actually last during of operation, it would be an inconsistency to extract lithium for a, for a greener world. and for a greener economy, if we are contaminating the regions or the locations around the bosses. developing technologies is expensive and will take time. a major challenge for developing nations while trying to find a balance between conservation and grove city. so i will, i'll just eda, who we didn't tina ah, how about the our on odyssey where these are the tell stories the iraqi military is now condemning the u. s. as strikes, which happens along the syrian border, calling them a breach of sovereignty strikes, targeted iran backed power, military and armed groups in iraq who are now promising a joint response. the us is saying those facilities which were hate were being used

to launch attacks against its troops. he's a marine con with moore, from baghdad, where it's only the 2nd time actually that they have been targeted by us strikes under president joe biden's rule. now you as president has said that the us actually attack to very specific power military groups could type osha harder and could type his bullet. he said they, those attacks took place on a drone manufacturing brace on the al. com, border crossing those drones have actually been used in attacks against us targets in iraq. over the past year, the headlines at least 30 people killed in an attack in central somalia. a government official says allister about fight instead of 2 carbons on sunday, targeting a military base in the town of whitfield. the delta variance of coven 19 is spreading fast in bangladesh, which is reported to the highest number of daily deaths. the pandemic began tens of thousands is now scrambling to leave darker ahead of a nation wide locked down on thursday. in tunisia reported 21000 new infections on

sunday. it's highest since the pandemic began. hospitals in jakarta, as well as west and central java, have been overwhelmed with coven 1900 patients. the search again filled by the delta variance sweetens prime minister stefan lawson's officially handed in his nose. his social democratic leader had a week to either resign or call us not election following a no confidence vote. it's now be up to the parliament speaker to find a new premier lawful lead. a fragile minority coalition since 2018. and there are warnings about civilians in protest as in me and my taking up arms and forming militia to fight against the military into international crisis. groups. as these new groups are also using their inside knowledge of forests to inflict serious army casualties, science and a golden age is next on al jazeera and after that moline is along with your news out from the wells most populated region

in depth stories from across asia and the type of coaches had conflicting politics. and when i went on out there, ah, modern high volunteers in medicine and help of course the results of many centuries of development, research and experimentation, much of which took place in the atlantic world between the 9 and 14th century, a golden age of 5. during this time, scholars in the stomach world made huge contributions to medicine and created a body of knowledge that was tremendously important and influential around the world. for many hundreds of years. i'm to cleaning, which is professor of theoretical physics the born in baghdad. i'll be exploring state of the art biomedical science and covering the contribution made to the field by the scholars, the golden age, the ah,

[000:00:00;00] ah, ah, it was during the climate golden age. the medicine started to be treated as a true sign with emphasis on empirical evidence and repeatable procedures. during that time, medical books are written that became standard text throughout the world for many hundreds of years. i've come here to the hum at hospital in del, hung baton, to see how the ideas of the scholars and the medieval, the stomach world. compare our modern medicine. ah,

the hospitals nataline deals with cremmit show and newborn babies who are suffering from a variety of conditions is the only one of its kind it. and babies are referred here from across the country. all in all through our doors, we probably have close 21721800 baby. and that amounts to about 10 to 11 percent of the total for that occurs in this hospital. so it is by comparison, one of the biggest units in the world. we do look after babies who are as small as 23 or 24 weeks gestation. so you're looking at a 5 month pregnancy, 5 month and one week pregnancy. and that in itself is incredible. i mean, not that long ago, 2324. we could just take and there's no way they'd survive that. we've come a long way at this hospital. they're carrying out pioneering research to improve the treatment of babies. born with neo natal and super loppy. that is,

babies born with serious neurological damage because of a problem with oxygen or blood supply in the wound. the goal standard of treatment is putting these babies on a cooling mattress to try to reduce the temperature and limit the potential ongoing damage that could ensue in the brain. however, it does not really provide an appropriate success rate worldwide gear. we're trying a simple remedy that we believe has potential, which is the addition of a drug called magnesium sulfate, but it's never being tried in combination with the cooling method to improve the reliability of their research, the hospitals using what we call a control group. some of the babies received magnesium sulfate, whereas a separate group, the control group, receive it. this allows the hospital to compare fairly the effects of the treatment

