in lockdown in shanghai, as finally ended, o crowds gathered on the river side as the clock struck midnight. marking the reopening of china's largest city, most of shanghai is 25000000 residents are now free to leave home, while businesses gradually resume operations restrictions imposed under china 0 cobra strategy. i've also been eased on the capital, beijing. there's a hosting firm, i'm excited but also confused because i am but it that i got to get used to this. what can you do in again, quinn is the young. i feel today is the same as chinese new year. i have a strong feeling of excitement feeling. there's something bryce in front of me. ah, i forget you got the headlines here now to 0. the governor of ukraine's lance regions says russian forces and now in control of most of sarah don. yes. the eastern city is reportedly being destroyed by heavy fighting,

making it impossible to deliver humanitarian supplies. european union leaders say russia's war effort will take a significant financial hit because of their ban on most russian oil exports. leaders in brussels, reached a compromise to overcome objections from some e. u members, more dependent on russian energy. a 2 month cobra 19 locked down in shanghai as finally and did crowds gathered on the river side as the clock struck midnight. marking the reopening of china's largest city, most of shanghai is 25000000 residents are now free to leave. home or business is gradually resume operations. curb restrictions have also been eased in the capital staging. well, those are the headlines. the news continues here on out to 0 after inside story, but before that we leave you with members of sherry and about the voice of palestine. era. media network continues to demand a rapid independence from transparent investigation into the coming of his journalist in the occupied west. bank sharina was shot in the head by reading

forces while she was on assignment in jenny. mm. oh no, no, no, no no, no, no, no, i don't. i don't need to be with them. you can put them to me. i can only be am if you open at the home and ya today and we're going to be what we said. that's what they sent me. i got them a lot of them at the book. if you're the one i don't

mean, i mean i shooting them off and just ah what's the way out of the global cost of living prices? the price of food, energy and basic goods reach, record high developing nations are hurting them out of the fall. now if inflation remains high, this is inside, stored,

ah, loam up into the program on kimbell. it's normal for the cost of goods and services to rise steadily over time. most economists think it's healthy to have inflation rates at around 2 percent. but many countries are reporting major increases in the price of food, housing, and fuel. it's been called a cost of living crisis in european countries using the euro. inflation rose to a record 8 point one percent. inflation in britain is at a 40 year high to help families paid soaring supermarket, and energy bills there. the government announced a $19000000000.00 package. high living costs were major election issues recently in australia, columbia, and france. a crisis is being blamed on shortages of workers and supply chain

backlogs. from the pandemic. also being blamed is russia's invasion of ukraine, which is increased prices for petrol, natural gas, and staples, such as wheat and cooking oil, pencils gone. they've gone up. it will as long as everything jo, public setting for it will pay for it. how much more can we pay for? i definitely have felt crunch foster, mom and dad. it's not nice. i know i've had to get a job that she looking for a fair job. also, the main issue at the moment everyone's facing is the cost of living. to be honest as a, as a middle income earner, i would say that, you know, bringing up your children to sending them to school and the expenses that you are facing at the moment. and the cost of living the going off impact is being felt hardest in the world's poorest communities. the charity action aid found some families spending nearly 4 times what they were paying before rushes invasion of ukraine. action aid looked at average prices. in 13 countries across africa, asia,

latin america, on the middle east, found the average cost of bread and pasta rose 50 percent. petrol is 63 percent more expensive. fertilizer, 83 percent. and one of africa where 20000000 people are going hungry, some paying double or triple the price for bread and cooking. oil of elimination and achy, plant, things that you're not seeing any improvement. and things have got worse when the price of fuel went up. or what used to be $5.00 while ago is now $14.00. they should reduce the price of fuel on, on. mine, tie paycheck wouldn't even be enough to buy my family 5 bags of grid. my time and pay can't get me 5 bread bags. where have we reached, ah, ah, and that's bringing our guests in britain's capital, even at santa economist and set political scientist at king's college in london in

