now, half of the world's coral is already been destroyed, and scientists say most all of it will be wiped out in the next 30 years without drastic action. one of the threats is industrial fishing trawlers, nets dragged along, the bottom of the ocean can destroy almost everything in their path. you can compare it with build ocean down to the forest to try and get some deer, but then after that will be no forest. no more deer, the same is happening through the marine life. if you destroy the entire bottom, there will be no more life in the future. changing climate is making coral bleaching events more frequent and more severe. the world's temperature is set to rise by more than 2 degrees. you can't think you can get away with not just carbon emissions by having systems that. can you commission sequester and things like that? we need to reduce all the carbon emissions possible, and then council bite of se replanting can help preserve existing corals. but if

rising, see temperatures on stopped, they'll hardly be any coral laughter replant malcolm web al jazeera. ah, they're with me. so he'll run into a hall reminder of our top story, at least $46.00 people to be found that inside and abandon truck in the us state of texas. it was discovered on the road in the outskirts of the city of san antonio. 16 people were found alive including 4 children. a russian missile strike on a busy shopping mile in ukraine has been widely condemned. 18 people are killed and dozens injured. in the central city of clemente g 7 liter meeting in germany have described that strike as a war crime. they announce plans to impose more sanctions on russia. they to says it will boost trip numbers for is rapid response forces to $300000.00 r diplomat together to james base. have more on the upcoming nathan meeting and

took his opposition to sweden and finland membership. it's literally moments before hours before the summit. we're going to have this separate meeting to try and resolve one of the central issues, because obviously finland and sweden will still be at the nato summit because they are close partners of nato. but the plan wasn't as them to have had to have them. there is invite 100 nations. it's very symbolic. and if that doesn't happen, a perhaps shows some cracks in the west of the lines to president putin. a full with the concentration camp guard has been sentenced to 5 years in jail by german court is shoots age 100. 1 is the oldest person so far to be charged with complicity in war crimes. during the holocaust, he was convicted involved into the murders of up to 3518 prisoners negotiators from iran and the u. s. 3 cas off. the latest round of indirect told to revive the 2015 nuclear deal talks in vienna stall because of differences between

the 2 countries. the opinion is mediating the meeting. police in india have arrested the co found a fact checking website out news bobbins. a bear has been a vocal critic of prime minister and render modi's government is often exposed hate speech by hindu right wing groups. those headlines about with more news in half an hour to stay with us. the stream is next. world leaders will convene in the very and else in the latest attempt to address the war in ukraine. andy's financial pressure on the global economy. the g 7 meeting will be immediately followed by a nato summit in madrid, where expansion of the block and supporting ukraine will dominate it all. the latest developments on al jazeera. hi, anthony. ok, thanks for watching the stream on today's episode. why does the u. s. allowed children to spend decades in prison. it is

a conversation that has been inspired by colleagues at fort lines recently made a film called 51 years behind bars. let's take a look. in 1996, joseph writings a 21 year old manager of an electronic store was killed during an armed robbery and knoxville, tennessee. 3 young people were involved. amanda jo, good and amir nance were both 16. robert manning was 20. he gave al near a gun and they both went into the radio shack armed amanda waited in the car manning later testified that he killed the manager with a shot to the head even on your nance didn't pull the trigger. he was convicted a felony, murder, and sentenced to a minimum of 51 years in prison. he is 43 years old. now

we're going to talk more about amir. i know so young people, children, juveniles who are in the us prison system. and why and what can be done about that? i'm not going to do that alone. i'm going to say hello to you rahim rafia and also michael, thanks for joining us. as he please say hello to audi, it's around the world, tell them who you are. what you do. hello. thank you. i'm rahim buford. i'm the executive director of the unheard courses outreach. i'm an advocate in an organizer for sentencing reform policy changes round to roll and to give voice to the incarcerated, inform the incarcerated. so good to have a and glad to have you all say rafia, please introduce yourself to our viewers around the world. ah, yes i am. my name is raphael mohammed mccormick. i am the coordinator for community outreach for tennesseans. for our turn, there's a death penalty whose mission is to honor life through abolishing the death penalty