with and without the drug. so this particular study is a double blind plus feeble control, which means that we are offering some of our babies a feeble and some or getting the magnesium sulfate. we don't really know which our which and that's otherwise, you buy, it will be buying exactly. one thing that's of tremendous interest to me is that this idea of a control group actually goes all the way back over a 1000 years to a persian physician by the name of a rossi who, who built the the 1st hospitals in baghdad, who was looking into the causes and treatments of meningitis and i believe he had not only his sample of patients, but he had the control group to which he wasn't administering the treatment. in that case, it was blood letting you know isn't the way you treat meningitis, but the idea of the control group goes all the way back to 2 arises. this is actually one of the most important components of research that we do have a,

a control group to try to, to ensure that our study is come out as non biased as possible to compare again. yeah, absolutely, absolutely arise. he was born in the city of ray near to her on, in the mid 9th century. and he was an early proponents of applying a rigorous scientific approach to medicine. during his distinguished career, he served as chief physician of hospitals in both re and baghdad. in the early 10th century, the ruling telephone back that look defeat after rossi, where in the city you should build a new hospital. so a roger designed an experiment he hung meet up around different locations to see how quickly they rotted and so determined the place with the cleanest air. this was typical of arises. you have a problem, you design an experiment to find the answer. me

with during the golden age, the dissection of human bodies was considered disrespectful. but there was one group of people who knew quite a bit about anatomy, which it will be the anatomy of animals. lot of them human. ah, well, even though this is just a labs, not a human hall, we can still see quite clearly the different compartments and different chambers within the hall. this would be something very familiar to early positions of a medieval age. chuckling in the 17th century, william harvey famously carried out his groundbreaking research into the circulation of blood in the function of the heart. but in 1924, an ancient document was discovered. this was a text written by admin fee,

assistant century arab position in it. he described the basics of pulmonary circulation. how large doesn't move across from one side of the heart of the other . had to take the long way round around the body. this 400 years before harvey i building on the writings of physicians like even in the fees and william harvey, our understanding of the heart has continued to develop hatfield hospital in the u . k. is part of the country's largest center for heart and lung disease. there cutting edge treatment build on the work of professor mcgee, one of the world's leading heart specialists who set up the hospitals busy transplant unit, and who's received a knighthood in britain for his services to medicine and the heart is such like a magical and the more i learn about it, the more i respect it because it goes on incessantly beating

quietly, maintaining life professor, yes. who is also interested in the history of medicine. as part of a paper he commissioned for medical journal, he's research the life and work of the fees in here. we have a scholar born in syria in the early part of the 13th century. he was pretty much because he was studying. he was as he roach and he was a scientist, a few like he was a discover that arguably his most important contribution was his comment tree on medicine in which he looked at how blood moves through the heart. so this is the heart and you can see quite clearly the right sensor go and the rest when it comes . and these are 2 completely separate chambers. the question has been,

how does blood go from the right center to the center? centuries the accepted view had been that of the renown greek physician, galen, galen said. the blood passes directly between the right and left ventricles of the heart. 2 tiny holes in the septum, the dividing wall that separates them from the fees was the 1st challenge galen's view. he's stablish that there weren't any hope, so they had to be another way for blood to pass from right to left. the contention of some persons to say that this place is poor. it's based on the preconceived idea that the blood from that identical had to pass through the city and they are wrong with this. he's got to this. ready saying that for somebody as young at this person at the time when he was 29,

they'll have the courage to state such a thing as is absolutely remarkable. galen said that there are holes and the symptom. if you open the right then to like i'm doing now, it is solid. there are no channels whatsoever. even if he was absolutely right. the fee stated that the blood must 1st pass through the lungs, where he said it mingled with air before it came back to the heart and was pumped around the body. now we know that not from the rice venture can goes into the family tree because here goes around the land comes back in these farmer, many veins into the left fences. so this is the problem that he said to lation,

which comes here. that is the discovery, it's now obvious, but it was and then the faces description wasn't one the accepted at the time. and it wasn't until his manuscript was rediscovered in the 20th century that his work was universally recognized. it's now part of the long history of medicine that continues to evolve. today. we have a lot the hawk. we have learned how to stop it, how to restart it, how to replace it, how to mend it. my god, there's a lot more given that to chaney continues. the early hospitals did exist in 8th, the 9th century baghdad. but these were little more than hostiles for the sick, offering care, but not much in the way of cure. however, hospitals, as we recognise them today, giving treatment and offering medicine for free,

did begin to appear around the empire in cities such as cairo corda and damascus. ah, in order for these hospitals to provide care, they needed a knowledge of medicines and surgery. the most important work of the golden age was written by the great 10th century philosopher and physician had been seen or better known by his last name as his center. this is my personal copy of his great text, the canon of medicine upon the web. the full work with a multi volume group of texts that took on where the greeks left off positions like galen and hypocrisy in his 1st volume. he describes human anatomy in great detail. and what i love is that he talks about things like, casually in which the muscles of the stakes and then goes on to talk about the muscles of the florida. the muscles of the eyeball, even the muscles of the eyelid. he works his way through the entire human anatomy.