india's capital, new delhi, kalani. i could nothing, an economist and research fellow at the international food policy research institute. and in geneva, in switzerland, stella north hegan, senior technical specialist at global alliance for improved nutrition. very well malcolm to the program to all of you. let's start with you are given santa, what is driving this cost of living crisis is very 3 things that we've seen it rising prices across the globe though. supply chain disruption in the wake of cobit far more expensive to ship goods from country to country. and then we saw rushes invasion of ukraine, really driving up increasing energy and food prices even further. and finally, rich nations, principally, lots of coffee coils to be staying on, keeping it just rates for too low. that was the rights of the gas through the pod debit, but they left them too low for too long. i'm not that to rising prices. well, okay, i'd let cost of it. you kalani like nothing. what impact is this rising cost of

living? having right now and on people's nutrition, particularly in the developing world. and it's 7 song impacts on wood, food, security and nutrition. so i think would security into setting access to enough orders under the prerequisite to be able to have and to your needs this the science . oh, the problem in india is if we have a lack of, of data, what's happening nationwide. but in order to plan the service that we have conducted both as of the 2nd institute, but also that the hunger watch led by the night before india and being has conducted and showing that the food insecurity situations really book. so we administer the essay to read questions from the gilbert. food insecurity, feedin skin, and more than 80 percent of our respondents reported students in that he's fine form of food insecurity. people are wired about having enough food divided by having enough his, the dishes food. and then that plays out not only in getting enough food onto the

plates, but also what is, is making it undergoes, did social safety nets, can actually provide cedars of my this isn't of food that can be easily thought and transported, but they're seeing available now and it can still be bleeding through expects to birds mailed flesh foods, eggs, and things that are both getting more expensive, but that was harder to transport either to the store. and those are the items that he'd be looking at. then we're looking at a nutrition. so, when was this research done? was this before the pandemic was this before on? russia's invasion of ukraine have things gotten worse? i, my hypothesis would be that things are getting worse, the possessing, they heard inflation in the country and across the board in the prices of food items and raising not just the close of russia and ukraine. but also the rise in place of edible noise which constitute a big boys my invoice and on. so what goes on to the indian plate, but the service that i'm referring to the date of this. so these are actually surveys for the next it over the course of the last 2 years. and so these are

essentially pointing to impacts of weight and related unemployment and inflation. places that, that crisis cause and the hunger survey in particular that their financing beach, i was selected in december of last year and january of this year. so it wasn't particularly bad. we did it with infections. it also was the for the changing war. and so she did that sort of lies in food places and already the situation was, was extremely born at that time. okay. fella not again. you're with the global alliance for improved nutrition. you're a senior technical specialist. we just talked about a couple of factors going on here. we're contributing to the cost of living going up, covered and supply chain issues. the war in ukraine and inflation, given those factors, what is the state of global food systems right now? good question. it's challenge and i think is, is the way to put it in

a word. i think it's, it's important to realize that even before the pandemic, even before the war and you cray, even before the current shocks, to the economic systems in supply chains. we weren't exactly in a position of strength when it comes to food systems, particularly from a nutrition perspective. a un report released using pre pandemic data, found that 3000000000 people world wide were unable to afford a healthy diet. in addition, we see that over a 3rd of the world's population is afflicted by some form of malnutrition. whether that's simply not getting enough calories to eat, whether that's not getting the micro nutrients that are important for development and for avoiding disease or whether that's getting too much and being affected by obesity, overweight and diet related not communicable diseases. so the world's food systems weren't really delivering for nutrition, even before covered coven added on to that, to by affecting both the supply chains that bring food to people,

