nice way i'm lead, there was no water here. we have to go very far. look for other volts. assault is much for the of a. but we are happy. devota started to come here again. the water is collecting slowly and gradually reviving kill, and i live thing scientists and farmers in the policy. the world around them is changing faster than it has to. but roads can't be on built and there is no taking back the weather, altering greenhouse gases in the air. so all they can do now is their best to adapt to their altered ecosystem. is in basra, b, l, g 0. but when the bessie nipple, ah, hello again, the headlines on al jazeera, many countries say they're dissatisfied with the climate deal, reach the cop 26 summit in glasgow. the final statement was watered down and called to phase down the use of coal, rather than phasing out a few un secretary general,

acknowledge the disappointment, felt by some nations about the deal, but said it's an important starting point. the outcome of cop $26.00 is a compromise. it's reflect the interests, the contradictions and the status political really in the world. today, it is an important step, but it's not enough. we must accelerate climate section to keep alive the goal of limiting global temper to rise to a point 5 degrees. it's time to go into emergency modes. we must have fossil fuel subsidies phase out call. pick a price on carbon, protect voluble communities from the impacts of climate change. at least 5 people have been killed in sudan during mass rally as again last month's military take over. the sudanese doctor's committee has a q security forces shooting them, but police deny using live ammunition. demonstrators are angry after the army chief

general in fact, often, but hon forms a new ruling council. russ as president, is denying any involvement in the border stand off between belarus and poland, western nations, or choosing bella roosts of encouraging asylum seekers to illegally cross the border into poland. the new york times is reporting the u. s. military covered up air strikes in syria back kill dozens of civilians. the newspaper says that happened near the town about whose in 2019, during the fight against iso, the u. s. department of defense as it could confirmed for civilian debts. schools in india's capital will close for a week because the city attempts to deal with a blanket of toxic smog. india, top court has told the government to implement an emergency plan to tackle new delhi is poor air quality. public employees will be required to work from home. all construction work will cease for 4 days. more news at the top of the hour up next

is inside story. by, from the al jazeera london broke up fantastic to people in football conversation. we were 1st to ratio blackberry people and we had to really find our way with no hope and no limitation. the world is a much smaller place. we do better to get away with these regional boundaries, film direct, thank you. in to tell me things come right back in even what right? the biggest weapon they have is making off invisible. here be unscripted. coming soon on out to thera the cop 26 summit in glasgow revealed huge global divides on tackling climate change. scientists say the pledges to cut emissions and preserve our planet don't go far enough. so what's been achieved? this is inside story. ah.

hello and welcome to the program, my mamma, jim jim. the u. n. comp 26 summit and glasgow was called our last chance to combat the climate crisis. representatives from nearly 200 countries spent the past 2 weeks debating how to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees celsius from pre industrial levels. negotiations went past friday's deadline. delegates disagreed on the wording of the final agreement. contentious issues include phasing out fossil fuel subsidies and funding for developing nations to adapt to values. foreign minister even delivered and address knee deep in sea water to show how low lying pacific island nations are sinking. as sea levels rise will bring in our guests in a moment. first, here's what the president of comp 26 had to say. this is our collective moment in history. this is our

chance to forge a cleaner, healthier, more prosperous will. and this is our time to deliver on the high ambition set by our leaders. at the start of the summit, we must rise to the occasion. andrew simmons has this report from glasgow cop 26 has really been a summit of 2 halves. the 1st week had some really ambitious projects coalitions of the willing came forward with a 100 countries pledging to cut 30 percent of highly toxic methane emissions by 2030. there was an agreement on deforestation. cutting it right back by the same time period. 2030. the deadline, more than 40 countries committed to shifting away from fossil fuel, some very new countries in there. now these were projects outside of cop $26.00