. i'm also a victim's rights advocate and that is passionate about redemption and restorative justice. thank you for bringing your passion to the stream. and finally, michael, get to have your on board as well. these inches. introduce yourself to an international us. thank you, michael garcia, nick from human rights watch, and i work on juvenile justice issues around the world. you may have questions, audience, and feel as well. if you to you chip is a good place to put those questions in those comments. the comment section is like, be part of our show, the him, you are part of the dip document, 51 years behind bars. i'm just going to show our audience the page of that documentary right here on my laptop. because i'm looking at amelia, as i was going to say a young man is a boy. and then i me as he is today. how are we in a situation when i say that's me specific, a tennessee where he isn't even close to finishing his front? and yet, how is that possible?

well, that's possible because in tennessee we have policy makers that are very punitive . this is a republican state, ultra conservative, and retribution appears to be the best form of what we think is justice in this state, which is incorrect. but unfortunately, that's the state of tennessee. at this point in time we're fee, you come to this conversation about juveniles and incarceration from a very personal perspective. can you tell us how your you got to the place where you didn't think you don't think the children should be incarcerated regardless of what they've gone for 51 years. so i got into this work a couple years ago. i lost my son to gun violence. and when

the young man who i didn't know he shot my son in the backyard of our home during a pool party, before he fled the back yard, he had the opportunity to look him in the eye. and what i saw was not a monster, it was a child and fear of what they had done. and as i start to navigate my career process, i was, you know, i felt like retribution did not promote healing that we needed to be able to reach these young people. especially if they are, and juveniles and be able to healed them through, you know, whatever has caused him to get the violence because not only does it impact them, but it impacts their whole entire family. and in turn, the whole community, michael, i see, you know, they are articulate that not for us please. well, i mean, the whole purpose of the justice system when it comes to children,

has to do much more with rehabilitation idea that kids in particular, everyone but children in particular have the capacity to grow and to learn to develop and just get a 2nd chance. and focus that solely on retribution really misses out this key aspect of children's capacity for development. and that's the spirit with which the justice system should be approaching. these kinds of cases are well off our projects in the 3rd, if he would help contribute to this program, he is was formally incarcerated. so he comes from this with knowledge of what the prison system is like. i love you to have listen to elder jackson, the 3rd my team, and then bounce off his thought. build on it. you can debate him. but let's see what he has to say. festival here. yes. we do not treat our juvenile as juvenile. we don't treat our kids like kids. what is needed in the work that i see is to

recognize that any child who is exposed to the juvenile justice system is a victim of trauma. in so shape ration somewhere in your lives, in the transformation that is needed is to treat their trauma in come up, please come from a place of punish me or we form, but come from a place of healing, low compassion in treatment trauma. he knew start yeah, i agree entirely with that statement. the problem here, at least in tennessee, is that there is this label of an adult crime as though there are there is this characterization for what if a chow, a teenager commits an act and it's of some nature that is vital, that is an adult pain which in this state, we don't take into consideration age, we don't look at the fact that this young person's brain isn't developed. we don't

look at how they may have grown up in a violent situation circumstances, wildly looking at the act itself in it violate some law. then we're ready to do whatever we have to do to put their personal way for as long as we came, the faith i had i was just, i was, i was, i think about the fact that we just wanted to, in a sense, throw them away. i'm out of sight out of mind. we look at our youth offenders as those other key. it said it couldn't be our child or somebody that we have love for that could do that. and so when we look at them as being others or just something that can be tossed away in sacrifice, then it becomes easy as a society to just do away with um we know the bad see, so to speak. but you know like rahim say it how high just because the, the crime that is normally committed by an adult is committed by

