in other districts, border dispute between 2 countries remains unresolved, highlighting the fragility of the ceasefire. people here wait in hall for a solution. mindful of their every step. wrestle, sad, that of them are there, be job. caution can follow more on that story and all the other stories that we're covering here on out there by looking onto our website to come there or dot com protected through today. ah, tell you what to do with me. the whole rom, the reminder of our top stories, the united nations, as more than 400000 people and suffering famine is too dry region. it says the situation has worth them dramatically in the last 2 weeks, and more than more fighting the spice of sci fi declared by the government diplomat together to james base has more from the un. well, certainly it's, i think,

highlighted how bad things have got into gray. we heard from top un officials, we heard from the acting head of the humanitarian part of the un, the emergency relief coordinator for 100000 people. and now living in famine and they fear that figure is going to grow. we also heard from the top political official of the united nations, with a real warning that they could be there was a potential for a swift deterioration in the security situation. so even though some council members didn't want this public meeting, they certainly heard, i think things that will certainly make them think about the situation going forward. the us military is pulled out, have done us the bank on that base, the empty center of its war to top of the taliban, of hunt dental kinder after the $911.00 attacks. he was president joe biden has set a september deadline for full withdrawal and says the police is on track. the job

data from the u. s. shows a major increase in the number of people getting back to work. 850000 jobs added in june. better than many analysts were expecting impulsive futures of open day corruption. investigation into president john bolton already. he's accused of failing to act against the seem involving the national corona virus vaccination campaign. prosecutor safe. a deal to buy indian vaccines was a front for embezzling millions of dollars. also, nora was allegedly warned about it, but nothing was delicate, sent you and back told to pay the way for elections in lydia. have failed to find common ground. weakling negotiations in geneva were expected to confirm the terms of the presidential unparliamentary vote. and new unity government was full last year after a cease fire agreement. following is a fighting. so she follow their stories on the website is on their dot com. i'm back with more news and half on next in science in a golden age. edison teach, you know, you can watch out for english streaming live and i do 2 channels plus thousands of

our programs. award winning documentaries and depth support the subscribe. you choose dot com forward slash al jazeera english. ah, modern hypothetical in medicine and health. of course, the results of many century development research and experimentation, much of which took place in the atlantic world between the 9 and 14th century, a golden age of 5. during this time, scholars in the stomach world made huge contributions to medicine and created a body of knowledge that was tremendously important and influential around the world for many hundreds of years. i'm to now colleen, which is professor of theoretical physics born in baghdad. i'll be exploring state to the biomedical science and covering the contribution made to the field by the

scholars, the golden age. ah ah ah, it was during the climate golden age that medicine started to be treated as a true sign with emphasis on empirical evidence and repeatable procedures. during that time medical books are written, the became stand, detect throughout the world for many hundreds of years. i've come here to the hum at hospital in del, hung butler to see how the ideas of the scholars and the medieval, the stomach world. compare our modern medicine. ah,

the hospitals neonatal unit deals with premature and newborn babies who are suffering from a variety of conditions is the only one of its kind. it. and babies are referred here from across the country, all in all through our doors. we probably have close 21721800 baby and that amounts to about 10 to 11 percent of the total that occurs in this hospital. so it is by comparison, one of the biggest units in the world. we do look after babies who are as small as 23 or 24 weeks gestation. so you're looking at a 5 months pregnancy, 5 months, and one week pregnancy. and that in itself is incredible. i mean, not that long ago 2324. we call just state and there's no way dates of the world and we've come a long way at this hospital. they're carrying out pioneering research to improve the treatment of babies. born with neo natal and super loppy. that is,

babies born with serious neurological damage because of a problem with oxygen or blood supply in the wound. the gold standard of treatment is putting these babies on a cooling mattress to try to reduce the temperature and limit the potential ongoing damage that could ensue in the brain. however, it does not really provide an appropriate success rate worldwide. here we're trying a simple remedy that we believe has potential, which is the addition of a drug called magnesium sulfate, but he's never being tried in combination with the cooling method to improve the reliability of their research, the hospitals using what we call a control group. some of the baby's received magnesium sulfate, whereas a separate group, the control group don't receive it. this allows the hospital to compare fairly the effect of the treatment with and without the drug.