outside of the paris agreement. and they really did serve to give a lot of hope for the proceedings. nevertheless, at the weekend we saw demonstrations, right, the way across the world, tens of thousands amassing in the streets of glasgow on saturday, making the point that really caught 26 was going nowhere based on whatever the chief so far in terms of the buyer's agreement. in terms of tackling emissions and emissions have been the center point of proceedings. in week 2. 1 of the poems had been the wide variation in commitments. countries were prepared to make 2 emissions and the frequency of declaring their goals that had really caused a lot of angst throughout the 2nd week. that coupled with really targeting the issue of fossil fuel and whether or not to push that harder and harder that does appear to have been the case. and so really you have now

a situation where political will has been the primary points for the end of the day on where things get decided on and where we go from here. andrew simmons for inside story. here are some of the pledges made during the past 2 weeks. china and the united states have announced they'll work together to keep temperature rises below 1.5 degrees celsius. but the world's 2 biggest polluters have not given further details. more than $100.00 nations agreed to cut methane emissions by 30 percent. but countries with major agricultural industry as such as australia and china didn't sign up. they also failed to join a commitment by 40 countries to phase out coal power. india promised to cut emissions to net 0 by 207020 years later than the summit school a 10500000000 dollar fund was launched to help developing nations transition to renewable energy and 110 leaders pledge to en deforestation by 2030 signatories

include brazil, where illegal logging of the amazon rain forest is rising. all right, let's bring our guests in glasgow, michael jacobs and environmental economists and professor at the university of sheffield in the u. k. from molly and them all leaves. ibrahim mom, a deputy director general of the environmental protection agency of the mold, eaves and, and new delhi arjen dut program leader at the council on energy environment and water. a warm welcome to you all, and thanks so much for joining us today on in so. sorry, michael, let me start with you today. you are there in glasgow at the summit. after 2 weeks of speeches and negotiations, and dire warnings and sounding the alarms. would you consider comp $26.00 to be a success or failure? i think it depends how you measure it. if you judge it by what's happening in the world on climate change, where emissions are still rising women to be on

a path to cutting emissions by 45 percent by 2030. if with the hold global temperature rise to one and a half degrees as was agreed in paris, the paris climate agreement in 2015 were on course currently for to ra, raise emissions by about 16 percent in 2030. if you look at the devastating climate impact that we're seeing all over the world, particularly in the poorest countries, they are not going to be changed by what was decided here. so if you look at the real world, i don't think there was any chance of cop 26 being a success because we are not on on. we need to change course and we haven't done that here. but if you've judge got 26 by what could have been achieve what a international climate change negotiation can achieve, then i think it's been a moderate success. the one big issue that we have to face here was to acknowledge that the emission cuts which countries have pledged are not good enough. they don't add up to a pathway which will limit the global warming to one and a half degrees. so countries have acknowledged him and they've said we're going to

come back next year with stronger commitment. so in a sense, the big decision has been put off by year. but this quote was never going to do anything better than that. but it has done that so in that sense, i think it has been a, a qualified success given the limited ambitions that any call could have had. and there is going to be more money for, for the most vulnerable countries, the poorest countries. so that too is a good argument. michael says he believes that it's a qualified success. i saw you nodding along to a lot of what he was saying. so i want to give you the chance to jump in because it looks like you want to to. and i also want to ask you from your perspective, from your purch there in new delhi, what do you think has been achieved? thank you. well, from my perspective, golf 26, they were building it as make a break from the, from, from the perspective of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees. if you, if you measure it from that barometer, it has certainly not succeeded. i mean, there have been certain incremental progress mean in areas such as

finalization are walking towards finalizing the implementation guidelines for carbon markets under 6 have been enhanced b. colonization ambitions watched by some developing countries. there's also been greater ambition in terms of commitments towards our goal, but that has been progress on a number of very important areas actually has simply not been enough. so michael talked about time in finance. actually, the progress made and blaming finance is not sufficient to allow developing countries to be carbonized fast enough and advanced or develop developed countries also missed the opportunity to enhance their b carbonite ation ambitions. both long term as well as not aligned to align their project. she's the $1.00 degree board. so i would say that there has