a child does not automatically all of a sudden make this child an adult offender. ah, and i think that is totally ridiculous when they say that we're going to try a child as an adult. ah, my to a fee. i'm going to build on this because i'm, i'm going to show our audience something that may shock them on my laptop, us states with no minimum age for trying children as adults look at these states. hey michael, are you already know this? what does this mean? this means that you can have a kid an 8 year old and 9 year old. could they be imprisoned in an adult prison. exactly. i mean, there's the real challenge with how states around the country are dealing with what they describe as serious offenses. there's a problem with white kids, characterizes syria. so as we saw in the 1st example that we opened with

a kid who didn't really do the crime, didn't, didn't commit the murder himself is nevertheless charged with murder, murder on a legal technicality. and there's a problem with just in general, the broad net that the u. s. cas, when it comes to treating children for any kinds of offences as therefore in need of incarceration, you need a detention then all of these things are intersecting and it means that there are some 53000 kids in the us every single day who are behind bars, most of them probably sharpie, could be some what could be in some other kind of program. i am going to play for you. raheem. i retired to tennessee sheriff the one who was involved in our man nancy's case. and he has the counter argument to what you, michael rafia, i make him are saying, i would love to hear how you counter that because i think this is the issue in the

united states about incarcerating young people. here is this for my sheriff, tim hutchison was the sheriff when i'm your nance was convicted. i can understand that 151 years he has no problem with him spending 51 years behind bars. oh, are you going to do your site well will of, he was 16 and had a weapon, but he didn't need to just a couple years because of his age. now there's not that is the actor. yeah, so that particular statement, again, is looking at behavior and one of the things to understand about felony murder in the state of tennessee is that the intention to commit murder is not present. we're talking about an intention to commit, which is a felony, a robbery. in what happened in a particular situation where our meal was not the trigger made, and yet he sentenced is though he worked this in the trigger over he, lambert, i'm thinking even beyond that because that isn't just an argument about i mean,

it's an argument about young people commit serious crime just because they're 16. do you think they should have a lesser sentence? but what we know about young people's brains, the way they operate, how they influenced michael? it's fact now isn't it? it's not a theory about young people having undeveloped brains. michael, right, this is exactly right. i mean we, we, we come far enough and psychological research in psycho social research to know that a colleague of mine used to say the rental car companies get it right. so they won't rent generally to anybody and $25.00, and they do so on the basis of actuarial data, right, that shows who is responsible for, for car crashes. and in the same way, the kind of impulsiveness, the, sort of the kinds of motivations that under pressure, particularly with in the company of others in the company. peers that lead young

people to commit acts that they themselves will never do. once they reach 252627. that's fine, typically proven. and that should be reflected on the law. yeah, exactly. i mean, we're in a community that we don't even teach impulse control. we have heads of state. we have it show continuously on media and t v that there is no impulse control. we were led in government by a person that continuously tweet it. and i find it really interesting that we use mental health and we use these types of excuses when it's convenient for us. when it's somebody that we want to excuse one to one, it's are you fun? it's are people of color you, i'm sorry. i think that is disadvantage. i'm so glad you said i and all of a sudden now mental health can't be inexcusable behavior. now, all of a sudden these children are not worthy of healing and love and some kind of

consideration. they can just be thrown away. so danco is watching right now, danco says on huge fear i may have funding for programmes designed to treat violent children as mentally ill instead of criminals by the n y p d. possibly because the program was perceived as being races. the interesting point here, tough, who is also watching on youtube, says those states you're showing up have privately own prisons, and there's a huge problem in the united states. it's not about rehabilitation, it's about the money at lafayette system. i'm going to articulate that um, with a mani who spoke to us a little bit earlier. she's also in the documentary 51 years behind bars. this is what she has to say about the private prison system. look, we're trying to educate society on have. this does not create faith for communities for we are also pushing for alternatives because we know more so than any one in