and affecting the livelihoods that people are able to, to leverage, to access nutritious foods and to ensure their food security and nutrition, and now as, as my colleagues have mentioned, we're adding on to that with another layer of disruptions and another layer of food prices that are affecting many different types of foods, staple foods, but as my colleague in india mentioned, also edible oils which are an important component of diets as well. and this is really kind of pinching people when they already didn't have a lot of flexibility within their budgets to ensure that they were eating nutritious diet. to even santa, from an, an economic perspective from ford to sort of more macro perspective was this cost of living, crisis predictable, even without the war and ukraine as we went through the pandemic and government started spending and there were locked downs and there were going to be supply chain issues, was this situation foreseeable? it was some more,

the civil certainly around the time this year is kind of full price. we're going to rise. we should have realized at that point, every single time we're getting a new set of inflation figures that are higher than we were expecting. we were also seeing the unemployment fall into the very low levels. i think it was in a sense, foreseeable, i think central banks were a little bit slow to really kind of realize, but actually having this starting to become embedded. and as soon as kind of putin did invade the gate of a you credit with that and start to see of course the price we're going to rise further. we knew how much wheat was coming from the areas. what is the impact was going to happen? oil and gas prices some more, the seeable, but now we have a question. how do we deal with this going forward and look, you know, we got a quarter of a 1000000000 people more basting st policy on half a 1000000000 more facing hunger and political upheaval as wild prime ministers overthrown so far and pakistan. angel anchor, it's a global crisis, is affecting everyone. but now that we are here such incumbent as to make sure

people have enough money in their pocket as well as, of course, enough food to eat. even how a quit are lower income countries to deal with this crisis. so not very well equipped to be they already going through difficulties during coverage itself when now see a from like 60 percent of low and lowering middle income nations are in debt distress . they're struggling, they don't have the same kind of borrowing capacity of the richest nations have as a really, this is a global crisis. it take a global response to some kind of cheese. they are able to, for example, i'm here in the u. k. they are able to be that population to make sure everyone gets enough money in that pocket, but some countries, particularly low and lower middle income nation can afford it. we really do see rich nation step up about supply more humanitarian aid. and most importantly as well, gets up point 7 percent of a to g d p target county. and i cannot then, what are the gender imbalances when you look at the impact of this crisis,

how women and that's non binary folks are impacted. yeah, that's a big question. it's a good plan in the context of dieting food insecurity in india, but also in south asia, there's a lot of anecdotal evidence that women often eat last in eat least a. so if that is a food crisis and as a limited amount of nutritious foot to go around, then typically it's a woman in the household. we get the sinus portion of that. and so there some evidence. event dimes or bab. it's actually the women kind my neighborhood populations that get it 1st. i think in the context of india, it that all kinds of ideally as, as lens. we've been seeing of emails before since i'm in crisis. the said falling. yeah. before like sufficient over the last many years, that means a lot of women either the joins on the workforce entirety or moving for diamond roman do. i don't want to give you some time. and so i think though, just to pick up on what stella had said earlier in the context of these repeated

shocks than missing than houses might have an ability to and a buffer, a sharpton shop. but when his landing often and ideas of hooping strategies are joined on our assets and, and resolve into deciding lice, talk, and other things, and it will take too long ability to have to balance that. i think more broadly, women are offering the wenzel, i hit the worst fe, a crisis of this and, and particularly in the context of savvy shine, construct, eyes that they often get the short end of the stick. stella nod, huggin. i was interested to her, to find out that chemical fertilizers require a large amount of fossil fuels for production, and therefore, chemical fertilizers have become much more expensive and that is going to impact the amount of crops. um, so does that mean that this crisis is going to be prolonged it's, it's certainly with another factor that is adding to the disruption. um,

as you noted, chemical fertilizers are one other area where there are constraints within the supply chain in terms of access to, to raw materials. for example, your e as a key element in fertilizer. much of that is produced in bella bruce, which is affected by some of the trade restrictions have been put in place following the following, the war. and that kind of ripples through the entire food system. because fertilizer is used for so many different crops in so many different places. and many countries are really dependent on global markets for accessing that fertilizer . if you look across africa, you can see multiple examples of countries that are dependent on imports, primarily from europe for over 50 percent of their fertilizers. so these effects of limited access to fertilizer, high prices for fertilizer can have really large effects. and like you said, it does add this one other factor and at the level of kind of inputs, the very beginning of the agricultural production system that needs to be worked out before all the other stages of the food system can,

