since contractor lockheed martin, the capsules docking port has been replaced for the occasion with a large window like transparent dome inspiration for is the latest foray into space tourism following sub orbital flights in july by billionaires richard branson and amazon founder jeff bezos. space ex, owned by yet another billionaire ilan mosque is one of the leading companies planning for a lucrative mass market in space tourism over the coming decades. rob reynolds al jazeera ah, this is al jazeera, these, you top stories, the us so strongly on the u. k. of announced the new india pacific secures the alliance known as ogre's. as being said, as part of a strategy account to china's influence in the region, australia were received nuclear power submarines. as part of the agreement. august

will bring together our sellers, our scientists and our industries maintain and expand our edge and military capabilities and critical technology such as cyber artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and undersea domains. now as a key project under august, we are launching consultations with australia acquisition of conventionally our nuclear powered submarines. as well as, as a shipment of fuel from iran has arrived in lebanon to help ease widespread shortages groups of 20 tank at trucks entering through the syrian border. as well as says, i will share the fuel free of charge with state hospitals. nursing homes fraud says its special forces have kill the leader of iso in the greatest hora. not a while. 8. alas, the raleigh was behind the killing of 6 friend charity workers. and then jerry and dr. a last year. president, a menu macro hail, the operation as

a success in france is fine against arms groups in this, the hail region, egypt says ethiopia must work towards reaching a binding agreement on it's dam on the blue nile. this is to the un security council called for negotiations to continue. if erica says the ground ethiopian renaissance down is needed to make sure the vast majority of its citizens get electricity. but see don in egypt who are both downstream, see it as a potential threat to now water levels. the philippine government says it won't cooperate with investigation by the international criminal court into it. so hold on drugs, prosecutors will look into allocations of human rights abuses for you. on children's agencies. edging pandemic had nations to rios and schools as soon as possible. many nations have refused to resume in person education. as most children are main unvaccinated, coming up next inside story,

stay with us. news. news, news. news. news is a 3rd shelf dollars back needed. you cases that will produce age of the 15. other countries are expected to publish. that is enough. this is inside the ah, ah, ah, hello, welcome to the program. i'm kim vanelle. it's feared that the winter season could see corona virus infections rise. and the british government says it wants to

prepare for the worst. it's an ounce roll out of a 3rd dose of vaccine from next week. around 30000000 people will be eligible, including everyone age of 50 people with underlying conditions and health workers. l be given at least 6 months after a person has had their 2nd dose. the government says there assigns protection offered by corona, vice vaccines reduces over time. and by using boosters, high levels of immunity among the most vulnerable people can be maintained. official se britton's vaccine drive has reduced hospital admissions and help avoid locked downs by mr. bras. johnson plans to reintroduce measures if needed. the result of this vaccination campaign is that we have one of the most free societies and one of the most open economies in europe. and that's why when i'm sticking with our strategy, in essence, we're going to keep going. we will continue to offer,

testing will continue to urge everyone to be sensible to be responsible. wash your hands, use ventilation. consider wearing a face covering in crowded places with people that you don't know. stay at home, if you feel unwell, download and use the app, and we will keep further matches in reserve plan be the us food and drug administration committee is debating the water use of booster shots later this week. and a few of the wealthy nations have recommended rolling out the doses. but that's not recommended by the world health organization. it's asking rich nations to delay the program until every country has vaccinated at least 40 percent of its people. a group of leading scientists, including experts from the u. s, and w h o wrote in the lancet medical journal that covered 1900 vaccine booster shots for the general public and not needed at this time. all vaccine effectiveness

against mild disease may wayne, over time. protection against severe disease remains who can remain. booster shots may eventually be needed for general populations if vaccine induced immunity wanes even further. or if you very into mergers that can evade the protection. excited risks and distribution shots too soon. including potential side effects such as the rare heart inflammation condition. maya cut ashes. ah, let's bring in our guests in cambridge. chris smith is consultant verola, just and editor of the naked scientists in doha. patrick tang is division chief of micro biology and senior medicine and in rabbits as a dean ibrahim, he is head of biotechnology lab. the robot medical school are very welcome to program. thanks for joining us. i'd like to begin with you,

patrick tang. the advice from not that long ago from the world health organization is that we should hold off on booster shots until most of the welders vaccinated wealthy countries a steaming ahead with their booster jabs their plans of boosters isn't needed. well, that's a very complicated question, and i think when you say whether it needed it, we have to answer that different levels, whether it needed for the prevention of infection prevention, beer disease or daph, or prevention of disruption to provide you and the economy. so i think back question is complex to have the answer to all the different levels. so when you say if it needed at some level, it may not be for something and then for everything that is actually very much needed. so with the evidence that we're talking only about the health care either that where the evidence is exactly is needed because waiting immunity in certain

