from which they regain that crops and drink high resolution satellite images have allowed scientists to more accurately calculate how fast the glacier is moving. the foster it moves, the thinner it is, and the less water it contains. that might mean the world sea levels might not rise by quite as much as originally thought. what you have to keep in mind is that our student does not include the greenland and the undock tick ice sheet. woo, in the long term will be the major drivers of sea level rise and just looking at the total volume of the ice, she compare to the glaciers. if all and dr would mouse, it has the potential to increase the seat of a rise by more than 50 meters, which is way more than the $25.00 centimeters for from the glaciers. countries around the world are struggling with disappearing glaciers. peru is investing in desalination to make up for the loss of fresh water and chile hopes to

create artificial glaciers in the andes. but that won't be enough. we don't want all the glasses to belt. we want to last as long as possible. and the fact that there's 20 percent less i stole demantzy glasses. if nothing else changes means that they'll disappear 20 percent sooner. we don't want to be in a situation where there's no ice left on it. we want to preserve the ice on the earth. and now, overnight becomes a more difficult challenge, a challenge those most affected hope the world will accept. join out is you, ah, it's good to have with us the headlines on our 0 world leaders are stepping up efforts to defuse the stand off at ukraine's border. in washington, president joe biden hosted german, his chancellor, olaf sholtes bite and warn't moscow of strict economic measures,

including blocking a gas pipeline project. germany, if it invades the corruption trial of israel's former prime minister, has been delayed out to allegations that police used controversial spyware. on monday and it's really newspaper reported that officers hacked the phones of benjamin netanyahu son and his associates, protested business leaders, and cabinet ministers are also said to have been targeted using the israeli made pegasus spyware. if the hong kong could be facing more restrictions, as corona virus cases hit record levels, chief executive kerry lamb is making an announcement set right now on possible for the restrictions. the measures could include a measures including flight bands. targeted, locked downs are already in place. will keep list again to will carry alarm has to say will bring you the details here on out to sara and on next year's bulletin. beginning in around 30 minutes time. i will tell you about the philippines election

campaign tube of the inside story. next, with new recess gives unprecedented insight into the frozen corners of our wealth. scientists say there's less water and ice in the globe laces than they thought. so with this all to the way we manage the effects of climate change, this is inside story. ah

hello, welcome to the program, i am hush him a bottle of was then given a clear but mixed picture of the wells glaciers. the institute of environmental jr, signs and dartmouth college have put together a revealing atlas. it shows glaciers, hold less ice and fresh water than previously thought, so that shouldn't add as much as fear to rising sea levels. but the overall trend of warming and loss remains unchanged. south america, as tropical andes, mountains for example, were found to have nearly a quarter less of ice. the darker colors show where glaciers are mounting the fastest though more positive for sea levels. the research has gloomy

implications for drinking water, agriculture, and power generation in places that depend on glaciers. ah, let's bring in our gas in hanover new hampshire. matthew mulligan, distinguished professor of sciences, or dartmouth college and cool thought of the report in zurich. professor daniel probably not is chair of less eulogy or this west federal institute of technology in brussels, stefan singer, senior climate science and global energy policy advisor of the climate action network international welcome to the program. matthew, the retreat of ice sheets and glaciers has been closely monitored over the last few years. this time with the new reports suggesting there's less ice in the glaciers and less fresh water. is it just consolidation, consolidating their believe that this is something which is linked to global

warming? so this is a, this is a great question. first i would like to put things maybe a bit of context and hence we're talking here about mountain glaciers. so we basically have land ice that split between the glaciers or our inbound in mountains and the big ice sheets of greenland and antarctica. so while this number of 20 percent may sound like a lot, if you present about 6 centimeters of sea level rise, whereas one single glacier in antartica alone, with leisure that you may have heard of sometimes referred to as students, the leisure will add 2 feet to the ocean. so in terms of sea level implications, this number is actually pretty small. the sea level is going to continue to rise and it's, it's rising as a, as an increasing rate. now or something that people may not realize is that we still know very little about the glaciers that we have in our mountains. there is

