no statement or outcome from that meeting to nisha has been trying to get a statement ever since. and to get to this point. they included the coffee that the statement does not in any way. set precedents for other water disputes, other trans boundary water disputes in particular. so the reaction to this is a bit mixed. the egyptian foreign ministry released a statement saying that it was a welcome push and important push that forces ethiopia back to the table. but e, v o, p, a says that water disputes are not under the purview of the security council, and any claims made as a result of the statement will not be followed ah, era, and these are the headlines, the u. s. history alia, and the u. k. have an artist and new security partnership seen as

a strategy to turn to chime in religion. the orchestra, lions, and for corporation in fiber and underwater defense. st. also gets you nuclear power submarines with american and british help. august will bring together our sailors, our scientist, and our industries maintain and expand our edge and military capabilities and critical technology such as cyber artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and undersea domains. now as a key project under archive, we are launching consultations with australia acquisition of conventionally our nuclear powered submarines. both north and south korea have tested ballistic missiles. the north tested was called a railway born missile system. while the face launched a missile from a submarine. us olympic gymnast civic keys, the f. b i is turning

a blind eye to sexual abuse. they suffered the hands of 14, dr. lowery. nasser for athletes, gave emotional testimony to the senate judiciary committee. nasa is currently serving several life sentences. egypt says he, he'll be a must, will seriously work towards reaching a binding agreements over a controversial dam on the now river after the un security council called for negotiations to continue. if you will be, insist the grandparent, if you appeal renee, sounds damn, is needed to make sure the vast majority of citizens get electricity. but see done an agency. it has a potential thrives. so their water supply, ethiopia has spent years. holden, tens talks over the $5000000000.00 projects. the security council says all 3 countries she corporates in a constructive manner. those the headline stay with us since i stories. next. news

news. news is a 3rd show dollars back to me that you said it will produce the jobs age of the 15. other countries are expected to publish. that is enough. this is inside the ah ah hello. welcome to the program. i'm kim vanelle. it's feared that the winter season could see grown of iris infections rise, and the british government says it wants to prepare for the worst. it's an ounce roll out of a 3rd dose of vaccine from next week. around 30000000 people will be eligible,

including everyone age of 50 people with underlying conditions and health workers. l be given at least 6 months after a person has had their 2nd dose. the government says there were signs protection offered by corona. vice vaccines reduces over time, and by using boost is high levels of immunity among the most vulnerable people can be maintained, visual. se britton's vaccine drive has reduced hospital admissions and help avoid locked downs by mr. bras. johnson plans to reintroduce measures if needed. the result of this vaccination campaign is that we have one of the most free societies and one of the most open economies in europe. and that's why when i'm sticking with our strategy, in essence, we're going to keep going. we will continue to offer, testing will continue to urge everyone to be sensible to be responsible. wash your hands, use ventilation. consider wearing

a face covering in crowded places with people that you don't know. stay at home, if you feel unwell, download and use the app, and we will keep server matches in reserve plan b. the us food and drug administration committee is debating the water use of booster shots later this week. and a few of the wealthy nations have recommended rolling out the doses that's not recommended by the world health organization. it's asking rich nations to delay the program until every country has vaccinated at least 40 percent of its people. a group of leading scientists, including experts from the u. s, and w h o wrote in the lancet medical journal that covered 1900 vaccine booster shots for the general public and not needed at this time of vac seen effectiveness against mild disease. may wayne, over time, protection against severe disease remains who can remain booster shots may

eventually be needed for general populations if vaccine induced immunity wayne's even further. or if you very into mergers that can evade the protection. excited risks and distribution shots too soon, including potential side effects such as the rare heart to inflammation condition. maya cut ashes. ah, let's bring in our guests in cambridge. chris smith is consultant verola, just and editor of the naked scientists in doha. patrick pang is division chief of micro biology and senior medicine and in rabbits as a dean abraham. he is head of biotechnology lab. the robot medical school are very welcome to program. thanks for joining us. i'd like to begin with you, patrick tang. the advice from not that long ago from the world health organization is that we should hold off on booster shots until most of the well, those vaccinated wealthy countries,

a steaming ahead with their booster jabs their plans. a boost is, isn't needed. well, that's a very complicated question, and i think when you say whether it's needed it, we have to answer that different level whether it needed for the prevention of infection prevention, beer. these are daph or prevention of disruption to provide you and the economy. so i think back question, it is complex to have the answer to all the different levels. so when you say if it needed at some level, it may not be for something and then for i would think that it's actually very much needed. so with the evidence that we're talking only about the health care that where the evidence is, it definitely is needed because waiting immunity in certain groups of people. so people are, are compromised, that never established good. and you need to start with elderly and popular people