been some progress made, but overall it is, i would say it is not michael origin, was just talking about the issue of financing. of course there been a lot of pledges of financial aid. those are all fine and good. they have been praised. but what i'm curious about is money actually getting from richer nations to developing countries fast enough. and you have raised exactly the same point that many of the developing country delegates have been raising here, particularly the poorest countries and the ones that are suffering the most from climate change. if you look at the money that has been dispersed from richer countries to poor lungs, which president as far as we know, up to 2019 only amounts to about $80000000000.00 a year, which is less than the $100000000.00 a year. that was meant to be provided by 2020, most of that has gone into not the poorest countries and it's not gone into adaptation. buddy's coping with the climate change the country's already

experiencing most that has gone into mitigation. that is reducing emissions in areas like renewable energy, and that's good. those are cutting global as a helping to cut global emissions. but a lot of that is the loan. so it's not really a gift. and it is going to countries which have stronger financial systems of the road where the richer countries feel more confident that the money will be invested and of course will make them a return if those are loans and what the poorest and most vulnerable countries have wanted is grant money, so that simple grants for adaptation, the coping with climate change and that has always been the poll relation. if you like a planet finance only about a quarter of climate finance has gone to the poor countries. the adaptation they wanted it doubled to haul, at least they would like more than that. and one of the good things about this agreement is that it does commit the develop wells to providing around hob doubling of current rates to go towards adaptation. now that needs to be in the form of

grants, and that's not yet been specified. and many of the poorest countries say, you know, we're penalized because many the most vulnerable countries say we're penalized because we're experiencing major effects and climate change. but we're not poor enough to qualify for some kinds of aid. so there's still a lot of questions about the delivery of this, of this money and a lot of questions about exactly where it's going develop are not very good at accounting for it. so a lot of work still to do, but some progress made. i think i'm sure your, your guests from developing countries will have their own views on miss to argue. and let me ask you about that. how big is the gap between what is needed by developing countries and what has been provided by rich countries? right. so in terms of the, the scale finance that would be needed to let the reported figure, like mike pointed out around 80000000000 stretch report. and i'd get to that in a moment, but in terms of what is needed, the,

the scale of finance is more along the lines. a one trillion annually is what would be needed to actually said was on a be carbon dish and boss, which was 1.5 degrees. and i want to stress that the current laws, as michael pointed out, that there are having some criticisms on the actual accounting of these flows. so developing countries have stated that a, that a large chunk of the reported flow that actually just commitments and not actually flaws. some of the reported figure they're saying to say is also do not represent you an additional loss. and michael correctly pointed out the shadow grant capital is actually quite low. so while we need high a scale of flaws, that will blow into commercially viable investment opportunities where money is already flowing, but, but women are more needed. we need more grant capital to enable money to flow into investment opportunities, but it does not guarantee. so these include nice and acknowledges that may not have

an established business business models or technology performance track record, but just renewables such as maybe storage and the wants of the boss. a majority of a database and these up in this case does not exist. and as might be clearly also pointed out that under developed countries, investment risk or high also need grand capital either in the form of directly direct grants or more smart way of jumping to this capital is true. capitalistic. be risking off investment opportunities that would then allow far greater quantities of private check with capital law and below the gap between existing laws and those desired or sustainable, automates abraham. what do island nations like the mall deeds need in order to stop the effects of climate change? oh, i guess the last thing, damage or talk is very important for us as well. if we look at mold deeds,

we are spending, we have spent over the past 5 years, more than 100000000 for coastal protection alone. let alone providing safe drinking water v v. i spending a lot of money. and a lot of this is because we need to adapt to the a increase in impacts of climate change. and also a lot of a small island nation's have huge debts owe to various dorna organizations as well as donor countries as well. we have huge debts or to some countries which have been given us ah, loans for various kinds of projects. many of these projects are also a dictation related because cost to protection as well as some investments for

