of people. health workers in the village of to go got told the associated press that soldiers brought medical teams from reaching the scene on goldsboro democracy newspaper apple daily has printed its last edition has been under pressure since beijing imposed a national security low. several of the newspapers top executives have been arrested and its assets frozen. and together, the protest is in thailand, back on the streets after

a 6 month break to to the code 19 pandemic. several groups are rally in bangkok, demanding the resignation of the prime minister. demonstrators are also calling for more transparency from the monarchy and, and the whole of the constitution. brazil's environment minister ricardo shall ashes quit a criminal investigation is taking place to determine whether he obstructed a probe into illegal logging. in the amazon rainforest, his resignation follows police raids. toggling him and other officials accused of allowing illegal would exports. the anti virus software upon edge on mcafee, has been found dead in a spanish prison. so it comes out after cause approved his extradition to his native us on tax evasion and for charges. the 75 year old invented one of the 1st anti virus programs in the 19 ninety's. those were the headlines. i'm back with more news and half, and i here on out there to stay with us. something was going to change. anything really changed. this is systemic violin that needs to be

addressed at its core. we are in a race against the barriers, know what to say. so we are all saying we're looking at the world as it is right now, not the world. we like it to be, the devil is always going to be in the details. the bottom line, when i was just there, i'm between the 8 and 14 centuries. there was a golden age of science. when scholars from the stomach world introduced a rigorous experimental approach that laid the foundations of the modern scientific method, they transformed the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. the chemical industry has of course reshaped the modern world, giving us new fuel drugs and new materials. but the methodology and principles of chemistry, go back over a 1000 years. i'm jamal clearly, and i've been researching the contributions of the scientists of the golden age. i'll be tracing that the roots of modern chemistry to the scholars of the earliest

slamming world. the news, [000:00:00;00] ah, this is the capital of cut off 2 decades ago. none of this existed. all this development has only been possible because of a huge investment of revenue from oil and gas. in other words, the chemical industry, the news oil

is responsible for much that we take for granted his daily life from fuels to plastics to medicines. even the common road i'm driving on the chemical plants over there is processing the gas and crude oil that exists in such abundance and the leaf the oil in its roof state to the mixture of many different chemicals. and these are separated out through a process called fractional distillation. the, the crude oil is heated until it becomes a vapor. the vapor rises up the distillation tower, and separate into the different components as the fraction eating power in a modern oil. refinery is a high tech version of a piece of apparatus called and an limbic used by the golden age scientists as a distillation to over a 1000 years ago. the one as the pioneer of distillation was the 9th

century physician and chemist arises amongst his many writings of the earliest known account using destination to produce substances like kerosene. so fuel recasting and pure alcohol. this wasn't the drinking but the use as a medical disinfectant. ah hale and stumbled doctor peter starr studies the work of the scholars of the golden age. he's brought with him and allenby, still to show me how the chemist used it for distillation. this one is made of copper, and others made of glass. well lastly, yes, yes, the important thing about the still is that there's a hot and, and there's a cold and so the whole tend is where the steam is produced. it then condenses and

is received into the receiver. here. what we would need would be water. first of all, usually distilled water. you could use rainwater that day, then that will do. and then we will need or whatever you're going to distill. for example, if we go on perfume, this would be excellent rather samples up and show the restaurant my mind. and so the water with the rose petals will be heated up here as the steam given off it take the sense of the roses. it reaches the limbic, where it condenses back to liquid and drips down here into this other container. who are the people who accounting out these, these, this chemistry? i think there are 2 main names which stand out above all the others above all job of in time. but also arising job and high on a particular, very early on in the golden age isn't. he's regarded by many as the 1st scientist of the golden age. all sorts of things is he doing many of his chemical procedures are those which may still be used today. for example, cancellation,

or precipitation or distillation job and how young was a poly math who grew up in modern day iraq, vast work covers medicine, music, alchemy, chemistry, and much more. there were thousands of manuscript attributed to far more than a single man could actually have written as police. many later, scholars wrote under his name because he was held in such high regard. whatever the truth he's credited with applying and experimental based approach to early chemistry. ah, the scholar of the golden age began applying the scientific method to chemistry by which i mean, they were conducting experiments in a way that was a big leap from the pure philosophical thinking of the greeks. but the conduct canceled experiments they needed operators,

