in the future, changing climate is making coral bleaching events more frequent and more severe. the world's temperature is set to rise by more than 2 degrees. you can't think you can get away with not reducing carbon emissions by having existence at that add to new conditions or sequester more common things like that. we need to reduce all the carbon emissions possible and then count on biodiversity. replanting can help preserve existing corals. but if rising sea temperatures aren't stopped, they'll hardly be any coral left to replant malcolm web al jazeera. remember, you can find much more on that story. and on the g 7 summit in germany and the latest on ukraine on our website at w w. w dot al jazeera dot come, stay with us here on out just 0 ah,

the top stories here on our jazeera, at least 13 people were killed when a russian miss. our strike hit a shopping mall in ukraine. had happened in the central city of cremeans shook. dozens of others were injured. nato chief, yet sultan burg has called russia the most significant and direct threat to security. as allies prepare for a summit in madrid, the alliance wants to boost its rapid reaction. forces from 40000 troops 230-0000. meanwhile, leaders at the g 7 meeting in germany pledge to increase sanctions on russia and vowed to leave them in place for as long as it takes. or a new concept will guide those in an era, all strategic competition. i expect it all make clear that allies consider russia as the most significant and bardic threat to our security. it will address china for the 1st time and the challenges that begging pulses to

our security interests and values. the tank of toxic gas has fallen from a crane in jordan killing at least 13 people. local media reports at least $251.00 people were injured when the tank hit the ground and burst that acrobat port jordan's only seaport. people living nearby have been told to stay at home and keep their windows closed. the ser lankan government is sending ministers to russia to negotiate for fuel. petro pumps are running dry g to the country's worst economic crisis. in decades. the army has been deployed to the few petrol stations with stock to help implement a new rationing system. and the government to shut schools and told employees to work from home until further notice in ecuador, indigenous protest as have begun blocking roads a most ways in and out of the capital kito in an attempt to quell the protest. president guillermo last, so has promised to reduce petrol and diesel by $0.10

a gallon on saturday last, so also lifted a state of emergency imposed in several provinces. the strike is entering a 3rd week. the national assembly is debating whether to remove lasso from office. those are the top stories, the stream is coming up next. stay with us here on out here. ah i i answered the okay, thanks for watching the stream on today's episode. why does the u. s. allowed children to spend decades in prison?

it is a conversation that has been inspired by colleagues at fort lines, recently made a film called 51 years behind bars. let's take a look. in 1996, joseph writings a 21 year old manager of an electronics door was killed during an armed robbery and knoxville, tennessee. 3 young people were involved. amanda jo, good and almira nance were both 16. robert manning was 20. he gave all mirror a gun and they both went into the radio shack armed amanda waited in the car manning later testified that he killed the manager with a shot to the head. even though i'm your nance didn't pull the trigger. he was convicted a felony, murder, and sentenced to a minimum of 51 years in prison. he is 43 years old. now

we're going to talk more about amir and also young people, children, juveniles who are in the us prison system. and why and what can be done about that? i'm not going to do that alone. i'm going to say hello to you rahim rafia and also michael, thanks for joining us. as i came, please say hello to audi, it's around the world, tell them who you are, what you do. hello. thank you. i'm rahim buford. i'm the executive director of the unheard courses outreach. i'm an advocate in an organizer for sentencing reform policy changes round to roll and to give voice to the incarcerated, inform the incarcerated. so i've got to have a and glad to have you all say rafia. please introduce yourself to ask you is around the world. ah, yes i am, my name is revere mohammed mccormick. i am the coordinator for community outreach for tennesseans for alternatives to the death penalty whose mission is to honor life through abolishing the death penalty. i'm also a victim's rights advocate,

and that is passionate about redemption and restorative justice. thank you for bringing your passion to the stream. and finally michael, get to have you on board as well. these and shoot. introduce yourself to an international us. thank you. michael garcia. nick from human rights watch, and i work on juvenile justice issues around the world. you may have questions, audience, and view as will future. your chip is a good place to put those questions in those comments. the comment section is like, be part of our show, the him, you a part of the dep documentary, 51 years behind bars. i'm just going to show our audience the page of that documentary right here on my laptop because i'm looking at a meal. as i was going to say, a young man is a boy and then i me as he is today. how are we in a situation nice lets me specific a tennis, see what he isn't even close to finishing his sentence yet. how is that possible?