can adapt to that disruption if there's a problem at inputs, that means that they'll be a problem at production, which means they'll be a problem at retail, which means that they'll be a problem at consumption of food. and so a disruption to inputs like fertilizer can really perpetuate throughout the entire food value chain and, and like you suggested have um, last stain effects that can take more time to sort out than any single disruption to say food prices might to even sander what role has china played in the supply chain issues because it has continued to have this some 0 coves approach policy and continued locked downs. so it was, what impact is, is china having here, globally, a huge impact. certainly one of the largest, there's locked on the stopping goods, getting back and forth. but if it's seekers all contain isn't shipping containers or just in the wrong places to ship goods around, you know,

be concave goods from place to place on the u. k. for example, containers being shipped across tent harms of expensive as they were before the pandemic. every single kind of price being impacted by the fact that just not having kind of the boxes in the right place to ship things is costing us is also going to continue having an impact as well. no, china now is an incredibly large player in the global economic sphere. what it's both that wilful because of repeated locked out. that's also going to hit everyone else is broken as well. so you've got one point as you can get good back and forth, but also one nation that isn't spending and producing this much, and that means less as well. the economy in a global economy as a whole. kalani, like nothing wants to take on india's response to the cause of 19 and pandemic, and how that has impacted the cost of that in crisis that the country is facing now . and, and also your take on, on how the government is trying to address it more generally. so i think given to

me at the side of the places there was a contusion in the way the court knocked on was implemented. and there's a lot of evidence in the short of it, on the end of march 2020, up until around july of the senior that showed that they were severe disruptions to supply teams. and a lot of this emanated from sort of contradictory or incomplete instructions about, you know, the transport of trade off of food across state lines. and, and that led to a lot of destructions in those supply teams, particularly for woodside fruits and vegetables that, that have to be ready to get a supply chain from, from farm to table. and so that, that was a lot of, of a song impact on places initially a lot of the data that looks at food, places and houses that have to do with notes that following to like things stabilize. so there is some evidence also for my room research that shows then that

systems adapted with them. so this is not necessarily a function of government action to of enter hit by that, but also just figuring out, you know, supply teams can be short up on the line of buying in the cities stabilized after a matter of months or what i think this is crucial to note here is that the hunger whatsoever to be inducted, found that social safety nets will be important. and i think in the 1st one and a half years a he did invest not only in the budget distribution system which already provides a nice amount of a school to bought houses, but also supplementing that through additional through ends. and we found in my research that a lot of the board environment warehouses either ended on those those extra a c. and so i think i'm a social safety net affected that was a really good endeavor. he either was, if you found it, what came through next to the lives of federal then the national refinement

guarantee act the my will work until then keaton spiked. and so having that took them places really had focused, particularly migrant, labeled as more back from the cities through the rural areas where they would like to find something to do. and on the income i, they see it on one thing, the sticking up to one of the vine salad in with me earlier about how. busy luna, who, when she's and actually least food to respond to these places. i would actually say that because we do have in place systems like the public distribution system, light work, they programs, ways of making transfers were engaged in bank while populations, in a sense we do have the machine to be in place that should be able to to be put into use in classes of these and i'm not sure if that be done enough. i'm also not a bit been continuing to do this. even as with classes receipts that other places it flew, stella, not hagen. what is the impact of climate change and extreme weather than spain on

crops and, and the food supply chain? it's one more stress as a stress that we've seen over many years, but increasing in severity, increasing at frequency and looking at the projections that have been undertaken by some of the world's best scientists. we know that that's a trend that's going to continue. climate change will increase not only the average temperatures and change kind of the, the average rainfall patterns, which will have effects on which crops concur aware, and what the yields will be. what kind of varieties are suitable. what types of fertilizer and irrigation and pesticides are needed, but climate change also changes the frequency and the severity of extreme events. so we're going to be likely to see an increase in frequency of things like droughts and floods. and also when they happen, they're going to be worse, which, which is something that we've seen already occurring in recent years. and the kind of base changes that i mentioned in terms of temperature and level of rainfall.