much of which hadn't even been invented at the time. and the chemistry in particular, they need to hone their skills at gloss, blowing, and glass making. and so i'm going to be to, man, is going to show me just how difficult or easy it is to actually carry out that skill. i think personally chemo is in her being in the canada to summer lea buckley lynn aboard. there are some next or i can sure she can help me. ah, the me

a call that had not had the judge on one off and i left the sidney number with me. if you evelyn high, i was making allenby back in the late a century. he certainly would have been doing it this way. the sort of laugh they would have used over a 1000 years ago would have been very different. they would have put that sand and lead and all the other ingredients into these oven and just cook them and bake them until they melted. so although they did have glass blowing to shake the molten cloth, they didn't have something with such high temperature like this jets of gas here.

mm mm. sure. well, that's pretty remarkable. my own i although job i don't have those like him performing experiments and effecting operators work they were doing was very much a mixture of chemistry and alchemy. indeed, the arabic word for chemistry is l. kenya, from which the word alchemy is derived. but whereas modern chemistry is a rigorous, exact science, alchemy is associated with super petition a magic. the alchemist's main goal was to turn other metals into gold, his followers job, and how young was known as l sophie, the mystic, because they believed his work was no different from sorcery. even today,

some chemistry can seemed like magic. assume the chemistry student and she's going to help me with some demonstration that i guess could be used as part of a magic show. i'm going to turn the calendar se liquid black simply with the power of my mind. right? think can use the need to make the chemicals together. first of all, we have to turn off the light. here we go. ah, oh wow. i use, he's not, it's not halt. so this is a chemical reaction that's giving off light,

but no heat. and for our final trick me, of course, for all these reactions, we note that the chemical explanation for what going on. but what we call chemistry has its roof in the alchemy of the golden age. so peter, to what extent was there real science being done in amongst all this miss mysticism and alchemy. jim, i don't see a contradiction between science and alchemy. rather, i see a synergy one feeds on the other quite often and. and that you could say about every periods, great period of scientific breakthroughs, you said of the greek concert heights of a latin middle agency. you could say it's a very nice off will even isaac newton, which was involved in alchemy. the classic example yeah, ah,

ah, the early alchemy obsessed with turning common less valuable medicine into precious gold job would have been high on a particular was obsessed with trying to dissolve metals. and that led him to research or different kinds of acid. but gold is notoriously difficult to dissolve, so i'm going to buy small amounts of it and see if it's possible to them. and can we sell them at that, at a 5 digital way to nothing they could. and then there's another touchable emily, the love us. so we her whole 100 head kimmy. oh, how does she just said come in, who i bought a photo id and stuff and she didn't have

a favor. can you had our full job in high chemo? how is it? ok, city has the money to come in. so we located this land. i figured when i figured myself and left guiding me through my experiment to dissolve gold is professor health boesky. what the hell i need your chemistry expertise here. i've got this gold coin and i wonder, is it possible to dissolve gold very, very difficult in gold like all noble metals is relatively on reactive, but particularly on active towards acids. as any one acids can really do the job, which is this one aqua region, which means kingly water is called can be water. because it's the anything which dissolves gold is believe that job of high on 1st distilled it and it's a mixture of to acid. nitric acid, and hydro chloroplast it,

yes. and it's exception corrosive and exceptionally react. it sounds naughty, it's very, very nasty. it's vicious. so, can you demonstrate that for me? let's see if it works. so we're going to pour it into the baker. i'm going to say your peaceful gold coin. you travels, i followed it and use this rather more expensive piece of zinc. so off it goes away. probably wouldn't react as fast as that would dissolve away. why would people want to do this? why would they want to dissolve metals like go because you computer 5 or you fine your code by and dissolving it and then re precipitating the metal out? no, there was still the fumes are still coming up. i think that lump of zinc has been dissolved entirely in the liquid. ah, we did leave a small piece of gold and aqua region. although this takes a lot longer to react for over an hour,