so this particular study is a double blind placebo control, which means that we are offering some of our babies the placebo and some or getting the magnesium sulfate. we don't really know which our which and that's otherwise why you buy it will be buying exactly. one thing that's of tremendous interest to me is that this idea of the control group actually goes all the way back over a 1000 years to a persian physician by the name of arise the who built the hospitals in baghdad. who was looking into the causes and treatments of meningitis and i believe he had not only his sample of patients, but he had a control group to which he wasn't administering the treatment. in that case, it with blood letting you know isn't the way you treat meningitis, but the idea of a control group goes all the way back to 2 arises. this is actually one of the most

important components of research that we do have a, a control group to try to, to ensure that our study is come out as non biased as possible to compare again. yeah, absolutely, absolutely arise. he was born in the city of ray near to her on, in the mid 9th century. and he was an early proponents of applying a rigorous scientific approach to medicine. during his distinguished career, he served as chief physician of hospitals in both re and baghdad. in the early 10th century, the ruling taylor from baghdad and look defeat after rising, where in the city should build a new hospital. so a roger designed an experiment, he hung metre around different locations to see how quickly they rotted and so determined the place with the cleanest air. this was typical of a rosie, you have a problem, you design an experiment to find the, the me.

during the golden age, the dissection of human bodies was considered disrespectful. but there was one group of people who knew quite a bit about anatomy, which it will be the anatomy of animal longer than human. ah, well, even though this is just the labs, not a human hall, we can still see quite clearly the different compartments, the different chambers within the hall. this is something very familiar to early physicians of a medieval age. chuckling in the 17th century, william harvey famously carried out his groundbreaking research into the circulation of love in the function of the heart. but in 1924, an ancient document was discovered. this was a text written by admin fee,

assisting century arab position in it. he describes the basics of pulmonary circulation. how large doesn't move across from one side of the heart of the other . had to take a long way round around the body. this 400 years before harvey i building on the writings of physicians like even in the fees and william harvey, our understanding of the heart has continued to develop. hatfield hospital in the u . k. is part of the country's largest center, the heart and lung disease. there cutting edge treatments built on the work of professor mac, the one of the world leading heart specialists to set up the hospitals busy transplant unit and who's received a knighthood in britain for his services to medicine, the heart is such like a magical and the more i learn about it the more i respect because it goes on incessantly beating quietly,

maintaining life professor yet who is also interested in the history of medicine. as part of a paper he commission for medical journal. he's research the life and work of the fees in here. we have a scholar born in syria and the early part of the 13th century. he was pretty much because he was studying. he was as he roach. and he was a scientist, a few like he was a discover that arguably his most important contribution was his comment tree on medicine in which he looked at how blood moves through the heart. so this is the heart and you can see quite clearly the right sensor and the rest when it comes. and these are 2 completely separate chambers. the question has been,

how does blood go from the right center to the center? centuries the excepted view had been that of the renown greek physician, galen, galen said. the blood passes directly between the right and left ventricles of the heart, 2 tiny holes in the sept. the dividing wall that separates them. fees was the 1st challenge galen's view. he established that there weren't any hope, so they had to be another way for blood to pass from right to left. the contention of some persons to say that this place is for us. it's based on the pre conceived isaiah that the blood from that identical had to pass through the city and the nest. he's got to this. ready saying that for somebody as young at this person at the time

when he was 29, they'll have the courage to state such a thing as is absolutely remarkable. galen said that there are holes in the symptom . if you open the right then to like i'm doing now, it is solid. there are no channels whatsoever. if he was absolutely right. and then the fee stated that the blood must 1st pass through the lungs where he said it mingled with air before it came back. to the heart and was pumped around the body. now we know that the blood from the rice venture can goes into the phone when we are 3, because here goes around along, comes back in these pharma, many veins into the offensive. so this is the fun that he said to lation,

which comes here. that is the discovery. it's now obvious, but it was and then evelyn, the thesis description wasn't one the accepted at the time. and it wasn't until his manuscript was rediscovered in the 20th century that his work was universally recognized. it's now part of the long history of medicine that continues to evolve today. we have learned a lot, but the hark when we have them, how to stop it, how to restart it, how to replace it. how commended that, my god, there's a lot more even though the journey continues. the early hospitals did exist in 8th and 9th century baghdad. but these were just more than hostiles for the sick, offering care, but not much in the way of kill. however, hospitals, as we recognise them today,