$200000.00 of them distributed around the globe and is notoriously difficult to predict their future because we still lack of, you know, basic knowledge of their geometry. how big they are, how big they are. we've had a lot of progress over the past 3040 years with satellite. and so we've been using this to try to better understand how much ice we have less good. dalia says we're trying to build together the knowledge about what is happening. is this something which is happening over the last few years, decades or this is something that was linked to the global warming, the started with the industrial revolution there you are referring to the trend doing and while this is certainly something that has not started in the last couple of days or years is in the us,

you mention something that to start a more or less since then the story of lucian. so since a mankind started to make that greenhouse gases and that way elevate that rate. so this has been ongoing for 150 years or so and if you so wish at this stage we are bit paying the price of all this emissions that we have caused stefan. because we will definitely go into details about this whole aspects of the report. the reason why i asked the question about about the when the temperature rose by one percent, 11 tell your story with the industrial revolution if you have those who would tell you that the glaciers and, and the ice, she's so survived previous warnings. why should we be concerned now? you know, we tend to be honest, because we have national i say just psycho, i'm skipped by the some. i'm not getting an idea. tell you that happens. that

happens every 100200 tells me. yes. last i said 50000 yes, back. where much of the group was covered was ice. the sea level, for instance, worse about 50 meters to 50 meters, lower etc, etc. and certain parts of the globe. and then it has melted and went into another warming ages. so it's, it's, it's a complete different dynamics we're seeing here. this is caused by c o 2. this is caused by global greenhouse gases science s as identified this very, very clearly as a major driver for exponential magic, we don't have a linear melting with an exponential magic. right? we losing about from the glaciers and not only from the glaciers also from greenland until arctic are what most of the sea level rise comes from. losing a couple of 100000000000 tons of ice beer on a net based flint total here for the amount of ice last. it's much higher than the reformation of ice. in this case yes, including those keisha which has been covered in the study which are the

terrestrial mountain dishes. the difference between those leesha types are simple. ice lost in greenland or an unlocked car will get into the sea and it's lost and it's lost because it, it, it's, it's the salting was, was the water was it? but it's not drinkable. where escalation, ma'am elias, for instance, are one of the biggest sources for freshwater agriculture, forestry ecosystems, for hundreds of millions of people in the highly populated areas of south asia. is that a scandal or is it that is reduced? there's a problem, this huge pro. okay? not here, so when you think about the almost 2000000000 people living and relying on water, the flows from the glaciers in the himalayan region. what's next? if we can not reverse the trend, it looked like a catastrophic scenario for this population. well, these,

these communities will have to adapt to, you know, change date, especially during the drive event. they will have the water coming from the gates are, is helping them with agriculture, the drinking water power production. so they will have to rely on other sources. so our hope is that policymakers take these new numbers into account and revise how they change the way we do things. today. daniel in one indifferent regions of the world with sin, what's called now the river piracy when because of a budget on it because of the retreat of the of the glaciers water on rivers are redirected in, in high mountains, from region to region. do those local population have to re adjust to this new reality? do they have to think about new sources of water management? i'm not sure about the new sources in the sense that there is no water reservoir to

be discolored. so we know where the, what there is and how much is out there in the study that has just been conducted by a professor modeling him and colleagues basically tells us better how much of the war there is. so i think what, what the study can help with is to design policies by which is the amount of water the now we know with a certainty is there, how can it be used? not you. there's stories to fonts. there's this report in the past that says that even if countries managed to curve greenhouse gas emissions by to 200 to 1051 3rd of the himalaya and glaciers will dis disappear. how we have the tipping point here . the, the big elephant in the room, the tipping points. we do not know what was the critical points when ecosystems. in this case of water systems, the glacial sheets would change to what's in the new equipment. we do not know this

in detail, but we have very, very strong concerns. the scientists and yours that this might happen around 1.5 degrees celsius, global warming, which was consider the survival temperature threshold for most wonderful communities. for frederick nature, for sustainable for production, for forestry, powder recipe, etc, etc. and we're not there yet. but the but the, but the gap to what's 1.5 c is very, very narrow. and we might see tipping points on other areas which might accelerate tipping points. again, another ecosystems on that might be kind of running development, which might be not very nice. we need to keep in mind it's a common legacy and our most year we currently have a carbon concentration of c 2 concentration atmosphere. but it's probably the highest since between 8 and 10000000 years would be no component ologist. mankind

was not, there was a parents came on earth only 600000 years ago and now and it takes time as a time like also until the cover legacy. the come on in the atmosphere, which last very long up. and yes, well we'll develop unfold. it's effect on global warming and african climate change . even if you would use emissions significantly. now, even if we would use that significantly now, we still see a growing though not strongest. now warming. and we might even exceed 1.5. see, but then afterwards we go down significantly to meet the survivor. talk about 1.5. see hopefully that we lost 40 us. ok. matthew says we're trying to get a sense of what is exactly happening. so we're talking about 2 different aspects here . the us sheets and the potential impact on the sea level and the glaciers on the mountains of the potential for massive impact on local populations in terms of