our society. children have the most, the ability to grow and change expressly with their undeveloped mind. our biggest obstacle to this is unfortunately we do live in tennessee, which is the home for, for profit prison, meaning the longer you can incarcerate someone there earlier in age, you can incarcerate someone. there are more money that can be made. yeah. or him guide guide? yeah, and thus one of the things that we overlook is the economic component, as it relates to what we call mass incarceration, incarcerating young people. just want to wreck it. our hours are caged at a very young age, age 18. and i received a light and 20 a sentence in the states and see i was lucky enough not to be under a law at the time. they would have given me 51 years. but had i been convicted 4 years later,

i wouldn't be on this program having this discussion with you now. and over the course there 26 years. when i was case, i understood that the more people that we can find behind bars for longer periods of time, you have individuals who work for the prison sector in tennessee that otherwise may not even be marketable employed anywhere because the state of tennessee prison system is responsible for thousands of employees. i look in michael, add an article here about how germany treat steven house. say on my laptop here. i know you know that in europe, the way that young people are treated when they juveniles very different from the united states. what could be the model for the united states, michael, what, what's the difference here? well, there are, you know, really 3 or 4 things that are some basics. number. one is,

don't put so many kids behind bars and that requires a lot of careful thinking about which are the most serious offenders. and of those, what kinds of services do they need and how you, how you best are the best provide those with the goal of rehabilitation, right? in that be in germany and many other european countries do impact provide rehabilitation services. the priority is getting kids to the place where they can resume living in society, get a job, have sort of like a life plan that, that is staying on the right side of a law and where they can become law abiding, productive members of society. that's, that's the goal. and in many cases, just the picture itself that we saw as you scroll down, the screen shows the real difference in the, the physical setup and gives you a hint of the kind of programming that's offered in a place like germany or the other ones. are many other european countries,

in contrast to a real it all school just locking, locking kids up behind bars in some cases, in some, in some, in some places that i've been 23 and a half hours a day behind bars with very, very few opportunities for rehabilitation of any kind of, of just show an audience, i guess, i know, you know, the, someone to show our ordinance, hail my laptop, some incarceration rates looking at the state of tennessee which is very extreme at a $100000.00 that the population. this is for juveniles remember they said these are for children. ok. that look at the orange line their way beyond the right for the rest of the united states. and then united kingdom is behind and then portugal, canada, and the white at the very bottom i sent in constituting the fewest amount of juveniles as far as this, the space that this the, the data is concerned here. i want to move us on because i know you have on says

for what we need to do. so here is joshua rosena for him is ready, ready is already resolved. this is joshua rosena about what is possible with juvenile incarceration. and let's focus on that for the next few minutes. let's say from josh festival day about 35000 people. ready at the age of 18, a lot in this country, 3000 of them are in adult prisons and jails. now that's a very high number, but that's about 30 minutes. started century when it was possible 100. that's not 35000 kids were locked up on that so we know progress is possible real progress. so it doesn't come in bell court system or through changes in our laws. but through supporting kids in their community, supporting their family, their health care, their education, their families, and that's where we see real drops and then in real drops incarceration. how do we can't kids out of prison rein?

well, 1st of all, let me just say it is we've known for decades that people age out of crime, that that's number one. we keep kids out of do now and places like that by having such a society that has compassion for people who make bad choices. but i wanna highlight something in tennessee is very important. and even nashville, we're talking about when the bible belt here and we have a state the claim to be christian. this is very important because christians are supposed to believe in redemption. redemption looks like a 2nd chance in the practice of christianity. but that's not happening here. and i, i think is hypocritical for us, declined to be a christian, even nation, and we treat our children like this. so if we look at our kids as children and not as criminals, that will just change the dynamic in and of itself. i am looking here at some

