whereas chris sim, browse ski, and aerospace engineer at defense contractor, lockheed martin. the capsules docking port has been replaced for the occasion with a large window like transparent dome inspiration for the latest foray into space tourism following sub orbital flights in july by billionaires richard branson. and amazon founder jeff bezos, space ex, owned by yet another billionaire eli mosque is one of the leading companies planning for a lucrative mass market in space tourism over the coming decades. rob reynolds al jazeera ah, this is al jazeera, these top stories, the u. s. australian burson have announced a new indo pacific security alliance, known as being seen as part of a strategy. accounts of china's influence in the region. august will bring together

our sailors, our scientists, and our industries maintain and expand our edge and military capabilities and critical technology such as cyber artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and undersea domains. now as the key project under archive, we are launching consultations with australia acquisition of conventionally arm nuclear powered submarine. has paula says, a shipment of fuel from iran has arrived in lebanon to help ease widespread shortages groups of 20 tanka trucks and 2 through the syrian border as well. it says it will share the fuel free of charge with state hospitals and nursing homes. israel's defense minister says he's willing to accept a new us negotiated nuclear deal with iran, reflecting a major shift in israeli policy. and again says israel accepts the biden

administration's efforts to get back to an agreement. but he warned washington to have a viable plan b. that includes more economic pressure on to the wrong. if the talks fail, francais, a special forces have killed the leader. i saw in the greatest horror. and none of us wanted us to wrong, lee was beyond the killing of 6 friend charity workers and then jerry and drive it last year. the philippine government says it won't cooperate with an investigation by the international criminal court into its cold war on drugs. prosecutors will look into allegations of widespread human rights abuses. okay, as the headlights news continues here on al jazeera, after inside story, you can find out much more all our stories on our website, al jazeera dot com, to check it out. government support swindling russia's parliamentary elections take place in september. but as this leader elected valley

remains in prison and to finalize a band from taking part, could the due to the criminal and be wide open for another clean sweep. uprooting, supporting personal coverage on al jazeera is the 3rd shot, the grown dollars back need. you said it will. age of the 15 other countries are expected to publish. that is enough. this is inside the ah, ah hello, welcome to the program on tim vanelle. it's feared that the winter season could see grown of virus infections rise, and the british government says it wants to prepare for the worst. it's an ounce roll out of a 3rd dose of vaccine from next week. around 30000000 people will be eligible,

including everyone age of 50 people with underlying conditions and health workers. l be given at least 6 months after person has had their 2nd dose. the government says there assigns protection offered by corona, vice vaccines reduces over time. and by using boosters, high levels of immunity among the most vulnerable people can be maintained visual. se britton's vaccine drive has reduced hospital admissions and help avoid locked downs by mr. bras. johnson plans to reintroduce measures if needed. the result of this vaccination campaign is that we have one of the most free societies and one of the most open economies in europe. and that's why when are sticking with our strategy, in essence, we're going to keep going. we will continue to offer testing or will continue to urge everyone to be sensible to be responsible. wash your hands,

use ventilation. consider wearing a face covering in crowded places with people that you don't know. stay at home, if you feel unwell, download and use the app, and we will keep further measures in reserve plan b. the us food and drug administration committee is debating the water use of booster shots later this week. and the few of the wealthy nations have recommended rolling out the doses that's not recommended by the world health organization. it's asking rich nations to delay the program until every country has vaccinated at least 40 percent of its people. a group of leading scientists, including experts from the u. s. s. w h o wrote in the lancet medical journal that covered 900 vaccine booster shots for the general public and not needed at this time of vac seen effectiveness against mild disease may wayne over time. protection against severe disease remains who can remain. booster shots may eventually be

needed for general populations if vaccine induced immunity wayne's even further. or if you very into mergers that can evade the protection excited risks and distribution shots too soon, including potential side effects such as the rare heart inflammation condition, maya cut ashes. ah, let's bring in our guests in cambridge. chris smith is consultant verola, just and editor of the naked scientists in doha. patrick tang is division chief of micro biology and senior medicine and in rabbits as a dean abraham, he is head of biotechnology lab. the robot medical school are very welcome to program. thanks for joining us. i'd like to begin with you, patrick. hang. the advice from not that long ago from the world health organization is that we should hold off on booster shots until most of the welders vaccinated.