in others, he describes surgery, he describes illnesses and their treatments, its medical knowledge, as they understood it, then it contained a lot of superstition. but a lot of common sense as well. the point is this text was so important, it was still being used around the world over 500 years later. even though today, we know that not everything had been seen a rope was correct. his work was the pinnacle of medical knowledge at that time. in his cannon, he includes a large number of medicines and remedies that use common herbs. during the golden age, herbal remedies weren't an alternative to mainstream medicine. they were all they knew. and as the empire grew, travelers will bring back new plans from far and wide. so new drugs were discovered and administered. rima has met his based, in lieu in jordan. she cultivates medicinal heads, some of which have been in use since the golden age. lavender is good for, relax for the body,

and is very good for today. so even though they would have used it in the golden, they wouldn't understand about bacteria, but they knew it was still good. yeah. okay. and this is one more wormwood. what is this useful as good for the call? oh 1st to treat. yes. and this was known from a long time. ah, this is say is this stage or? yeah. is this good for the stomach? it's good for the graham. the patient. yeah. what i find fascinating is that during the golden age, every hospital would have had her garden just like this. it was the drug store. and it's interesting that we hearing those things there, but he's still described and in use in modern times been seen as great kind

of medicine describes a variety of herbs. 1000 years after the canon was written, dr. debt, left quinton is growing. some of these herbs and go hon. a park in his stumble so that he can study the medical remedies that have been seen described. we planted following the canon of medicine, 26 medicinal plans out of hundreds which had been described by him. siena around 2020, he worked for 6 years on the company, so both clubs and they had medicinal proper to what sort of things would they would that have been useful? they were, i'm to talk until for material and did they were some of them approved today's that say have this active ingredients. we say i can show you one sample it is cause nowadays let me jayla pizza. you can find it also on the

bread of the turkish brit mall black sea. yeah. black human black human to right. and what would this have been useful? you know what top of it was also anti toxic. for example, if seen i mention it against bice, probably slate by it was use for until much is still a tissues i like to other important work. during the golden age, been seen as canada medicine spread across the atlantic world and beyond. as the process of knowledge transfer was revolutionized, one reason knowledge spread, so effectively throughout the stomach empire was because it suddenly became much easier to produce in copy text. the slamming scholars had adopted the chinese technology of paper making and paper is much cheaper to produce and use and parchment to pirate. an important aspect of this is kelly graffiti off of

handwriting. so i've come to meet the calligrapher to tell me all about the news. what actually kind of stuff and method in the market last will be this nami, in because we do have critical coming in or not about the philosophy. and if you could house about him, i wasn't really thinking we had this on on, on some side the we're playing tonight, a lot of them, but they said it has the vehicle have highlighted. then you'll see a couple of tickets. you've got the, the mash level $150.00 isn't the chinese paper was durable, lighter and more easily bound into books which created

a thriving publishing and book copying. industry manuscripts had to be duplicated by hand. and this produced a great demand for slamming kelly. griffith was selected in music that they were used to have nuclear, super having a while. but i saw that again. if you're not this isn't going to move anything any. i didn't want to live in the pursuit for probably putting up anything a little me. well, calligraphy clearly remains today just as important an art form as it was back in the golden age. the scholars then, not only perfected the art of paper making, they also develop simpler forms of calligraphy, means of preserving their paper and binding blues to hold their books together. in

that way, these technologies came together, enabling them to produce books in large quantities. this is how their knowledge propagated so effectively throughout the world. ah, the manuscripts of the golden age in fluid sciences long after the decline of the atlantic empire. for instance, if been seen of canada, medicine was translated into natalie, and copies was still being printed and circulated well into the 16th century. these texts influenced the great thinkers of the renee songs, who in turn laid the foundations modern world. ah, this impressive building, while cornell medical college and of youth cornell university in new york. the base here, cup of come to find out more about their genetic research. how they're mapping to the human genome, to find out more about genetic and hereditary diseases pertaining to people in this

part of the world. the genome is the complex genetic code contained in every selling. our body determines all our inherited features, such as what we do like or what inherited diseases we might be vulnerable to. it's unique for every person. so this is a microscope that allows you to look in different depth inside the cell. ah, professor haunted mac chapter has great expectations of sequencing gene and will reveal the program is about 6 years old. now the focus is on problems that are of importance in the region, particularly encounter where there are a lot of families that have inherited diseases. and diabetes is a critical importance. there are new genetic disorders are critically important. so we've chosen to take those families and sequence both affected unaffected members, and that will help us pinpoint the gene that causes the disease. the key to understanding these diseases is to analyze people's genomes to look for differences