that reside in nursing own very long term care facility, then and, and possibly as an extension of back the health care workers that care for people that are in high risk. ok, chris smith, is there any harm then in getting a boost, if you're young and you don't have any underlying health conditions because different countries are having different rules around who should be getting the booster. so is there a harm in getting it if it's offered to you, we'll let that back and ask the question, what's the purpose of a booster? a booster is intended to reinforce, emitted what immunity? well, it means different things to different people in this disease because in some cases it means not getting severe disease. in other cases, it means not getting infected at all. we know and have learned over the last about 18 months is the higher your level of antibody, the more defended and better protected you all. and people with really high levels

of anti body appear not to get infected at all. people, the lower levels of antibody do get infected, some of the time, but they don't become severely on. well. so what do we want to achieve if we want to talk to the low low low rates of spread of the infection through population? we need everyone to have the highest level of antibody that we can muster. if we want to achieve low levels of severed to be willing to tolerate some degree of spread through the population, then that's probably not necessary. and since young people don't develop severe disease, very often they do sometimes, but than then you could, alky will actually to, they really need a booster, a tall if they're under the age of say, 50, which is why various governments in various countries are taking that particular approach to do hom will all medicines have side effects and vaccines no exception. so there will be a small number of people who get vaccinated and they get the side effects which can

be trivial, a sore arm or more severe than perhaps brain blood clots. if you have respect some of these vaccines, so it really comes down to who you're given the boost as to what your aim is at the end of the day in having system. ok, as being able to hear me. i'd like to bring you in. what is the science say? what does the research say about how much the efficacy of the vaccines wayne's over time and over what time period? well, actually came, we are having this discussion simply. and we have to say, it's clear the simply because the paper in law sets that 2 days ago and the 2 leaders, boston leaders of the da, talked about that. we don't need this trust for the global population. maybe you wouldn't need it for some specific person in the criminal compromised persons, for example, or to read or the frontline or that's definitely were not needed for the global global actually population. that's something that we have to say. and in comparison

to that, the w h. actually for many weeks, i'll say that we don't need this booster just to make it clear why? because we can succeed in locally managing the pandemic effectively. and being able actually to educate the wire. but we can not come up with that just by the way that in few places and not in around the world, what they pick up, the actually the boxes, if they, i think it's clear that they pick up the boxes and the 3rd shop would be very helpful, but the other thing, when you are managing the pandemic, i think i would just give an example. for example, if you want to do this and you decide that you will be given the 3rd goal or 3rd shop in new york and not given in san francisco, it will be a problem. i think we have to manage the crisis in this way that the, you know, we are just one word and we have to, to get this efficient though to everybody around the world. and you're right,

the very interesting point i'd like to bring that to you, patrick tang, some people who are not being offered boost is, are worried about their immunity, particularly people who might have been given a vaccine that was less effective in the 1st place. should they be worried to those concerns founded well for different people who are at different rick severe disease? i think that that's where the question has to be aimed at. so for, for people that are not at risk for severe disease, then they don't have, you're worried much people are in a higher risk group. then then, you know, they do have to be a bit more careful in terms of what they do, especially if they're having waiting. i mean, they've had that only one shot of a certain back into 2 shot the left effective vaccine. then they definitely have to act accordingly or wait for their government that plan to roll out. 3rd,

the 3rd shot, if necessary, you can understand patrick and then even just from a messaging point of view and people trying to figure out what is best for them because for so long you know, the messaging was get vaccinated. look at what kind of a does to you, you could end up very, very on. well, you could die from call it get vaccinated. people did that, and now the messaging is coming out in different countries in different ways. oh, actually now you may need a booster, so surely you can understand that some people might be concerned about figuring out what they should be doing. you are absolutely right. it's a very complicated message to get out there. and for many, about the beginning of the roll out of the back in and after backing up, probably realized that there might have to be boosters. and that, that you know, that the back digital that was recommended where, where 2 shots are given in a 3 week or 4 week period. that wouldn't be enough to give long term last in you