wealthy countries, a steaming ahead with their booster jabs their plans of boosters isn't needed. well, that's a very complicated question and i think when you say whether it needed it, we have to answer that different levels, whether it needed for the preventative infection prevention be, are, these are daph or prevention of disruption to provide you and the economy. so i think that question is complex to have the answer to all the different though when you feel it needed at some level, it may not be for something and then for i would think that it's actually very much needed. so with the evidence, we're talking only about the health care either that where the evidence is, it definitely is needed because waiting immunity in certain groups of people. so people are compromised, that never established good. and you need to start with elderly and popular people

that reside in nursing own very long term care facilities and, and, and possibly as an extension of back the health care workers that care profession, people are in hardware. ok, chris smith, is there any harm then getting a boost if you're young and you don't have any underlying health conditions because different countries are having different rules around who should be getting the booster. so is there a harm in getting it if it's offered to you? well, let's step back and ask the question, what's the purpose of a booster? a booster is intended to reinforce, emitted. what's immunity? well, it means different things to different people in this disease because in some cases it means not getting severe disease. in other cases, it means not getting infected at all. we know and have learned over the last about 18 months, is the higher your level of antibody, the more defended and better protected you all. and people with really high levels

of antibodies appear not to get infected at all. people, the lower levels of antibody do get infected, some of the time, but they don't become severely on. well. so what do we want to achieve if we want to truck to the low, low low rates of spread of the infection through population? we need everyone to have the highest level of antibody that we can muster. if we want to achieve low levels of severed to be willing to tolerate some degree of spread through the population, then that's probably not necessary. and since young people don't develop severe disease, very often they do sometimes, but than, than you could argue, will actually do. they really need a booster at all if they're under the age of say, 50, which is why various governments in various countries are taking that particular approach to do hom will all medicines have side effects and vaccines and no exception. so there will be a small number of people who get vaccinated and they get the side effects,

which can be trivial, a sore arm or more severe. so impacts brain blood clots if you have a respect some of these vaccines. so it really comes down to who you're given the boost as to what your aim is at the end of the day and having to okay, as being able to me, i'd like to bring you in. what is the science say? what does the research say about how much the efficacy of the vaccines wayne's over time and over what time period? well, actually came, we are having this discussion simply. and we have to say is clear the simply because the paper in law sets that 2 days ago and the 2 leaders, boston leaders of the da, talked about that. we don't need this trust for the global population. maybe you wouldn't need it for some specific person in the criminal compromise person, for example, every or the frontline or the definitely were not needed for the global global actually operations. that's something that's we have to say. and in comparison to

that, the w a choice, actually for many weeks, i'll say that we don't need this booster just to make it clear why? because we can succeed in locally managing the pandemic effectively. and being able actually to educate the wire. but we can not come up with that just by doing that in few places and not in the world what they think of the actually the boxes, if they i think it's clear that they pick up the keys and the 3rd shop would be very helpful. but the other thing, when you are managing the pandemic, i think i would just give an example. for example, if you want to do that and you decide that you will be given the 3rd goal or 3rd shop in new york and not given it to start from fiscal, which will be a problem. i think we have to manage the, the crisis in the way that the, you know, we are just one word and we have to, to get this efficient though to everybody around to work us

a very interesting point. i'd like to bring that to you. patrick tang, some people who are not being offered boosters are worried about their immunity, particularly people who might have been given a vaccine that was less effective in the 1st place. should they be worried to those concerns founded well for different people who are at different rick severe disease? i think that that's where the question has to be aimed at. so for, for people that are not at risk for severe disease, then they don't have a word match. but people are in a higher risk group. then then, you know, they do have to be a bit more careful in terms of what you, especially if they're having waiting. i mean they've had that only one shot of a certain back into 2 shot the left effective back then they definitely have to act accordingly. or wait for their government plan to roll out 3rd,

the 3rd shot, if necessary, you can understand patrick and then even just from a messaging point of view and people trying to figure out what is best for them because for so long you know, the messaging was get vaccinated, look at what cova does to you, you could end up very, very on. well, you could die from call it get vaccinated. people did that, and now the messaging is coming out in different countries in different ways. oh, actually now you may need a booster, so surely you can understand that some people might be concerned about figuring out what they should be doing. you are absolutely right. it's a very complicated message to get out there. and for many, about the beginning of the roll out of the back in and out, they're backing up. probably realized that there might have to be boosters. and that, that, you know, the back digital that was recommended where, where 2 shots are given in a 3 week or 4 week period. that wouldn't be enough to give long term last in you

need to most people, i think the initial messaging where to get people engaged and willing to take off the back being so that we can take care of that emergent right in front of us right now. but with that emergent, but the doubts, if area and awkward other barian i, where were the immunity need be very strong to prevent transmission of that, of the buyers and also bent them the more near to each then then i think it's important now that we change some of that, that messaging and game, and i think people might be getting tired of this, but the message has changed many times throughout the panoramic as we learn more about the buyers and as the buyer the boss. so i think again, we're gonna have to do that to, to help people that might be necessary for certain people, especially with the evolution of the buyers into a current form. yeah, we'll come on to the evolution of the mutation of the virus in

