floyd are still naz lacoff woman. she is not actually a lot of people are afraid of b is, but for me, those even a verse and a koran about b is they are blessedly when you study them and discover their organisation, their system. it's perfect. nabarra the bees need plant to the project is also bringing greenery to the densely packed streets of east jerusalem. the main important challenge is that there were missing air land. we don't have lands and her roofs, it might be the solution to fill the gap of the lack of public open spaces in occupied east jerusalem. israeli authorities only permit palestinians to build on 17 percent of their land. so there's no room for green open spaces. introducing beehives encourages people to provide plants and bushes for the bees and whatever small space they have. no in this project started in 2019. they trained on 15 women

as beekeepers, but it's become so popular that by 2024 they'll be 550 women making use of the terraces and roof tops of occupied east jerusalem. as holmes, the small behind the la garza, the honey is harvested only twice a year. and these urban bees are pollinating plants much less likely to have been treated with her besides than those around royal farmhouse allah and nannie mal, i've got used to them. i'm not afraid of them. i even feel there's chemistry between us. so hidden did was in silla, women's co, operative is selling next year's harvest through crowd funding, so they can buy more hives to cope with demand. 3 years ago, a bees produced 85 kilos of honey. this year. they expect 8 and a half tons. bernard smith, al jazeera in occupied east jerusalem. ah,

this is al jazeera and these are the top stories. russian forces are moving closer to list a chance. the last major city under ukrainian control in the east moscow back separatists say they've surrounded it and captured an oil refinery key of disputes that claim. alum fisher has the latest from key if both the more school back separatist and russian armed forces are claiming that they've actually encircled this city. that something that the communities say simply hasn't happened. although the admit the fighting around the city is incredibly fierce. but that is being repeated in the south and east of the country. in many places, the number of rocket attacks is up significantly. the creeds are saying that civilian areas are being targeted. something that has been denied by the russians at the highest level. remember, just 48 hours ago, vladimir putin was saying that simply isn't the case. they know where the military targets are, and they have the ability to target them. ukraine has asked turkey to seize a russian flag ship. it says is loaded with 4 and

a half 1000 tons of stolen grain. the vessel is an kidney turkeys, carrasco, port. there were protests across libya just a day after you and mediated talks between rival factions ended without an agreement. on friday, protest is in the city of to brook storm the building. the house is one of 2 rival parliaments as anger about rising prices. a 68 year old palestinian woman has died in his railey detention sod year far jolla who was being held in deem on prison in northern israel. the circumstances of her death, still unclear. those of the headline news continues after inside story. ah,

a new dress constitution. 14 is yeah, it would further expand the president's power was white reducing parliament. but when it and the political deadlock and why do some leaders use constitutions to strengthen their powers? this is inside story. ah, ah hello and welcome to the program. i am hush him. i'll butler says he is president ice. i yet has released a new draft constitution that will give him what critics call royal powers. it will be voted on in a referendum on july. the 25th, if past the president will be given ultimate authority over the government and judiciary and parliament's powers will be significantly weakened. president sayed

will be able to present draft laws and has sole responsibility for treaties budgets, and appointing and sacking. ministers and judges. and the government will have to answer to him. the president was served 2 terms of 5 years. each of those terms could be extended if there's an immediate danger to the state. from tennis alicia walkman has more on the most controversial parts of the proposed constitution. oh, school side which refers to chinese years being culture, the nation of islam and the state to sort of bang to uphold the values and objectives of its lam. a. previously it was thought that the reference to religion would be taken out of the preamp. so there's a lot of hot debate going on about this several giving trying to find a lot more power and also diminishing with the judges. so one of the things that's

been included is about a striking for judges as well as military and other dates. that's a kind of a restructure in terms of how the parliament operates. there will be a national council as the regions and district. and then that would be quite a different structure. but ultimately the power resides in the hands of the president. i think the one of the things that would be my son from a tree is sort of fine. what's the last 10? 10. say there's been a debate about some political islam. this is something that has over the spots a lot of device on social media. and the been more and more calls for a boy crossing over the referendum will bring in, i guess, in a moment. first, let's take a look at the few countries that have changed back institutions to allow leaders to

remain in office and strengthen the powers in 2019 in parliament approved changes that will lead president up to the c c to govern until at least 2034 that same year togo's parliament allowed president for nothing be to rule until 2030 into a $1015.00 voters in the one that chose to lift term limits for president polk army was come rules, parliament extended president paul b as term in 2008, and in 2005 again, the parliament backed the removal of presidential term davis altogether. ah, let's bring in a guess in tennis here. they, they'll, i, li, constitutional law specialist and author of out of constitutionalism, the comic revolution in london. alex vines, director of africa program cheetham house,

also into this year. i mean sanusi political anna is specializing in tennessee and north africa as welcome to the program. zayed, the 2011. our offspring was inspired by the need to put an end to high per presidential system where the very few decide the fate of the majority. but don't you see that what is happening right now is the exactly the very opposite of what people fought for. well, to go back to the 2000. busy 11 uprising there were several calls that were taking place at the time. amongst others, the call for social justice is to remember that what the underlying factors that led to the ob spring in the 1st place were mainly susie comic factors. and people understood that either intuitively or explicitly that it was the system of government that was preventing the realization of social of social justice. but if