groups of people. so people are, are compromised, that never established good. and you need to start with elderly and possibly people that reside in nursing home or long term care facilities then and, and possibly as an extension of that, the health care workers that care for people that are in high risk. okay. chris smith, is there any harm then in getting a boost, if you're young and you don't have any underlying health conditions because different countries having different rules around who should be getting the booster . so is there a harm in getting it? if it's offered to you, we'll let that back and ask the question, what the purpose of a booster a booster is intended to reinforce, emitted what immunity? well, it means different things to different people in this disease because in some cases it means not getting severe disease. in other cases, it means not getting infected at all. we know and have learned over the last about

18 months is the higher your level of antibody, the more defended and better protected you all. and people with really high levels of anti body appear not to get infected at all. people, the lower levels of antibody do get infected, some of the time, but they don't become severely on. well. so what do we want to achieve if we want to talk to the low low low rates of spread of the infection through population? we need everyone to have the highest level of antibody that we can muster. if we want to achieve low levels of severe to be willing to tolerate some degree of spread through the population, then that's probably not necessary. and since young people don't develop severe disease, very often they do sometimes, but than then you could alky will actually till they really need a booster, a tool if they're under the age of say, 50, which is why various governments in various countries are taking that particular approach to do hom will all medicines have side effects and vaccines no exception.

so there will be a small number of people who get vaccinated and they get the side effects which can be trivial, a sore arm or more severe than perhaps brain blood clots. if you have respect some of these vaccines, so it really comes down to who you're given the boost as to what your aim is at the end of the day and having to okay, as being able to hear me, i'd like to bring you in. what is the science say? what does the research say about how much the efficacy of the vaccines wayne's over time and over what time period? well, actually came, we are having this discussion simply and we have to say it's clear the simply because the paper in law sets that 2 days ago and the 2 leaders, boston leaders of the da talks about that. we don't need this trust for the global population. maybe you wouldn't need it for some specific person in the criminal compromise person, for example, or the frontline or that's definitely not needed for the global global actually

population. that's something that we have to say. and in comparison to that, the w h. actually for many weeks, i'll say that we don't need this booster just to make us clear why. because we can succeed in locally managing the pandemic effectively and being able actually to educate the wire. but we can not come up with that just by the way that in few places and not in around the world, what they pick up, the actually the boxes, if they, i think it's clear that they pick up the boxes and the 3rd shop would be very helpful, but the other thing, when you are managing the pandemic, i think i would just give an example. for example, if you want to do this and you decide that you will be given the goal or 3rd shop in new york and not given in san francisco, it will be a problem. i think we have to manage the crisis in this way that the, you know,

we are just one word and we have to, to get this efficient though to everybody around the world. and you write the very interesting point. i'd like to bring that to you, patrick tang, some people who are not being offered boost is, are worried about their immunity, particularly people who might have been given a vaccine that was less effective in the 1st place. should they be worried to those concerns founded? well, for different people who are at different rick severe disease, i think that that's where the question has to be aimed at. so for, for people that are not at risk for severe disease, then they don't have, you're worried much people are in a higher risk group. then, you know, they do have to be a bit more careful in terms of what you, especially if they're having waiting. i mean, they had that only one shot of a certain back in the to shot the left effective vaccine. then they definitely have

to act accordingly or wait for their government plan to roll out. 3rd, the 3rd shot, if necessary, you can understand patrick and then even just from a messaging point of view and people trying to figure out what is best for them. because for so long, you know, the messaging was get vaccinated, look at what cova does to you, you could end up very, very on. well, you could die from call it get vaccinated. people did that. and now the messaging is coming out in different countries in different ways. oh, actually now you may need a booster. so surely you can understand that some people might be concerned about figuring out what they should be doing. you are absolutely right. it's a very complicated message to get out there. and for many about the beginning of the roll out of the back in an actor backing up. probably realized that there might have to be boosters. and that, that you know, that the back digital that was recommended where, where 2 shots are given in

a 3 week or 4 week period. that wouldn't be enough to give long term last in you need to most people, i think the initial messaging where to get people engaged and willing to take off the back so that we can take care of their merchant right in front of us right now . but with the emerging adults, if area and talk with other barian i, where we're the immunity need be very strong to prevent transmission of that, of the buyers and also bent the more severe to each then. then i think it's important now that, that we change some of that, that messaging and game, and i think people might be getting tired of this. but, but the message has changed many times throughout the panoramic as we learn more about the buyers and as the buyers. so i think again, we're gonna have to do that if you could tell people that there might be necessary