a 2nd. i've only come back to you, chris smith, i believe the u. k. and correct me if i'm wrong, is recommending a 5, a boost of over fifties and both who are at risk regardless of the vaccine that they call around the 1st time around. so. so, does that mean the science says you can mix vaccines and it's not going to be a problem as quite a long history of using combinations of different vaccines and proves that when you do that you get a better immune response for doing it. and this is actually called had to religous vaccination. so you use one type of vaccine to prime the pump because it were, you use a different the later or a different combination of action, faxes, and stream to stress the system a bit. and expands the mean response seems to translate into a broader, more fast, more resilience and therefore more effective immune response. so it's not altogether surprising that we should find that mixing matching between vaccines can lead to a better immune response. they've been a number of big trials conduct,

didn't ok, including one called the common core trial, which was done at the oxford and more recently the called boost trial, done at the university of south hampton, which we are eagerly awaiting the results. and they've tested many of the permutations of using different vaccines in different orders, and also boosting people with different vaccines, off the back off prior treatment with other combinations of vaccines. so they took a different permutations. and what seems to emerge is the best reinforcement, at least in the short term, is to give whatever your 1st course of vaccination was a boost up and says vaccine which seems to be a good compromise to impracticality cost efficiency, efficacy. and also the tolerability for the patients that seems to get the best vaccine outcome measures. ok. as it never, he, me, a lot of people are talking about how to move from this being a pandemic to being endemic. can you explain to our audience what that means? and. # what it entails does,

does it mean we're going to be getting covered vaccines every year along with food jobs? why do i have to remind everybody that's why we get to the vaccination actually, because of the vaccine issues to protect people not to be infected? actually, you can pick that that you are vaccinated. so the purpose actually not to develops if you're cases for the corporate and actually not to have this crush on the head system. so actually in the country that will get to a percentage of the vaccination will be a b, i actually able to the club for example, the of the, the corporate, my team is that kind of disease as no harm in the system. so i think what would be the way it is not the strategy off of their own? i think it's the strategy shot or that is the limit that actually when we see what's happened, the more training in us and i think what's gonna happen. you just will be kind of

survive in the presence of this virus and living with it. and they think they're become and then they can receive example in and done micro number, where people are saying you can just leave your life. and if you get the cobra 19, we have all the possibilities to bring you to the cast system that will take care of you. and i think that will be the a for everybody. instead of looking at having 0 tolerance for the over and the for soft costs to follow question for you, mr. abraham. me. i mean that's all very well, isn't it for, for nations that have high vaccination, right? saying, you know what, we'll just deal with it in the health system won't get overwhelmed. but what about for countries with vaccination rates remain very low in the continent of africa. comparatively, in the vaccination, it's very, very low. so what does the trajectory look like there? why actually will be to you are provoking me here can because when you are talking about africa, when you see the number is shame ships to see the numbers in africa or the

vaccination population, we absolutely are 2 per cent of the population vaccinated. and if you take out from the roku, you are a one percent and they think what's, what's really wide a w w a to actually argument for the strategy to come out of the call because it's true and we have to follow it because we are saying we have to get to a certain percentage in africa if we live african countries without any marks initially. what's gonna happen actually, just lots of people will be developing new volume. and instead of using both of us, we have enough. we have to look for vari boosters to get rid of the pending mix. so i think the right way to deal with actually, and the strategy for auction profit is to get enough back to you and actually not let the, the law and look at the virus reply. because one example that we can give and we are definitely everybody will agree with it. if we have lots of immunocompromised

people, for example, in south africa, most likely like what's happened with the c 12, this is coming as a new body and pinterest most likely will have new why it's coming from africa. and we come back to square 0 and for stop on again. speaking of starting all again or coming back to the stop. i want to talk about israel, patrick 10, most israelis, we're vaccination by march, but then by the end of june, they had the mask mandate re introduced people needed to put mosque back on. what does that tell us about what is going to happen for everyone? the future will vaccination be enough, or will we be wearing masks from here until, who knows when i think it's really a little bit of a unique situation. be here. we're lucky enough to get back in very early and, and back to needs. it never can portion of their population very early. so

and then with bad b would they didn't get enough to achieve heard of unity, but they got significant proportion about 60 percent of people vaccinated. but, but with that be sorta declared that it was the fact that and they dropped a lot of their public health measures and maybe a little bit too early and not anticipating and new barriers such as the delta barrier emerging and getting into that population so. so i think that that unique situation for a lot of different and converged and, and back they're very lucky to have a virus that would be able to have bade waning immunity in their population. can they were back neither earlier than most other countries and data. and then they had also dropped their math, mandy, so, so with that they had to take action and they had to reverse them at their public health. the things that they had dropped. right. so it's is careful balance, isn't it? chris smith?