those require kind of ongoing adaptation on the part of farmers to be able to adapt those change in realities without having their yields decrease. the shocks are much harder though, right? because those are much more difficult to adapt to and they can wipe out an entire crop cycle. we see already some of the effects of, of climate. if we look at what's happening currently in the horn of africa, where there's been a major drought that has resulted in deaths of millions of livestock and the loss of crops, and that is really exacerbating the food security situation within those countries . so climate change is only gonna continue to exacerbate these challenges in the future and gives us kind of 11 more challenge that we need to address alongside the lingering effects of the pandemic and the widespread effects of, of the war. even santa, are we headed into a recession? what indicators do you look at to predict that?

yes, i know that we are getting close to that point. i wouldn't have to be surprised that the wild economy did plunge into it. and really, at this point in time, we kind of looking at the ways to which higher prices and lower demand in the future can impact if we do how surveys, for example, how people feel about consumer confidence as well as purchasing as well, especially we're high in combinations and kind of, if you like, those indicators are starting to point towards certainly much more negative growth . huge, full cost overall, a huge downgrade in global growth for cost us having everybody in, in part of a huge part of it, of course is the fact that look when it costs more money to produce things. it also means that apps, you become less productive and that also means less money consumer pockets to buy things to certainty. looks like a difficult year for the global. i was also interested in, you know, there's a lot of talk and developed economies about a labor shortage that businesses can't find work is because work is had more power . now. i mean, is that the case also in developing economies though, is that an a protective factor against going into

a recession is so even if we are looking at a better employment outcomes to have in the develop, toby tended to be able to lockdown a lot more of that to be much longer periods of time. i think the other problem for those kind of developing nations isn't just about kind of the weight is in which employment can feed through. but also what base of a chart she inflation is being controlled by global currency movements as well. so i think is about to do a different set of challenges. they're developing nations of facing uncertainty or different situation with a labor markets as well. stella not hagen and not how can mother what is the impact of sustained food insecurity? not just on physical health, but i guess societally. yeah, i think there's a lot of impact. one of the areas of impact that we're the most worried about kind of in the food nutrition community is when food security is experienced by pregnant

women and young children early in their lives. with a nutrition we refer to something that's called the 1000 days window. and that's basically the period of time from conception until a child reaches their 2nd birthday. and that's a period that's really critical for child development. and if you don't get enough to eat and also enough of the right things to you soon of vitamins minerals protein as well as calories during that time that can really lead to delays in development that persist throughout the lifetime. so talking about things like not achieving an educational outcomes on level with one's peers, not achieving sufficient earnings later in life. and these are effects that they persist throughout the entire lifetime. it's difficult to reverse when one tries to intervene at a later age. so we're particularly worried about those most vulnerable groups, pregnant women and young children, but really sustained food insecurity at any point in life is a major difficulty for, for a person, a family, a community,

a society to deal with. when school children don't get enough to eat, they don't concentrate in school, they don't learn well when workers don't get enough to eat, they're not as productive. they don't deliver as much of for society, but more importantly, not getting enough to eat and having to worry about where your next meal is coming from. really degrades the quality of life and the enjoyment of life for everybody who is affected by it, of course. and the longer that, that persists, it really translates into a large loss in terms of, um, human human experience. or i thank you very much too old. i guessed ellen would hug and she even santa and kalani and i go nothin. and thank you for watching, you can see the program again any time by visiting our website to al jazeera dot com. and for further discussion, go to our facebook page, says facebook dot com forward slash ha. inside story. it also joined the conversation on twitter handle is at a day inside story from me kimbell and the whole team here and so half the life ah

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