for certain people, especially with the evolution of the buyers into a current form. yeah, we'll come on to the evolution of the mutation of the virus in a 2nd. i've only come back to you chris smith, i believe the u. k. and correct me if i'm wrong, is recommending a 5 boost of over fifties and both who are at risk regardless of the vaccine that they call around the 1st time around. so. so, does that mean the science says you can mix vaccines and it's not going to be a problem as quite a long history of using combinations of different vaccines and proves that when you do that you get a better immune response for doing it. and this is actually called had to religous vaccination. so you use one type of vaccine to prime the pump because it were a different thing later or a different combination of action, facts, and stream to stress the system a bit. and expands the mean response seems to translate into a broader, more fast, more resilience and therefore more effective immune response. so it's not

altogether surprising that we should find that mixing matching between vaccines can lead to a better immune response. the been a number of big trials conducted. ok, including one called the common core trial, which was done at the oxford and more recently the call boost trial done at the university of south hampton, which we are eagerly awaiting the results. and they've tested many of the permutations of using different vaccines in different orders, and also boosting people with different vaccines, off the back off prior treatment with other combinations of vaccines. so there are different permutations, and what seems to emerge is the best reinforcement, at least in the short term, is to give whatever your 1st course vaccination was a boost up and says vaccine, which seems to be a good compromise to impracticality cost efficiency, efficacy. and also the tolerability for the patient that seems to give the best vaccine outcome measures ok. as it never, he, me, a lot of people talking about how to move from this being

a pandemic to being endemic. can you explain to our audience what that means? and. # what it entails does, does it mean we're going to be getting coven vaccines every year along with flu jabs? why do i have to remind everybody that's why we get to the vaccination actually? because of the vaccine issues to protect people not to be infected? actually, you can be that you are even vaccinated. so the purpose actually not to develop your cases for the corporate and actually not to have this pressure on the health system. so actually in the country that will get to a percentage of the vaccination will be, can be i actually able to the club for example, the of the, the corporate, my team is that kind of disease at no harm. and i think what will be doing is not the strategy offer. they are open. i think it's the strategy shot or that is

a limited actually when we see what happens, try and get you, for example. and i think what's gonna happen, you just will be kind of surviving the presence of this virus and live in with it. and they think they're become and then they can see the example in and done my number where people are saying you can just leave your life. and if you get the cobra 90, we have all the possibilities to bring you to the cast system that will take care of you. and i think that's what would be the a for everybody. instead of looking at having 0 tolerance for the over 90 and the for soft costs are follow question for you, mr. ever he, me, i mean, that's all very well, isn't it for, for nations that have high vaccination, right? saying, you know what, we'll just deal with it in the health system won't get overwhelmed. but what about for countries with vaccination rates remain very low in the continent of africa. comparatively, in the vaccination, it's a very, very low. so what does the trajectory look like there?

why actually will be the you are for what and mean here can because when you are talking about africa, when you see the number is shame and shipped to see the numbers in africa or the vaccination population, we are not absolutely a super sense of the population vaccinated and if you take out from the roku, you are up to one percent and they think what's, what's really wide a w w a to actually arguing for the strategy to come out of the call because it's true and we have to work with because we say, and we have to get to a certain percentage in africa if we live african countries without any marks initially, what's gonna happen actually, lots of people will be developing your volume. and instead of using both of us, we have enough. we have to look for vari boosters to get rid of the panoramic. so i think the right way to deal with actually, and the strategy for oxygen profit is to get enough back to you and actually not

let the, the law and look at the virus reply. because one example that we can give and we have separately, everybody would agree with it just if we have lots of immunocompromised people, for example, in south africa, most likely like what's happened with the c 12, this is coming as a new body and pinterest most likely will have new why it's coming from africa and we'll come back to square 0 and for stop all again. speaking of starting all again or coming back to the stop. i want to talk about israel, patrick 10, most israelis with vaccination by march, but then by the end of june, they had the mask mandate re introduced people needed to put mosque back on. what does that tell us about what is going to happen for everyone? the future will vaccination be enough, or will we be wearing masks from here until, who knows when i think it's really a little bit of a unique situation be they were lucky enough to get back in very early and,

and back to me. i never can't proportion of their population very early, so and then with bad bay would they didn't get enough to achieve heard of unity, but they got significant proportion about 60 percent of people vaccinated. but, but with that, they started declared that it was the path and they dropped a lot of their public health measures and maybe a little bit too early and not and repeating and new barriers such as the delta barrier emerging and getting into the population so. so i think that that unique situation for a lot of different and converged and, and back kate, they're very lucky to have a virus that would be able to bade waning immunity in their population cuz they were back maybe earlier than most other country and data. and then they had also dropped their math, mandy, so, so with that they had to take action and they had to reverse public health. the