a lot of kids are, children are heading back to school now. but children, at least in the us, represent more than a quarter of new weekly coven, 19 cases. at the moment. i kids getting sicker with delta or do we need to be worried about them getting infected at higher rates? that has been very controversial in the u. k as well, because in the last couple of weeks we've seen a bit of a back and forth with our politicians and various advisory groups to decide on who should get things. and what they've been arguing about is, should we be offering vaccines to children. many other countries around the world, including in the u. s. but many of the european countries all proactively vaccinating that children in some european countries. they've got to nearly a 100 percent of their young children age 12 to 15 in the u. k. we're just beginning to embark on that particular journey and what is that you get very large uptake of over large mouth spread the virus in that particular sector of society.

why? because those are the last groups to be offered vaccination. so the current to bull, they're also more likely to be more how holly, socially network, they're meeting with each other. they're in school at university, at work, public transport, partying, gangs, nightclubs, and so on. and this is all of which is transmission to occur. so as a result, there's a higher risk in that particular group that they're going to amplify the infection . so many people are saying that we should be actively intervening in this particular sector facade, to help to blunt transmission there. because they are an amplifier. they create more cases. those cases then spread to other people who, while children are very low risk and you ask the question about delta l, still a very low risk, severe disease with corona virus, of any persuasion. it's about on par with being hit by lightening your chance of having to be run. the risk of post ball syndrome is a bit higher because the theoretical risk of a smith's needs in the minority and because of long coven taught symptoms. but

because of the societal impact have been spread infection, that's why people are saying that back to this group is it because you can help to protect against all of the as it in every he me. we touched on earlier, but i want to come back to this, what is the actual likelihood that the virus will mutate and our current vaccines will no longer be effective? is that a given? why actually we looked at that in your paper when we looked at the, the waves of the virus through the end of the day making morocco and watch the 4 ways and they were correlated to all of them. so the presence of dominance volumes. so i think if we look at it now, the steve is like pretty mom and after what you get and you evaluate that will give them an 8th. and so i think the last time it was like march a 4. and now we got to one in august. so most likely we are looking at the by really another one. so not simply just for the population to know why.

simply, if you'd have the bias supplied by what can happen every time you will copy genetic material, it wouldn't make that's what we call a mutation. if you combine this mutation in one bar, that is important for the wired, for example, the spike protein. what's gonna happen you need you will get some characteristic and you will get and you are you and here was the same washy is spreading rapidly, it's more better are getting more difficult. and the 3rd thing is, is this escaping the bank will most likely get the new why you won't like you will get this 5th or 6th wave coming away. ok. patrick time. we're nearing the end of the program or to ask you quickly, the need for that seem to still has in some circles, emboldened anti back,

says people who don't want the vaccine, don't believe that leaving it. as of right now, what does the science say? so we can be unequivocal about how much more likely you ought to be hospitalized if you catch cove it. if you're under x and aged versus if you're fully vaccinated. well, i'm equivocal that the people that are back, they have a much lower chance of being back the nature of being of dying, of been hospitalized or having even infection compared to the back to me, to people. so from different estimates there, that would be, i tenfold, i decrease in your risk of dying from cobit in a developed country. and that really changes in different places. but, but there's absolutely the risk of a back in it's far less than the risk of getting cold. and i think that that has to be the message that has brought out. and we have to be careful not to disparage the

value back in, even as a variant. you merge that back being no matter how much the variance involved so far, they haven't been able to give a good and high degree of protection against the year from all the parents. so absolutely, hey, thank you very much for that shipping. thank you to all of our guest christmas, patrick tang and as a dean, abrahamic and thank you to for watching. you can see the program again anytime by visiting our website out there or the. com. that's another discussion. go to our facebook page at facebook dot com forward slash ha. inside story. you can see join the conversation on twitter handle is a j inside story for me, kids now and the whole team here. and so how about the

it's one of the world's most powerful and dangerous criminal enterprises, central to the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of people. and behind the death of many more. exceptional access to some of its key players reveals the inner workings of an organization telling the name to many as the blood alliance. inside this, in a la carte house part 2 of a 2 part investigation, people and power on al jazeera, people are much more than to the communities they live in, no matter how much it needs to presentation as much as anyone else's. going to like the main one of the most polluted part of the night, the delta and now it's people say they want to clean up all that is the bottom and with the media lunch that coverage covers you just when you suffer calamities. i

don't think that's right, and that is what i want to change. i wanted to go further to cover story stuff impacts the lives of people to, to flip the stories that i was really passionate about. stories with the governments want to keep him in the story stuff, drop the fixed narrative and depend on the reality on the thought is why i became a journalist. i'm how much is he? there is no channel that covers world views like we do. we revisit places, mistake. i'll just there really invest in that, and that's the privilege. as a journalist, i'm russell did in southern england where to farmers turn safari park pioneers, a bits the attractive nature in the driving seat. i was just absolutely astonishing the life, the poor back even that the very 1st summer and i miguel sophie, i cynthia when one buy in there and companies revolutionizing the you think blend

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