well, that's possible because in tennessee we have policy makers, there are very punitive, this is a republican state, ultra conservative, and retribution appears to be the best form of what we think is justice in this state, which is incorrect. but unfortunately, that's the state of tennessee at this point in time we're fee, you come to this conversation about juveniles and incarceration from a very personal perspective. can you tell us how your you got to the place where you didn't think you don't think the children should be incarcerated regardless of what they've gone for 51 years. so i got into this work a couple years ago. i lost my son to gun violence. and when

the young man who i didn't know he shot my son in the backyard of our home during a pool party before he fled the back yard, he had the opportunity to look him in the eye. and what i saw was not a monster, it was a child and fear of what they had done. and as i start to navigate my career process, i was, you know, i felt like retribution did not promote healing that we needed to be able to reach these young people. especially if they're and juveniles and be able to heal them through, you know, whatever has caused him to get the violence because not only does it impact them, but it impacts their whole entire family. and in turn, the whole community, michael, i see, you know, they are articulate that not for us please. well, i mean, the whole purpose of the justice system when it comes to children,

has to do much more with rehabilitation idea that kids in particular, everyone but children in particular have the capacity to grow and to learn to develop. and you get a 2nd chance. and focus that solely on retribution really misses out this key aspect of children's capacity for development. and that's the spirit with which the justice system should be approaching these kinds of cases. i don't right off our jackson the 3rd if he would help contribute to this program, he is was formally incarcerated. so he comes from this with knowledge of what the prison system is like. i'd love you to have listen to elder jackson, the 3rd my team, and then bounce off his thought. build on it. you can debate him, but let's see what he has to say festival here. yes. we do not treat our juveniles as juveniles. we don't treat our kids like kids. what is in the,

in the work that i see is to recognize that any child who is exposed to the juvenile justice system is a victim of trauma. in so shape ration somewhere in their lives, in the transformation that is needed is to treat their trauma in come up, please come from a place of punish me or we form, but come from a place of healing low compassion in treatment for their trauma. him you start yeah, i agree entirely with that statement. the problem here, at least in tennessee, is that there is this label of an adult crime as though there are there is this characterization for what if a child or teenager commits an act and it's of some nature that is violent, that it's an adult pain which in this state, we don't take into consideration age, we don't look at the fact that this young person's brain is developed. we don't

look at how they may have grown up in a violent situation circumstances where only looking at the act, it felt in it violate some law. then we're ready to do whatever we have to do to put that person away for as long as we can go ahead. you know, i was just, i was, i was think about the fact that we just wanted to, in a sense, throw them away out of sight, out of mind. we look at our youth offenders as those other kids that couldn't be our child or somebody that we have loved for that could do that. and so when we look at them as being others or just something that can be tossed away in sacrifice, then it becomes easy as a society to just do away with you know the bad see. so to speak. but you know like rahim say it how just because the, the crime that is normally committed by an adult as committed by

a child does not automatically all of a sudden make this child an adult offender. and i think that is totally ridiculous when they say that we're going to try a child as an adult. mike, i'm a, i'm, i'm going to build on this because i'm going to show our audience something that may shock them on my laptop, us states with no minimum age for trying children as adults look at these states. hey michael, are you already know this? what does this mean? this means that you can have a kid an 8 year old and 9 year old. could they be in prison? in an adult prison. exactly. i mean, there's a real challenge with how states around the country are dealing with what they describe the serious offences. here's a problem with white kids characterizing syria. so as we saw, the 1st example that we opened with a kid who didn't really do the crime, didn't,

didn't commit the murder himself is nevertheless charged with murder, murder on a legal technicality. and there's a problem with just in general, the broad net that the u. s cas, when it comes to treating children for any kinds of offences as therefore in need of incarceration. you need a detention and all of these things are intersecting, and it means that there are some 53000 kids in the us every single day who are behind bars. most of them probably sharpie, could be somewhat, could be in some other kind of program. i am going to play for you raheem. i retired to tennessee sheriff the one who was involved in al man nancy's case. and he has the counter. i'll give it to what you michael rafia and the him are saying, i would love to hear how you counter that because i think this is the issue in the

united states about incarcerating young people. here is this for my sheriff, tim hutchison was the sheriff when i'm your nance was convicted. i can understand that 151 years. he has no problem with him spending 51 years behind bars. oh, are you going to do your site? well well, he was 16 and had a weapon, but he didn't need to do just a couple of years because of his age. no. this not, that is the act. yeah, so that particular statement, again, is looking at behavior and one of the things to understand about felony murder in the state of tennessee is that the intention to commit murder is not present. we're talking about an intention to commit, which is a felony, a robbery in what happened in that particular situation where our meal was not the trigger made. and yet he sentenced is though he worked this in the trigger over he,