thing that they had dropped. right. so as careful balances and at christmas a lot of kids are children are heading back to school now. but children, at least in the us re present more than a quarter of new weekly covered 19 cases. at the moment. i kids getting sicker with delta, do we need to be worried about them getting infected at higher rates? the been very controversial in the u. k as well, because in the last couple of weeks we've seen a bit of a back and forth with our politicians and various advisory groups to decide on who should get things. and what they've been arguing about is, should we be offering vaccines to children? many other countries around the world, including in the us, but many of the european countries all proactively vaccinating their children in some european countries. they've got to nearly a 100 percent of their young children age 12 to 15 in the u. k. we're just

beginning to embark on that particular journey and what is that you get very large uptake of over large amounts spread the virus in that particular sector of society . why? because those the last groups to be offered vaccination. so that current to bull, they're also more likely to be more hope, highly, socially network. they're meeting with each other. they're in school at university, at work, public transport, partying, goings, nightclubs and so on. and this is all up, but your transmission to occur. so as a result, there's a higher risk in that particular group that they're going to amplify the infection . so many people are saying that we should be actively intervening in this particular sector facade, to help to blunt transmission there. because they are an amplifier. they create more cases. those cases then spread to other people who, while children are very low risk and you ask the question about delta l, still a very low risk, severe disease with corona virus, of any persuasion. it's about on par with being hit by lightening your chance of having to be around. the risk of post ball syndrome is

a bit higher because of the reticle risk of a severe disease in the minority. and because of long coded top symptoms. but because of the societal impact have been spread infection, that's why people are saying that back to this group is it? because you can help to protect against all of the as it enable he mean we touched on it earlier, but i want to come back to this. what is the actual likelihood that the virus will mutate and our current vaccines will no longer be effective? is that a given well actually we looked at the new paper, we looked at the, the waves of the virus through the end of the panoramic morocco and watch the wave. and they were correlated all of them. so the presence of dominance volumes. so i think if we look at it now, the speed is like 30 mom and after what you get and you will get them in nathan. so i think the last time it was like march 8,

4. and now we got to one in august. so most likely we are looking at the buy really another one. so not simply just for the population to know why. simply if you'd have the bias supplied by what can be found, you will copy genetic material it will make that's what we call a mutation. if you combine this mutation in one bar, that is important for the wired, for example, the spike protein, what's gonna happen, you need, you will get to your characteristic and we'll get to you, are you. and here with the think washing is spreading rapidly, is it more better for our given bore up difficult? and the 3rd thing is, is this escaping the really think? we'll most likely get the new why you won't like you will get the stress or 6 way

of coming away. ok, patrick time. we're nearing the end of the program or to ask you quickly. the need for vaccine boosters has in some circles, emboldened anti vax as people who don't want the vaccine, don't believe, but believe in it. as of right now, what does the science say? so we can be unequivocal about how much more likely you ought to be hospitalized if you catch covert if you're under ex, unaided, versus if you're fully vaccinated. well, i'm equivocal that the people that are back, they have a much lower chance to be back. the nature of being of dying of been hospitalized, or having even infection compared to the back to me, to people. so from different estimates there's that would be, i can fold, i increase in your risk of dying from cobit in a developed country. and that really changes in different places but, but there's absolutely the risk of

a back in it's far less than the risk of getting cold and think that that has to be the message that has to be brought out. and we have to be careful not to disparage the value back in, even as a variant. you merge that back being no matter how much the variance involved so far, they haven't been able to give a good and high degree of protection against the year to the from all the parents are absolutely. hey, thank you very much for that shipping. thank you to all about guess, christmas, patrick tang and as a dean, abrahamic and thank you to for watching. you can see the program again any time by visiting our website out there a dot com. i further discussion, go to our facebook page at facebook dot com, forward slash ha, inside story. you can join the conversation on twitter handle is a j inside story for me. kids now and the whole thing here and go house about the

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not meet on children breathing tough conditions facing death every time very. what does that kid though? gamble with their lives to the risk and it's all on our 0 i hello, i'm hasn't c k in the the top stories on i just see it on the u. s. australia and the u. k. have announced the new indo pacific security alliance known as orcus. it's being seen as part of a strategy to counter china's influence in the region. australia will receive nuclear power submarines as part of the agreement. august will bring together our sellers. our scientists and our industries maintain and expand our age and military

capabilities and critical technology such as cyber artificial intelligence.