the gold gradually dissolved ah, needed advisor, fit on their own will dissolve gold. but taken together, they produced the right on exactly that. oh, oh. the cody chemistry was only about alchemy. there was a practical side to it as well. and many developments and chemistry were driven by islam. cleanliness was a religious requirements in islam, for example, the washing of the hands face and feet before prayer. and this requirement for cleanliness quickly led to the development of whole industry. for example, the development of the 1st solid falls of soap were found manufactured in the

atlantic world. ah ah ah job i have wrote about the difference between an alkali and the word alkali derived from the arabic alcholay which means the ashes of fault for referring to the original full of alkali substances and of course alkaline. i used to make me re, my husband's run for small stroke making business in jordan where she uses age old chemical processes to manufacture. so this is lowercase set and i think you put the fuel on board. ok, rima make so by mixing olive oil with an alkaline and then adding own herbs and

spices. gaines, this chemical process is called the policy cation no. after cooling, the soap is cut into above and then left to dry for to use this fuel of oil. and what was the heard? yeah. bailey's. yes. this is a leave. this is, but it is good for all the skin maybe and for the has not for me know too late. ah. during the golden age, soak making was commercial life. and the process started to be developed on an industrial scale. today, a borrower that raymond makes in 2 weeks can be produced in an industrial soap factory in just a few hours. the factories in the,

in the united kingdom. and jamie bentley is in charge of the cloud service principally been made in the same way for century a mixture of oil and alkali, we've been making. so here for 150 years. and one of our key ingredients is in this big bulk tank. that's 100 tons of caustic soda. the alkali can react with the oil. on this site, they produce about 30 tons of soak per day around a $100000.00 tons a year. industrialized soap making on this grand scale needs chemistry on a grand scale to and the critical factor is controlling the chemical reaction. mixing, carefully measured quantities in temperature controlled reactors. so in this reactor, we've got palm current oil, which is already in. we're adding the coconut oil, which is the parts of the so that actually creates the phone off to that we're

adding caustic soda. ah. the mixture is constantly monitored as it reacts. and about an hour later, the reaction is complete. as we dream is process, once it's reacted, the next stage is to dry, the soap. me in here is a vacuum spray dryer. so the soap that pumped through here we can create a vacuum. stop the water out of the so, ah, the backs of dried soak pellets are sent from the factory all over the world where the perfumed and shapes in the bars of soap. soap has been made and basically the same way for century modern technology. light vacuum spray dryers and precisely controlled reactors have sped up the process. modern chemistry relies on being able to weigh and measure accurately. and that's

something we can trace back to the goal today. one of the reasons we regard the scholars of the golden age as the 1st 2 sciences is the obsession with accuracy. if the reason why we think of job on high on and rosie as the 1st true chemist. and here's an example of why this beautiful set scales. it was built by a scholar by the name of a house in the, in the 12th century, it's called nissan. l. hickman. and is said to be accurate to one part in $60000.00 . if you look very carefully along the arm, you can see very precise graduations giving us the distance from the center. and as the cops are hanging from different length, is basically the principle of moments as they move out, they will pull it down. the balance is achieved when the diamond shape in the middle is exactly vertical. it's very, very precise. but apart from that is actually

a beautiful work of art as well. ah . accurate weighing and measurements allowed early came in like job would've been high on to be more rigorous in their experiments. and they were approached to all aspects of chemistry. and this included the way he looked at materials grouping and categorizing them, categorizing substances. and they was us to navigate to way around the world. just like in this bizarre, over here i find carpet over here, life and after the light textiles. and over here, ceramics what jump would've been high on did that was different with categorized substances, not according to arbitrary factors, but according to the way they behaved in experiments. this was