need to most people, i think the initial messaging where to get people engaged and willing to take off the back being so that we can take care of their merchant right in front of us right now. but with the emerging adults, if area and talk with other barian i, where we're the immunity need be very strong to prevent transmission of that, of the buyers and also bent the more severe to each then. then i think it's important now that, that we change some of that, that messaging and game, and i think people might be getting tired of this. but the message has changed many times throughout the panoramic as we learn more about the buyers and as the buyers . so i think again, we're gonna have to do that if you could tell people that there might be necessary for certain people, especially with the evolution of the buyers into a current form. yeah, we'll come on to the evolution of the mutation of the virus in

a 2nd. i've only come back to you chris smith, i believe the u. k. and correct me if i'm wrong, is recommending a 5 boost of over fifties and both who are at risk regardless of the vaccine that they call around the 1st time around. so. so, does that mean the science says you can mix vaccines and it's not going to be a problem as a, quite a long history of using combinations of different vaccines and proves that when you do that you get a better immune response for doing it. and this is actually called had to religous vaccination. so you use one type of vaccine to prime the pump because it were a different thing later or a different combination of action, facts, and stream to stress the system a bit. and expands the mean response seems to translate into a broader, more fast, more resilience and therefore more effective immune response. so it's not altogether surprising that we should find that mixing matching between vaccines can lead to a better immune response. the been a number of big trials conducted. ok,

including one called the common core trial, which was done at the oxford and more recently the called boost trial. done at the university of south hampton, which we are eagerly awaiting the results. and they've tested many of the permutations of using different vaccines in different orders, and also boosting people with different vaccines, off the back of prior treatment with other combinations of vaccines. so there are different permutations. and what seems to emerge is the best reinforcement, at least in the short term, is to give whatever your 1st course vaccination was a boost up and says vaccine, which seems to be a good compromise to impracticality cost efficiency, efficacy. and also the tolerability for the patient is that seems to give the best vaccine outcome measures ok. as it never, he, me, a lot of people are talking about how to move from this being a pandemic to being endemic. can you explain to our audience what that means and. #

what it entails does, does it mean we're going to be getting coven vaccines every year along with flu jabs? why do i have to remind everybody that's why we get to the vaccination actually? because of the vaccine issues to protect people not to be infected? actually, you can pick that you are even vaccinated. so the purpose actually not to develop your cases for the corporate and actually not to have this pressure on the head system. so actually in the country that will get to a percentage of the vaccination will be, can be i actually able to the club for example, the of the, the corporate, my team is that and then they can of disease at no harm. and i think what we'll be doing is not the strategy offer. they are open. i think it's the strategy shot, or that is a limited actually when we see what happens, we'll try to get you a for example. and i think what's gonna happen, you just will be kind of survive in the presence of this virus and live in with it

. and they think they're become and then they can see example in, in my number where people are saying you can just leave your life. and if you get the cobra 90, we have all the possibilities to bring you to the cast system that will take care of you. and i think that's what would be the aim for everybody. instead of looking at having 0 tolerance for the over 90 and the for soft costs or follow question for you, mr. ever he me, i mean, that's all very well, isn't it for, for nations that have high vaccination, right? saying, you know what, we'll just deal with it in the health system won't get overwhelmed. but what about for countries with vaccination rates remain very low in the continent of africa. comparatively, in the vaccination, it's a very, very low. so what does the trajectory look like there? why actually will be the you are provoking me here can because when you are talking about africa, when you see the number is shame and shipped to see the numbers in africa or the

vaccination population, we are not absolutely a super sense of the population vaccinated. and if you take out from the roku, you are up to one percent and they think what's, what's really wide a w, w a to actually arguing for the strategy to come out of the call because it's drawn and we have to follow it because we are saying we have to get to a certain percentage in africa if we live african countries without any bucks initially. what's gonna happen? actually, just lots of people will be developing your volume. and instead of using what's the we have enough, we have to look for vari boosters to get rid of the pending mix. so i think the right way to deal with actually in the strategy for auction profit is to get enough back to you and actually not lead to the law and look at the virus reply because one example that we can get but we have everybody would agree with it just

if we have lots of immunocompromised people, for example, in south africa, most likely like what's happened with the c 12 that is coming as a new body and pinterest most likely will have new why it's coming from africa. and we come back to square 0 and for stop on again. speaking of starting all again or coming back to the stop. i want to talk about israel, patrick 10, most israelis with vaccination by march, but then by the end of june, they had the mask mandate re introduced people needed to put mosque back on. what does that tell us about what is going to happen for everyone? the future will vaccination be enough or will we be wearing masks from here until, who knows when i think it's really a little bit of a unique situation be they were lucky enough to get back in very early and and back to me i never cant, portion of the population very early, so and then with bad bay would they didn't get enough to