access to fresh water energy and so on and so forth. now let me ask you this question, particularly about the ice sheet. how is it melting and what pace are we talking about the ice sheet on top of the land mass or just the one which is on the very i just embracing the oceans. so the overall i see both renan and tarika are losing mass and widespread is not just where it's meeting the ocean. it's also extreme. and we've been looking at this for the past 3 for decades using different instruments using satellites. and we know that the triggering mechanism in antartica is the ocean. so we have one occurrence that are depths, 30400 meters below the surface. that used to stay away from the h and with climate change with changes in wind patterns. this water is now making its way and melting the ice, the floating ice from below. and that has implications in terms of dynamics in terms of how much isomers fall into the ocean every year. now this is for antonio,

for glean half of the mass loss is due to a wanting of the ocean and have the mass loss is just due to the fact that we have longer summers. we have a longer amount season. so we have, we have also more snow that's now become falling in the form of rain. so we have less ice coming into agreement every year. so overall they're both using a lot of mass and this mass was increasing year after year a to follow it, maybe on different point. i can be re with what he said. i think it's, it's we watching here a disaster in slow motion. and the glaciers are going to continue to to melts. now we still have control on future rates. yes, they're going to continue to disappear. but we still have control on how much we can try to preserve in the future. done yeah. what does it mean with the glaciers received what kind of impact that we have on the, on the climate on the earth itself,

before we go into detail about its impact on the, on the human population? well, firstly the impact on climate. it is indeed the effect of glacial relation, retreat and especially ice sheet retreat can have an impact itself on climate change. and the way you need to picture this is the technicians, white. so glacier and no light. and so they're able to reflect the tech space a significant portion of the radiation that we get from the some. so if you remove the glaciers because they melt, the surface will give rise to a much darker surface because instead of ice, you will have rocks or whatever con, confirm underneath them. and this will absorb more of this energy that we get from the sun, goes increasing the temperature locally and increase temperature. you will melt

locations would repeatedly show you the more and this ends up being a feedback. so this is important for glaciers about it is very important. those are 4 other part of what we call the cry here. so fun, for example, see eyes to see if they are ice that you form a top on top of the ocean during winter. and this is exactly the same, so the what the respect a lot of sunlight and if you start thinking about, you will absorb more heat and so make everything warmer to fun. is this an indications that will likely to see more severe storms floods, long fire because of drought in the near future? i fully fully believe that this will happen unfortunately. i mean, we're getting next week in the start of a new round of the scientists discussing a new international science report from the i p c. c, which looks at the impacts one ability and adaptation. and

a major part of that. that report which will come out in 2 weeks or so, so long approval process, which will come out. we'll look into the impacts of enhanced melting of and have the level rice. and it will look also into so called soft limits to the patient and heartland instead of patient. and i cannot tell you much about this because it has not been agreed here. but the point is, the obvious. you see, the scientists make very clear certain limits that a patient might be shifting over time because mankind develops technologies and a patient as possible. but they also hot limits. really hot limits. not only the temperature change, but also the sea level rise. we talk about sea level rise here and to melting melting is happening currently exponentially. i see level rice sapping exponentially. and we know from the science on the, on the physical science. that all the projections also by the i p. c. c,

which has been given in the last few years, might be all to law. the might be, might be, i'm not, i'm not looking in the big crystal ball here, but the might be the risk on that sea level rise might have much faster when we go over 2 meters by 2100, which is much higher than it's projected even on the worst case scenarios that might happen and the opposite is looking into that one. what that meets, what does it mean for the patient, for people will if and coastal areas in low lying island states in cities, we have about the majority of people will live from 2050 and sixty's, which are related to coastal areas to, to see lever on which was pretty low, and the lyla majority of people living. yeah, not you know when it was a challenge with? sure, matthew, when you look at those grim details about the glaciers and the ice sheets, what is there anything that we can do to reverse the trans the best thing we can do

is reduce our carbon emissions. i think it's the triggering mechanism. whatever you look at, you know, warming nothing of the i, she's shrinking as the ice in the arctic ocean, a solicitation. all of this comes back to carbon emissions and how much carbon we have in the atmosphere. so the sooner the faster we reduce our emissions in the atmosphere, the better well b danni a say see how the, the risk of many, many cities all over the world wish wish to be submerged because there are coastal areas. and then you have the glaciers which are receding, glaciers feed rivers, which are a gate crops which feed human beings all over the world with talk in about an a maggot in here, we're only is the world comes together with the most powerful industrial nations coming together to solve it, we're just, we're just doing it in a way or another. daniel yes, you would perfectly agree to what you said. so we are facing