giving treatment and offering medicine for free, they begin to appear around the empire in cities such as cairo cord of damascus. ah, in order for these hospitals to provide care, they needed a knowledge of medicines and surgery. the most important work of the golden age was written by the great 10th century philosopher and physician, had been seen, are better known by his last name at the center. this is my personal copy of his great text, the canon of medicine upon noon for the full work was a multi volume group of texts that took on where the greeks left off positions like galen and hypocrisy. in his 1st volume. he describes human anatomy in great detail and what i love is that he talks about things like tertiary in which the muscles of the stakes and then goes on to talk about the muscles of the forward, the muscles of the eyeball. even the muscles of the eyelids, he works his way through the entire human anatomy. in other describes surgery,

he describes illnesses in their treatment, its medical knowledge, as they understood it, then it contained a lot of superstition. but a lot of common sense as well. the point is this text was so important, it was still being used around the world over 500 years later. even though today, we know that not everything had been seen the road was correct. his work was the pinnacle of medical knowledge at that time. in his cannon, he includes a large number of medicines and remedies that use common herbs. during the golden age, herbal remedies were no turnitin to mainstream medicine. they were all they knew. and as the empire grew, travelers will bring back new plans from far and wide. so huge rugs were discovered and administered, rima has, and that is based in a loop. in jordan, she cultivates medicinal heads, some of which have been in use since the golden age. love and is good for,

relax for the body, and is very good for today. so even though they would have used it in the gold and they wouldn't understand about bacteria, but they knew it was still good. yeah. okay. and this is one more wormwood. what is this useful as good for the call? oh 1st tree. yes. and this was known from a long time. yeah. ah, this is phase this fence man page. oh yeah. this is good for the stomach. it's good for the gram, i suppose the patient. yeah. what i find fascinating is that during the golden age, every hospital would have had her garden just like this. it was a drug store. and it's interesting that we hearing those things. there really is a still described and in use in modern times have been seen as great kind of

medicine describes a variety of herbs. 1000 years after the canon was written, dr. debt left quinton is growing some of these herbs and go hon. a park in the stumble so that he can study the medical remedies that have been seen a described. we planted following the canon of medicine, 26 medicinal plans out of hundreds which had been described by him siena around 2020. he worked for 6 years on the company, so those plans they had medicinal proper to what sort of things would they would that have been useful? they were to talk to seek until for material and did they work? some of them approved today that have this active ingredients. we say i can show you one sample that has caused nowadays. so let me jayla

you can find it also on the bread of the turkish, brett mall. black sea. yeah. black human black human to right. and what would this have been useful? you know what property it was also anti toxic. for example, if seen, i mention it again by probably slate by it was use for until much is still a tissues like other important work. during the golden age, it been seen as canada medicine spread across the atlantic world and beyond. as the process of knowledge transfer was revolutionized, one reason lowly spread, so effectively throughout the assembly empire was because it suddenly became much easier to produce and copy text. the slamming scholars had adopted the chinese technology of paper making and paper is much cheaper to produce and use the parchment of pirate an important aspect of this calligraphy off of handwriting. so

i've come to meet a colleague, to tell me all about the news. what actually counties have method and philosophy and the heavy this now me in the counties time we do have critical coming in or not about the trick alarm. and if you could let us know about him, i wasn't really thinking now we had this all come up on some side the we're clear southern tonight, a lot of nation has a has the vehicle and highlight and then you'll have a couple of tickets. you got the, the mash fund level $150.00. it isn't. chinese paper was durable, lighter and more easily bound into books which created

a thriving publishing and book copying. industry manuscripts had to be duplicated by hand. and this produced a great demand slamming kelly. griffith was selected in music at the beginning of the issue for a while, but then i saw that again, if you remember the sense that he said this is really the 2nd thing that i didn't want to believe in the pursuit for climbing and putting up anything a little while calligraphy clearly remains today just as important an art form as it was back in the golden age. the scholars then, not only perfected the art of paper making, they also developed simpler forms of calligraphy, means of preserving their paper and binding blues to hold their books together. in

that way, these technologies came together, enabling them to produce books in large quantities. this is how their knowledge propagated so effectively throughout the world. ah, the manuscripts of the golden age influence scientists long after the decline of the atlantic empire. for instance, if been seen of canada, medicine was translated into latin, and copies was still being printed and circulated. well into the 16th century, these texts influenced the great thinkers of the rene sounds, who in turn, laid the foundations, modern worms. this impressive building it the while cornell medical college and of youth of cornell university, new york base here and copy of come to find out more about their genetic research, how they're mapping to the human genome, to find out more about genetic and hereditary diseases pertaining to people in this