lambert, i'm thinking even beyond that because that isn't just an argument about a mia? it's an argument about young people commit serious crime just because they're 16. do you think they should have a lesser sentence? but what we know about young people's brains, the way they operate, how they influenced michael? it's fact now isn't. it's not a theory about young people having undeveloped brains. michael. right, this is exactly right. i mean, we've, we've, we've come far enough and psychological research in psycho social research to know that a colleague of mine used to say the rental car companies get it right. so they won't rent generally to anybody $25.00. and they do so on the basis of actuarial data, right, that shows who's responsible for, for car crashes. and in the same way, the kind of impulsiveness, the, sort of the kinds of motivations that under pressure,

particularly with in the company of others, in the company of peers, that lead young people to come at acts that they, themselves will never do. once they reach 252627, that scientifically proven. and that should be reflected in the law. yeah, exactly. i mean, and we're in the community, we don't even teach impulse control. we have heads of state, we have it show continuously on media and t v that there is no impulse control. we were led in government by a person that continuously tweet it. and i find it really interesting that we use mental health and we use these types of excuses when it's convenient for us. when it's somebody that we want to excuse one to one, it's are you fun? it's are people of color you have what? i'm sorry, you said is this in banning? i'm so glad you said i and all of a sudden now mental health can't be inexcusable behavior. now, all of

a sudden these children are not worthy of healing and love and some kind of consideration. they can just be thrown away. so danco is watching right now. danco says on huge fear i may have funding for programmes designed to treat violent children as mentally ill instead of criminals by the end. why p d? possibly because the program was perceived as being racist. the interesting point here tough who is also watching on youtube, says those you're showing up, have privately own prisons. and there's a huge problem in the united states. it's not about we have bill a taishan, it's about the money at lafayette says mm hm. i'm gonna articulate that um with a money who spoke to us a little bit earlier. she's will say in the documentary, 51 years behind bars. this is what she has to say about the private prison system. look, we're trying to educate society on have. this does not create favor communities for

as we are also pushing for alternatives, because we know more so than any one in our society. children have the most ability to grow and change expressly with their undeveloped mind. our biggest obstacle to this is unfortunately we do live in tennessee, which is the hall for for profit prisons. meaning the longer you can, of course, the rate someone there earlier in age, you can incarcerate someone. there are more money that can be made. yeah. or him guide guide? yeah, that's one of the things that we overlook is the economic component as it relates to what we call mass incarceration, incarcerating young people. just want to wreck it. our hours are caged at a very young age, age 18, and i received a life and 20 a sentence in the state. it's in c. i was lucky enough not to be under a law at the time that would have given me 51 years. but had i been convicted 4

years later, i wouldn't be on this program having this discussion with you now. and over the course that 26 years, when i was case, i understood that the more people that we can can find behind bars for longer periods of time. you have individuals who worked for the prison sector in tennessee that otherwise may not even be marketable employed anywhere because the state of tennessee prison system is responsible for thousands of employees. i looking michael at an article here about how germany treats juveniles say on my laptop. i know you know that in europe, the way that young people are treated when they juveniles very different from the united states. what could be the model for the united states? michael, what's the difference here?

well, there are, you know, really 3 or 4 things that are some basics. number one is, don't put so many kids behind bars, and that requires a lot of careful thinking about which are the most serious offenders. and of those, what kinds of services do they need and how you, how you best, how you best provide those with the goal of rehabilitation, right? in that, in germany and many other european countries do impact provide rehabilitation services. the priority is getting kids to the place where they can resume living and society get a job. have sort of like a life plan that, that is staying on the right side of law and where they can become law abiding, productive members of society. that's, that's the goal. and in many cases, just the picture itself that we saw as you scroll down, the screen shows the real difference in the, the physical setup and gives you

a hint of the kind of programming that's offered in a place like germany or the netherlands, or many other european countries, in contrast to a real it all school just locking, locking kids up behind bars in some cases, in some, in some, in some places that i've been 23 and a half hours a day behind bars with very, very few opportunities for rehabilitation of any kind of of just show our audience, i guess i know, you know, the, someone to show out when it's hail my laptop, some incarceration rates are looking at the state of tennessee which is very extreme at 400000. that the population. this is for juveniles remember they said these are for children. ok. that look at the orange line that way beyond the rate for the rest of the united states and then united kingdom is behind. and then portugal, canada, and the white at the very bottom i sent in constituting the fewest amount of juveniles as can far as this the space that this the,

the data is concerned here. i want to move us on because i know you have on says for what we need to do. so here is joshua rosena for him is ready. ready? ready? we resolve this is joshua rosena about what is possible with juvenile incarceration? and let's focus on that for the next few minutes. that he from josh festival day, about 35000 people under the age of 18 in this country. $3000.00 of them are an adult prisons and jails. now that's a very high number, but that's about 30 minutes. started century when it was possible 100. that's not 35000 kids were locked up on it. but so we know progress is possible real progress . so it doesn't come in court system or through changes in our laws, but through supporting kids in their community, supporting their family, their health care, their education, their families, and that's where we see real drops and offending in real drops and incarceration.