a challenge that far beyond being solvable for individual actors and individual nations. so much correctly said, i mean, it comes, it boils down to reducing greenhouse gas emissions emissions, and this has to do with the way we produce matters. so materials, so how or c works? it has to do with the way we keith or houses and to generate that kind of carmel energy for what they, what we needed for it has to do in the way we using land surfaces. so how much emissions recall from there it has to do with the way we, we nourish ourselves of what kind of we we have. and finally, it has to do with the way we generating energy from what they were. we were being moving around, houses, et cetera. and this, we agree is something that can be solved but into a person's. it's indeed kind of a global undertaking. stephanie,

have those skeptics who would say that you see the problem with the scientists is that you use climate modeling and you use data comparisons to bring about those grim reminders about a doomsday when in fact the earth has his own way of regenerating that one day you know what will get a new cold cycle. the ice sheets will be with the glaciers will be refer basically there will be more snow covering the earth, and life will start fresh again. well eventually, if we manage to face out of appeals pretty soon, because you too is the main greenhouse gas, which called us the main damage in the atmosphere for global warming at some point in time. at some point in time, the ice might come fully back. that's why we need in the meantime, strong adaptation as well. but we need also lawson damage. we need to basically compensate those poor environmental defenders and communities. what directly

affected and mostly those support communities switch to one of the resilience, which one of the results to defend themselves, most of the see, must have before. cities might be submerged before cities are being submerged. if you look at sickness in developing countries, more settlements a close to the see. there the small religious people left and had no air conditioning party electricity. those are, how shall i say, subsidiary, existences. they will be the 1st to be flushed away, drill prost if the poor the poor in developing countries such a close to the see living in more savings, the rich countries. we can that in one way or the other, we might be able to move to another house to another flat higher up in the mountains or so. the poor cannot do that. they don't have the means to that to do that. that's a human tragedy. your face and to say, well, i will all come back, the ice will come back. by that time you've lost millions of people,

probably. ok if last what security we have lost by diversity. i think that's very important to keep in mind. it's a time factor. we deal with issues which are short time, very short time into logical spheres, in geological fears, long term. yes, it might all come back. i. rusty will not come back against the back over to what we've been talking about. matthew, do you think that when you build energy technology could be a key to some of the problems that we are facing? we're talking about, they are, they have the potential to produce clear energy and move the way that move us away from the fossil fuel. i do things i think is part of the solution. i think, you know, we always say we didn't get out of stone age because we ran out of stones. if at the same idea here, our entire economies are based on fossil fuel and green and greener energy, new technologies are helping shifting this towards something that's more sustainable. so part of the solution will be developing new technologies that are

less, that requires that energy or, you know, run on an atrocity instead of gas. but we also have to think about how much we as individuals consume in terms of energy in terms of food. and you know, if everybody wants an i phone, a car wants to eat meat twice a day. it will be a cost associated to this. and we have to look at every possible options here to try to reduce as much as we can, the emission of carbon into the atmosphere in the ice volume, or daniel. now, when we're talking about the glaciers, if they, if a continuous retreating with the same pace that we're talking about now, could it trigger and environmental imbalance that could be catastrophically severe nothing, pet assured, understand the question if you asking whether something catastrophic could help at

this by continuing at this rate, i must reply back to something that was said pushed f and earlier. and the problem is not that the ice rate happens, then something happens that the problem is that the right ice melting is kind of exponential increasing. and especially that the systems or climate system has some point, a thorough what we call non linear. so say if you have one by one degree, and now you know it another degree, it doesn't mean that you would say the same effect as in the 1st degree. so the effect of the 2nd degree may be way where a different and this is basically what, what stripping points are about. so we are approaching, we think that in many sectors of climate system or kind of earth system of the old, we're reaching the points that we cannot come back from them, or at least not in human relevant timescales. stefan singer danielle thought

naughty matthew mulligan, thank you very much and i really appreciate your site and thank you for watching. you can see the program again anytime by visiting our website. and as you know, the goal for further discussion, go to our facebook page, thus facebook dot com forward slash a jane sites. so you can also join the conversation to what our 100 is at a site for, for me, and the entire team here and bye for now. the joined the debates they eraser of like people from the american and global story was very powerful on an online ad your voice. the comment section is whitehead joining our conversation. we had all protected when everyone is protected. it is not by being nationalistic about us. you just look at it in a very different way, say that perspective men and men meeting each other and they don't have any

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gets on the way in the philippines for candidates vying to become the next president. and.