achieve heard of unity, but they got significant proportion about 60 percent of people vaccinated. but, but with that be sort of declared that it was the fact that and they dropped a lot of their public health measures and maybe a little bit too early and not anticipating and new barriers such as the delta barrier emerging and getting into the population. so, so i think that, that unique situation for a lot of different and converged and, and back if they're very lucky to have a virus that would be able to bade waning immunity in their population cuz they were back maybe earlier than most other country and data and then they had also dropped their math, mandy, so, so with that they had to take action and they had to reverse them at their public health. the thing that they had, ross rises as careful balances. and at christmas,

a lot of kids are children are heading back to school now. but children, at least in the us, represent more than a quarter of new weekly covered 19 cases. at the moment. i kids getting sicker with delta or do we need to be worried about them getting infected at higher rates? the been very controversial in the u. k as well, because in the last couple of weeks we've seen a bit of a back and forth with our politicians and various advisory groups to decide on who should get things. and what they've been arguing about is, should we be offering vaccines to children? many other countries around the world, including in the us, but many of the european countries all proactively vaccinating their children in some european countries. they've got to nearly a 100 percent of their young children age 12 to 15 in the u. k. we're just beginning to embark on that particular journey and what is that you get very large uptake of over large amounts spread the virus in that particular sector of society

. why? because those the last groups to be offered vaccination. so that current table, they're also more likely to be more hope, highly, socially network. they're meeting with each other. they're in school at university, at work, and public transport, partying games, nightclubs and so on. and this is all up, but your transmission to occur. so as a result, there's a higher risk in that particular group that they're going to amplify the infection . so many people are saying that we should be actively intervening in this particular sector of thought to help to blunt transmission there. because they are an amplifier. they create more cases. those cases then spread to other people who, while children are very low risk and you ask the question about delta l, still a very low risk, severe disease with corona virus, of any persuasion. it's about on par with being hit by lightening your chance of having to be around the risk of post ball syndrome is a bit higher because of the radical risk of a smidge these in the minority. and because of long coded top symptoms. but because

of the societal impact have been spread infection, that's why people are saying that back to this group is it because you can help to protect against all of the as it enables me. we touched on earlier, but i want to come back to this. what is the actual likelihood that the virus will mutate and current vaccines will no longer be effective? is that a given? well actually we looked in the paper when we looked at the the waves of the virus through the end of the panoramic morocco and watch the way and they were related to all of them. so the presence of dominance volumes. so i think if we look at it now, the speed is like 30 mom and after what you get and you will get them in nathan. so i think the last time it was like march a 4 and now we got to one in august. so most likely we are looking at the by really 3 mall,

another one. so not simply just for the population to know why. simply, if you'd have the bias supplied by what can happen, you will copy genetic material, it will make that's what we call a mutation. if you combine this mutation in one bar, that is important for the wired, for example, the spike protein. what's gonna happen? you need, you will get to you characteristic and you will get a new r u. and after the washing is spreading rapidly, it's more better for our given bore up difficult. and the 3rd thing is, is this escaping the really think will most likely get the new why you like you will get the stress or 6 way of coming away. ok. patrick. time. we're nearing the end of the program or to ask you quickly, the need for vaccines boosters has in some circles,

emboldened anti vax as people who don't want the vaccine, don't believe, but leaving it as of right now, what does the science say? so we can be unequivocal about how much more likely you ought to be hospitalized if you catch cove it. if you're under ex, unaided, versus if you're fully vaccinated. well, i'm equivocal that the people that are back, they have a much lower chance to be back. the nature of being of dying of been hospitalized, or having even infection compared to the back to me, to people. so from different estimates there's at least i can fold. i increase in your risk of dying from cobit in a developed country, and that really changes in different places, but, but there's absolutely the risk of buy a back in. it's far less than the risk of getting cobit and think that that has to be the message that has brought out. and we have to be careful not to disparage the

value back. even at the variance, you merge that back being no matter how much the variance involved so far, they haven't been able to give a good and high degree of protection against the year to be the from all the parents are absolutely. hey, thank you very much for that should be thank you to all about guess, christmas patrick tang and as a dean abrahamic i beg you to for watching. you can see the program again anytime by visiting our website out there are the com. that's a further discussion. go to our facebook page at facebook dot com, forward slash ha, inside story. you're going to join the conversation on twitter handle is a j inside story for me, kids now and the whole thing here. and so how about the

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