how do we can't kids out of prison raheem? well, 1st of all, let me just say this. we've known for decades that people age out of crime, that, that's number one. we keep kids out of juvenile and places like that by having such a society that, that has compassion for people who make bad choices. but i wanna highlight something in tennessee is very important. and even nashville we're talking about when the bible belt here. and we have a state declines to be christian. this is very important because christians are supposed to believe in redemption, redemption looks like a 2nd chance in the practice of christianity. but that's not happening here. and i, i think it's hypocritical for us, declined to be a christian, even nation, and we treat our children like this. so if we look at our kids as children and not as criminals,

that would just change the dynamic in and of itself. i am looking here at some comments from avenue to watching right now, and it's a shall see 100 make no mistake about it. this is certainly about race and racism in america to michael thought be definitely is, i mean, what we've heard, and what we've seen is that while there are still too many children behind bars, the united states, the trend has been a downward trends and such. let's great what, what if we unpack that further and look at who then is behind bars. we're still seeing, especially black kids, 4 times more likely than their peers to be behind bars and, and the reasons for that. we really need to examine, right? there is an inbuilt structural racism that's happening that increases the likelihood of, of, of at

a police encounter of an actual arrest occurring increases the likelihood that a kid will face charges increases. the likelihood of the prosecutor will see more serious sentences. and at that more serious, and this would be imposed, that is at every stage of the process, particularly for black kids. the outcomes are going to be much, much worse on average. and i think that something we just really need to address confront, find a solution for a fear is always, i kill a living, you know, principles. because as a victims, family member that hasn't stopped ching from looking for a compassionate solution and solutions. how would compassion with others is number one. what allowed me to do this, and i think this is what us as a country needs to do, is that we may not just look at them as shorter, but we need to look at them as our children. all of our children and recognize that

if they do something that is bad or is or is malicious, the or is broken, then we broke them in, take accountability for that and to all do our part to help the healing. we need to be looking at community based violence intervention. as you mentioned, in my case, i didn't look at this young man that had committed that killed my son. that, that in put the most heinous thing against me. i didn't look him in as a monster. i looked at him as a child to look them in as a potential possibility that he could be my child. and i thought about the fact that this was big in him, and this is bigger than my son. and that if that we had any chance to prevent any more individuals as being a shooter such as that young man or is being victims as my son, then we had to come up with a different way. an interesting thing was that in my case, is that, like you said, this is a retribution based society, the billions of dollars that we spin on retribution, peyton, people in prison and,

and, and executing them in tennessee. there's so many things that we can be doing inside of our school systems to even prevent these kind of things from happening to prevent juvenile getting into situations where they do not know how to use proper in call pulse control. yeah, i am just doing a little quick bit of addition here. so my notes was 16 when he saw the trial, he has a 51 year sentence. he's mid forties now. he can't get out of prison until he's 67 . i want to bring in the family element what that means to his family. when you can't see your loved one for that length of time, he's 51 years behind bars one more time. i've never been able to take her anywhere but to a vending machine. you know, but we get along as much as we can and any way i can be

a support or source of hope or something. so i get to tell them now that i'm in school, that i'm doing something i know is not just sitting in or you know, bradley cups off the bars. like you would imagine what have been the times that stick out in your mind. or you've especially messed him around prom birthday. ah. but as long as i didn't want anything for my birthday, but for him the walk through the door. you know, how like little videos are the soldiers come home? i always imagine like that would be me like my dad getting out of prison and surprise me somewhere. but there's still a dream. ah and a bold journalism,

the police violently. the 1st thing protest this, these are some of the 10s of thousands of people try to flee. gobble, inspired to program, making welcome to generation chains, unrivalled broadcasting. white people did not want black children in the schools. we have to fight forecasted and al jazeera indies, proud recipient of the new york festivals broadcast year of the year award for the 6th year, running around 3 quarters of sub saharan africa. cultural heritage is on display in western museums. it didn't happen overnight. we were rob kiln retired. the 1st episode of a new series reveals how european colonization remove tens of thousands of artifacts and the appeal struggle to reclaim restitution africa stolen on episode one blunder. oh,

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