comments from avenue to watching right now, and it's a shall see 100 make no mistake about it. this is certainly about race and racism in america to michael thoughts. it definitely is, i mean, what we've heard, and what we've seen is that while there are still too many children behind bars, the united states, a trend has been a downward trends. and 2nd, that's great. what, what if we unpack that further and look at who then is behind bars. we're still seeing, especially black kids, 4 times more likely than their peers to be behind bars. and, and the reasons for that we really need to examine, right? there is an inbuilt structural racism that's happening that increases that the likelihood of, of, of, at a police encounter of an actual rest occurring increases the likelihood that

a kid will place charges increases. the likelihood of the prosecutor will see more serious sentences. and at that more serious than this would be imposed. that is at every stage of the process, particularly for black kids. the outcomes are going to be much, much worse, on average. and i think that's something we just really need to address, confront. find a solution for the fear is always, i kill living your principles because as a victim is family member that hasn't stopped ching from looking for a compassionate solution and solutions. how would you compassion with others? number one, what allowed me to do this, and i think this is what us as a country needs to do is that we need not just look at them as shorter, but we need to look at them as our children, all of our children, and recognize that if they do something that is bad or is or is malicious

or is broken, then we broke them in, take accountability for that and to all do our part to help the healing. we need to be looking at community based violence intervention. as you mentioned, in my case, i didn't look at this young man that had committed that killed my son, that, that in put the most heinous thing against me. i didn't look at it as a monster. i looked at them as a child. i looked them in as a potential possibility that you could be my child. and i thought about the fact that this was bigger than him, and this is bigger than my son. and that if that we had any chance to prevent any more individuals as being a shooter such as that young man or is being victims as my son, then we had to come up with a different way. an interesting thing was that in my case, is that, like you said, this is a retribution based society, the billions of dollars that we spin on retribution, peyton, people in prison and, and,

and executing them in tennessee. there are so many things that we can be doing inside of our school systems to even prevent these kind of things from happening to prevent juvenile getting into situations where they do not know how to use proper income pulse control. yeah, i'm just a little quick bit of addition here. so all my notes was 16 when he stood trial, he has a 51 year sentence. he's mid forties now. he can't get out of prison until he's 67 . i want to bring in the family element what that means to his family. when you can't see your lifelong for that length of time, he's 51 years behind bars one more time. i've never been able to take her anywhere but to a vending machine. you know, we get along as much as we can and any way i can be a support or source of hope or something. so i get to tell them now that i'm in

school and i'm doing something i know it's not just sitting in or you know, bradley cups off the bars. like you would imagine what have been the times that stick out in your mind. or you've especially messed him around pran birthday. ah, but a longer sunday morning thing for my birthday, but for him the walk through the door. you know, how like little videos are the soldiers come home? i always imagine like that would be me like my dad getting out of prison is surprising me somewhere there still a dream ah. blue criminal drug dealing shifted to places beyond the reach of the many people in the afghan government way involved in a doctorate. gorilla was in columbia

and to mexico, where the cartels have been responsible for a muscle, a spiral of violence. the final episode of drug trafficking politics territories on al jazeera, la new is a popular filming location in france. when it comes to stories about drugs, crime and radicalization, tired of negative stereotype youth worker is reclaiming its image by putting its young residence behind the camera. the stories be don't often hear told by the people who live them live newly would. this is europe. on al jazeera, the highlands of bonnie have long the trenton tour. it visitors come here for the cool climate and to see bonnie's famous rice fields. but these fields and farms are more than just a tourist attraction. they provided a lifeline for the thousands who lost their jobs when the travellers stopped coming

because of coven 19 pandemic restrictions. broad financial hardship to many here valley. now as the island reopens for international travelers, some say they want more just to return it to the way things work before. community groups have helped form a tourism workers learn how to cut it used to be a tour guide. now he farms, cabbages. and that the, i don't want to go back to tourism, i want to continue to be a farmer as the island prepares to welcome visitors. again, many say the pandemic has taught them valuable lessons. never forget, ah at least 46 people are found dead in an abundant shock in the you.