part of the world, ah, the geno mr. complex genetic code contained in every cell in our body, determines all our inherited features, such as what we look like, or what inherited diseases we might be able to. it's unique for every person. so this is a microscope that allows you to look in different depth inside the cell. ah, professor honda mic checker has great expectations of sequencing genomes will reveal the program is about 6 years old. now the focus is on problems that are of importance in the region, particularly encounter where there are a lot of families that have inherited diseases. and diabetes is a critical importance. there are near a genetic disorders are critically important. so we've chosen to think those families and sequence both affected unaffected members, and that will help us pinpoint the gene that causes a disease. the key to understanding these diseases is to analyze people's genomes

to look different. and to do this, they use a dna sequencer. connected to a supercomputer, all living organisms are made up of each cell has a nucleus and within the new pieces, the genetic materials that define the features that make us unique. this genetic material is a code made up of over 3000000000 components called bases. is too long to be analyzed in one piece. so 1st they need to split it into smaller sections. these machines, it does a process called shotgun sequencing. so essentially here what we do is take that genetic material, chop it up into small pieces, and load it into the instrument. it will interpret that information and put these pieces back together. rather than trying to follow the full string of the billions of bases on one dna molecule, if shopping it up, looking at different bit, and then putting it back piece and get back together. genetic technology is

evolving rapidly. the lab has recently installed the most advanced piece of equipment for dna sequencing is the 1st of its kind to be used in the middle east. this is the 3rd generation sequencer. and what it does is it sequences longer fragments of the genetic code. this one can give us, as you see here, the tail goes all the way 240000 pounds and as opposed to one hand that i've been that one. so that will give you more information on the chromosome. this equipment makes it possible for the lab to sequence the genome of large numbers of people. it's a huge advance in 1990. when the 1st project to sequence the human genome officially began that original human genome reference was sequence in 10 years. it was a huge helix, was a big accomplishment. now we sequence the human genome within $6.00 to $10.00 days

with this technology. so the addresses are huge within 10 years. the work going on here puts the university at the forefront of modern research building on the scholarly spirit of the golden age were over a 1000 years ago. the flow was from the western world where people were coming to baghdad and alexandria and damascus. as centers of learning and learning about the latest technology and what's going on and then taking it back home and improving their own health care or mathematics or understanding of astronomy or whatever it is. do you feel personally a sense of pride that now in the arab world and the wisdom? well, there is this cutting edge research going on again after so many centuries of decline where it was, was the center of knowledge and research. no, very much so very much. so i think that's a huge incentive for

a lot of scientists who originally from the region to come back and contribute back . but i also see it as a bridge to, you know, science tend to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. because everybody seeking a new knowledge. so it's a great platform to kind of build connectivity and build a multicultural environment where everybody can discuss and talk about these things . ah, well my head is spinning not only as of the board. she's here the most advanced and well equipped that i've probably seen anywhere in the world that have brought together researches from around the world, different cultures, different backgrounds, to work together collaboratively in a way that so reminiscent of what happened in the house of wisdom in baghdad. during the height of the golden age, ah,

from astronomy and optics to chemistry and medicine, we've faced the journey exciting to the discovery that linked the scholars of the golden age to the cutting edge science of our modern world. the what you have here is a handheld model of the sky. there achievements, look, groundbreaking. this is a particular favorite of mine. beautiful, and their discoveries still resume today. almost a 1000 years after the golden age of the news. news, news, news.

news. gotcha. one of the fastest growing nations in the world, i needed to open and develop it into a national shipping company to become a t middle eastern tough for trade and money, skillfully enough out 3 key areas of develop, filling up from it, connecting the world, connecting the future got cut to gateway to whoa trade. when the code is 910 demi q and board is close there as well as transit from high one. 0, one east investigates has been abandoned out of size and out of mind on al jazeera of 2 years ago. the great, the damage caused the precious growth plans chilling its being reversed with one of the world's biggest ada conservation projects. they're pretty emblematic of the

pedagogy and if they're plentiful and they're calm like this one is, then you know that the system is coming back and that they feel no threat. and that's why you're for re wilding pass a go on. i'll just say for me. ready the news the you and wounds are deteriorating situation into growing more than 400000 people are suffering from famine. despite the therapy and governments, the fire, ah, the whole run their lives, my headquarters here in also coming up, us troops below the background, the main base of guns phone, the telephone advisors sweep into districts around the country, brazil's president, dr.