. and to do this, they use a d, n, a sequence, connected to a supercomputer. all living organisms are made up of so each cell has a nucleus and within the new pieces, the genetic materials that define the features that make us unique. the genetic material is a code made up of over 3000000000 components called bases is too long to be analyzed in one piece. so 1st they need to split it into smaller sections. these machines and does a process called shotguns sequencing. so essentially here what we do is take that genetic material, chop it up into small pieces, and load it into the instrument. it will interpret that information and put these pieces back together. rather than trying to follow the whole string of all the billions of bases on one d, n, a molecule is chopping your top, looking at different bit, and then putting it back piece and get back together. genetic technology is

evolving rapidly. the lab has recently installed there most advanced piece of equipment for dna sequencing is the 1st of its kind to be used in the middle east. this is the 3rd generation sequencer. and what it does is it sequences longer fragments of the genetic code. this one can give us, as you see here, the tail goes all the way to 4000 fountain as opposed to one handwriting that one. so, that will give you more structural information on the chromosome. this equipment makes it possible for the lab to sequence the genome of large numbers of people. it's a huge advance. it's 1990. when the 1st project to sequence the human genome officially began that original human genome reference was sequence in 10 years. it was a huge, huge helix. it was a big accomplishment. now we can sequence the human genome within $6.00 to $10.00

days with this technology. so the addresses are huge within 10 years. we're going on here, puts the university at the forefront, modern research building on the scholarly spirit of the golden age or over a 1000 years ago. the flow was from the western world, or people were coming to baghdad and alexandria and damascus centers of learning and learning about the latest technology and what's going on, and then taking it back home and improving their own health care or mathematics or understanding of restaurant to me or whatever it is, do you feel personally a sense of pride that now in the arab world and the wisdom? well, there is this cutting edge research going on again after so many centuries of decline where it was, was the center of, of knowledge and research. no, very much so very much. so i think that's a huge incentive for

a lot of scientists who are originally from the region to come back and contribute back. but i also see it as a bridge to science tend to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world. together, because everybody seeking a new knowledge. so it's a great platform to kind of build connectivity and build a multicultural environment where everybody can discuss and talk about these things . ah, ah, well, my head is spinning, not only as of the butcher's head, the most advanced and well equipped that have probably seen anywhere in the world that had brought together researches from around the world, different cultures, different backgrounds, to work together collaboratively in a way that so reminiscent of what happened in the house of wisdom in baghdad during the height of the golden age

news from astronomy and optics to chemistry and medicine. we traced the journey of scientific discovery that linked the scholars of the golden age to the cutting edge science of our modern globe. the what you have here is a handheld model of the sky there achievements for groundbreaking. this is a particular favorite of mine. beautiful and their discoveries still resonate today . almost a 1000 years after the golden age of the news july on just showing no marks the thing tina at the founding of the communist party. but what does the future hold for the increasingly influential nation across the globe generation change young activists fighting injustices and demanding radical change . after

a year long delay japan host the 1000000 picks unlike any the world has been before my eyes, and bob will showcase his personal stories, offering a fresh look at the changes and challenges that bob way today. despite grow intention with getting to done here is that for the next phase of filling it down on the blue nile july on a jazz eat up. history is forgotten. pero yet in spain, state him post them easier, was enshrined in law. diminishing the plight of countless victims of franco's 36 year dictatorship put, a group of survivors has launched an international law suit, hoping to bring those accountable to justice and force the country to acknowledge its fascist past. the silence of others weakness on al jazeera, talked to al jazeera, we can, the army were attacking ring,

and now they're attacking everyone in me on my do you regret? well, it's like we listen. absolutely. nigeria with a woman press, it would be great. we meet with global news makers and talk about the stories that matter on, sir. ah, ah, this is al jazeera. ah, hello, i'm molly inside. this is the news out. lie from doha, coming up in the next 60 minutes. iraq's military condemns us as strikes on its border with syria and iran. back paramilitary group is vowing revenge off to its members. killed indonesian hospitals and burial sites overwhelms as asia pacific