a huge change in what had come before. ah, back in the lab, i wanted to find out what, how as a modern chemist thought of job was early attempts at categorizing acts. and i wanted to show you this extracts from a manuscripts of his. so this is translated from arabic into latitude, into english. it says here, among all bodies of whatsoever kind we find soul which is gold no to be burned by sulphur. the lease reacted with sulphur. the next to this lease burned is jupiter, which attain the lunar, which is silver. and he goes on, and he ends with and mars, which is ion by reason of the only agony of sulphur is most easily burned, is all very obscure. in fact, the word jibberish actually comes from job was name it. if you write something to obscurely jibberish, you know, it's like java. but what he has, his seems to me the beginnings of the re activity series. so metal listing them in order of how easy they react with sofa. yeah. how, how correct was. well,

there was a couple little inaccuracies in it, but he was way ahead of his time because showing reactivity to sulphur is often quite difficult. so what i feel we do is we're going to compare and contrast to the activities of certain metals with water ion, for example, he mentions will not on rough. that's a slow reaction. we're going to compare and contrast a transitive metals and see how foster react. and they are potassium, sodium and copper. i thought we'd start with the most reactive. this is potassium, it's a soft and malleable and you can easily cut it with a knife. so a 321. ready not area pro lie look flame and hopping around the hydrogen. ready we're going to move on to our next metal sodium, sodium chloride is common. salt fabian has got very, very different properties. it's again a metal. you can cut with a knife,

$3.00 to $1.00 and it's puffing around. first thing it's probably gonna melt because of the heat of the reaction here and taking away yes, i will spend the bottom last the longer in the wolf that's not reacting so quickly . i. ready have comparison to them and i only the variables is copper and we don't need that. now we don't need this because couples do absolutely nothing. it's very on reactive and why the coil is in your pocket, then catch fire. if you put them in the washing machine, get them with and so this order of just how reactive metals are, i mean by modern standards of chemistry job and high on didn't get it quite right. he had metals in the wrong order in that series. but how impressive was that given that we're talking, you know, over a 1000 years ago, it's exception. impressive because he didn't know what he was looking for. he didn't know what to expect. we know these things, but we look at the period table. so you would call that chemistry,

not alchemy. i think it definitely chemistry job and hey on was starting to apply the scientific method deriving his conclusions from experiment later, chemist like al kendy and ross, he's also basing their work on careful experiments and observations. and the way we do chemistry today, organizing an ordering the elements and looking for tray in their properties. well, just like the reactivity series, that's what job are 1st started to do. next time we travel to some of the most cutting edge medical facilities in the middle east today. that original human genome sequence in 10 years. now we can sequence the human genome within $6.00 to $10.00 days. how we look back to how one scholar from the golden age challenged accepted ideas to explain the human heart. this is the phone that he said relation

. that is the discovery. it's now obvious, but it was and then with and see how texts from the flemish world was so influential in medical science across the globe. the century. science tends to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. ah. in the next episode of science in a golden age, i'm exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval period in the field of medicine. science tend to be a good subject to bring different peoples from all over the world together. as such, like a magical and the more i learned about that, the more i respected science and the golden age with professor jimmy kelly on a jazz eat on july on just showing no marks the

thing tina lee at the founding of the communist party. but what does the future hold for the increasingly influential nation? across the globe generation change young, active in fighting injustices and demanding radical change. after a year long delay japan host the 1000000 pix, unlike any the world to see me before. my eyes and bob way showcases personal stories, offering a fresh look at the changes and challenges that's in pub way today. just by growing tension with sudan, ethiopia is that for the next phase of filling it down on the blue nile july on al jazeera, india has been devastated by the closing 19 pandemic. the one on 18th makes the front line workers risking their lives to treat the siege and bury the dead. one i was 0 challenging how mainstream media covers the news stories white. these

should be easy picking for political reporters out the whole power to account while the others are breaking. among the listening on al jazeera play an important role checking with the. ringback face in the you watching all just there with me. so here robin in doha, reminder of our top news stories. the former philippines president, banana akina, has died after being hospitalized a minute on thursday. the 61 year old route from 2010 to 2016 and presided over a period of steady economic growth. jamila and doug has more from the capital president b need knocking or be noise. as he is mostly known. here is somebody who was more