mitigation, such as so like energy. these projects also we have got a financial, a back in descent and the form of lawns as dick money as well. so we have to also think about this issue as well. our g, d p. if we're 30 or 40 percent of a g, d p to be paid for lawns and debts, lee will no longer have entity for adaptation projects as well. so we, we, we really need this, michael. there's been a lot of focus at cop $26.00 on the role of fossil fuels. or what do you think about this discussion that's been had over the last 2 weeks? it's been given much more focus than in previous cop summits. correct? well, it's the very 1st time that a coke has actually mentioned, fossil fuels in a final text at all. you might think, rather remarkable, given that fossil fuels all the major cause of climate change. but the fossil fuel

factors of the countries in which they are located always resisted any language about fossil fuel. this text, those one very good thing in, in that sense it says we need to accelerate the phase out of coal. coal is the most polluting in carbon terms and also in local evolution terms of all the field. and we're not going to deal with this problem. if coal is continue, continues as the the energy source of choice of countries around the world. that's difficult because many countries all dependent on coal, but this text knowledge is that we have to phase out cold much more quickly than we're currently doing now. so that's good. but there's no mentionable and gas as various people pointed out. there were lots of oil and gas sector companies trying to lobby countries here. and they have succeeded in keeping any mention of oil and gas out of the tech. there are countries like saudi arabia that really didn't want them mentioned. and we have a,

a really very weasely form of words on fossil fuels subsidies that the tech schools for fossil fuels subsidies to be phased out. but i mean, inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. there are, of course, no efficient fossil fuel subsidies, subsidies the fossil fuels is paying the polluter. and the principle that we all agreed was that the pollution pay. so none of them are really inefficient. another very efficient but strangely, countries we've claimed their fossil fuel subsidies are efficient and they've always used that word as a get out and doing anything. so the language on coal is good and significant because it's a 1st elsewhere the text really hasn't dealt with that issue. but of course, if countries do have to face out, do have to improve their emissions reduction commitments over the next 10 years as they have committed to do that will involve in practice a phasing down on fossil fuels. so it will happen whether or not there's a specific mention of that in this text. abraham, i just want to take a step step back for a moment to look at the effects of climate change because the mall leaves, of course, you know, are you're dealing with the ramifications of climate change. more than most

countries in the world. climate change has meant that them all these as fighting for it's very survival. so without a drastic cut in emissions. just how dire could things get there and you know 1.5 degrees itself. it's also quite diet quite me tricks because the mall dcs an entirely coral reef based country. and corals ah get in damage and bleached continuously over the past 2 decades we had seen more warming and so the mold is, will be facing huge consequences. he b tips will be beyond 1.5 degrees at this moment, also via phase sigma, lot of damage. but of course, tell you roshan about 90 percent, allowing him to nyland southeast with coastal erosion and coastal engineering

infrastructures to protect the coastal erosion from coastal erosion is quite huge expense which will be in billions of dollars if we are to fortify all the 186 or so islands inhibited by people. so we are facing this and also very important, i expect is they increase in a storm activity in the indian ocean. as the experts had said, they knew all should is born in more rapidly. then in the past decades and saw the storm sand stone activities in the indian ocean has increased. and the mold is, is now getting the eggs from these storms, which actually have more devastating effects on indian sri lanka and bangladesh. but we're also facing the prints of this as well. so ah, $1.00 eaves,

the band mainly mom that we need to survive and beyond that will be quite devastating for small island nations like goals. arjun, one of the biggest surprises to come out. the last couple of weeks was this agreement, china and the u. s. the agreed to boost climate cooperation over the next 2 decades . that something that took a lot of people by surprise, these joint step that were agreed to by the world's 2 biggest carbon emitters, to limit global temperature rise. are they going to be enough to really make a difference? thought it suddenly encouraging, but you know, as abraham was pointing out that even $1.00 degree beloved in dire consequences. the other thing to be, you know, really mindful in the, in the climate change debate principle of equity and plan of justice. there are cost certain countries such as the developed countries like the united states, but also china in terms of its historical as well as predicted emissions are

expected to cobb and you know, part of the majority of the space leaving very little or developing countries. so while the agreements between the us and china are a good start, what is needed is enhanced ambition from major emitters. so essentially for climate justice we need developed countries and regions like the u and the us to launch their net 0 years. and also large tomatoes like china, which will, of course, are expected to unpredicted, to honor the maximum carbon space. if you take into account with historical and future projections should then also further and wants to know, you know, yes, give countries like them. all these and other developing countries, the room to meet their developmental needs. and then also yes, or still their economies towards n 0 in a time frame that has them balance these priorities. so in summary, we'd like the developed countries. and once you've met your past countries like

china jar of course, also a larger meters to achieve nephew next and other developing countries to then achieve med, you know, based on their respective circumstance. i might just point to what michael mentioned. one of the job text also interestingly mentioned adjust transition in addition to our goal. so a portion off the climate finance that we talked about should also be you know, directed towards achieving a just transition even in tandem with abraham. where do we go beyond just political action at this point? what, what needs to be done from a business community and individual level in order to really limit climate change? well and local level in our country as well. you know, democracy, transparency,

human rights. these are critical issues. i believe not all developing nations or small island nations have the social justice degree t a at the local level, are very highly integrated in the policy planning and strategy. and also the transparency with regard to the climate finance. these needs to be boosted and when the projects are being limited, the local communities need to be engaged mall. and also with regard to the honest and did you cation not just did school level, but to community level related to was t t as well? ours, we only have about a minute and a half left. let me just ask you, do you at this point, have a sense of hope that enough goodwill will come out of this summit and that it will actually lead to change while got 26 at glasgow at please give

us glimpses of hawk in terms of b acknowledgement on the current deficiencies in, in the, in the, in the, in the delivery of finance. in, in the inadequacies of current missions with regard to the carbon edition. that is the 1st step but more needs to be done. and it and why i mean, regardless of hope, it just needs to be done. and that is the most important thing, michael. the fact that so many youth activists and protesters have been coming out, does that suggest to you that things could change even if political leaders don't do enough going forward? i think that is the source of hope because of the honest we've spent a quarter century not doing enough from climate change. the 1st scientists report in the ip c, c, the governmental panel on climate change in 990. we've known this issue was,

was upon us and we haven't done enough. and it is the young people of today who are angry about that angry at my generation for not acting enough. and they are all the voters of tomorrow. so i think it's been very, very significant that we've seen so many young people expressing that anger. we've seen new spokespeople emerge not just gratitude berg, but other young people, particularly from the global cell. and i think politicians will now be under incredible pressure from their young people to, to take the further ambitious, the june has talked about. and i think that is one of the most hopeful things to come out of this. all right, well we have run out of time, so we're going to have to leave the conversation there. thanks so much to all of our guests. michael jacobs, ibrahim hammond and argent duct. and thank you to for watching. you can see the program again any time by visiting our website, algeria dot com. and for further discussion, go our facebook page. that's facebook dot com forward slash ha inside story. you can also join the conversation on twitter. handle is at ha, inside story. for me mammogram german the whole team here. bye for now.

ah. new from the shoals of the red sea storage a clean more tag is a global problem. and co manager the major. but in jordan, this team of fema plummets is changing to the peaks of the himalayas where water conservation looks like this dazzling solutions to cite the world's most precious resource. in the next episode of at right we look at what is being done december once. twice on al jazeera ah it's the world's. 2 most populous democracy, diverse dynamic and undergoing momentum is seen context, india dixon,

in depth. look at the people and politics of india. exploring how the coven 19 pandemic struck the nation. it's continuing impact and the lessons learned for the future. join me fade as those are for context. india analyses, eda, the. ready news the cop 26 climate summit concludes in glasgow the commitment to cut down the use of coal. but not everyone is happy with the agreement. man just say to all delegates, i apologize for the way this christmas has unfolded. and i'm deeply sorry. ah.