the source economic conditions back and that at that time, at the end of 2010 were propitious, were positive, then the uprisings would probably not have taken place, or at least not taking place in the same. busy form or in the same in science. so intuitively or explicitly people asked for an amendment or change a major. ready change to the constitutional systems that existed in prior to 2010 and brought the war ended up happening is that there was a either a. ready very significant or marginal moved away from the rental, ism and hiker for the lunches. but the problem that ended up taking place is that those, those systems are established by the post to those 11 constitutions post 2011. the constitutions were didn't function very well for a variety of reasons. amongst others, for example, very weak political party culture. if you establish

a system where parliament needs to play a more significant role than inevitably, what you're doing is you're calling for. ready political parties to play a much more significant role, and if your political part are weak by design incapable of forming policies, so on so forth. and you see that basically everywhere in the region in iraq and lebanon. ready collision other places in all these countries. busy problems are supposed to plays good rules, then polish patient becomes extremely difficult because you're relying on parties that. busy themselves cannot form policies. so the big mistake at the time was just to create a system based on the sumption. ok, that the design of self would be sufficient without thinking about the practical problems with that were likely to arise eventually in practice. our next president case, i had said that the reason why his introducing this reform basically to put an end to what i described as dysfunction and endemic corruption in the system. but when you bring about a massive change, where you are the ultimate authority in

a country of the very expense of the judiciary and the parliament, where are you leaving your ation question. one of the african union of the continental body. that should i have a c on of this is struggling. bear in mind, there is the african shots, are on democracy, elections and governance that states legal means of accessing or maintaining par constitute an unconstitutional change. what we are seeing and to news here is something we've seen elsewhere on the african continent. in concentrations as, as you mentioned in your introduction, i mean just think back to 2020 with the change of constitute and guinea. similar arguments were being asked or were being made that during the referendum campaign by former president alpha condi. unfortunately, the change of the constitution greatly protested across the country, resulted in a qu last year in september by the military. and there's not

a military jumpstart in control of guinea. so this is by no means necessarily a pathway to enhancing stability and prosperity. i mean, to museums are divided, the nation is bordeaux why it's, you have those who say here is considered dating democratic gains. you have the others who say this is someone who is driving the nation tours or talk chrissy whether whether they leave the debate, the political debate as we speak now in 10 his year about the future. well, the political debate had shifted the the, the years. because before, before we knew the constitution, people were still hoping and expecting that this will lead to a democratic system a progression from the 2014 fusion. this is 2 days ago we have seen shifts in the opinion because people are

now, as you said in the, in the, in the us reduction people are now. so talking about about the friends of and what is interesting is that a part of the upper class are discovery and you know that project is grabbing more power. well, it was obvious for you, but to use this final isn't this idea that he's fighting corruption by any means necessary. ju, ju, just defy his action. but it was from the, from an exterior point of view, it was obvious that he was trying to, to grab more power when he attacked the volume. and when he got sex and g o we just this, when he, when he, when he attacked the, the media, those were read fine. that should have the wonders about is

a part of the upper class. and the higher the what? because except that in order to get rid of corruptions or political ok, zayed in 2014 the technicians have the 1st constitution constitution. and the, i have to say that the general sentiment prevailing those countries that were engulfed by the pro democracy movement back then was that we need parliamentary democracy where the voice of the people decides the ultimate goal of the nation. but we saw that one of the outcomes of that movement was basically the wise of political islam. nope, i say it has a totally different interpretation, which is basically we have to go back to the time where the president has the final say, is this something which is more because of his big, biggest concern about the rise of political islam or this is just simply a return to autocracy in tennessee, but i'm ok so to be clear that the constitution by itself doesn't establish long

credit system. what it does is it establishes a hyper presidential system, which would make it easy for anyone who happens to be president, to establish a lot of practice done by providing all the level of state and all major powers hands of the senior person. so if that individual happens to be particularly enlightened and decides not to cool off the state and capture all state institutions, then they can remain democratic. but the thing is that after 6070 years of experience and the postal post colonial period in the region with africa in the middle east. what we know is that these systems where a single individual or very small groups of individuals who are given huge amounts of authority, tend to retain that authority for as long as possible. so whether it's this president or any subsequent president, what the constitution and does, is that per se establishment approaches them. what it does is it gives all the keys to the kingdom to that particular individual. and therefore, it makes it make,

it creates a high, the poor, a state where a single individual can co op if he so chooses on and capture institutions if that's what want to do it on the issue of political islam, an article 5 and so forth. i realize that this is always an issue that gets a lot of attention in the media and social media. so it's worth but in practical terms, whether it's article. ready one, originally article to the iraqi or the different constitution, or the 5 digit constitution in practical terms, whether or not chinese you will be inspired by religion and laws will beans fibers will depend on who happens to be in charge. ok, really matter what it says, one way, the other alex, the chairman of the and national consultative commission, subject delayed, charged a task with the drafting of the new constitution. said that the, the reason why we decide to remove any refers to islam is that we don't want, we want to prevent political extremism from taking over other se different. they

say that this was meant in particular to prevent another which has been the biggest political organization in tennessee since 2011 from staging and a political come back in the future. yeah, look this morning about political pluralism and us your previous speaker, correct? he said, what this is, is in a real danger of is a pathway to autocracy with. we've seen this time and time again, not just i'm no expert on the middle east, but in the rest of the african continent. it's exactly the same pathway that we've seen the arguments and the cameras shot republic of congo rundridge. how go uganda . so there's plenty of evidence of the concerns of this, including also the closing down of pluralistic space. and so it is deeply alarming . i think about the potential for trajectory of option is you, particularly given that shin is here, wasn't the vanguard off of reform in the so called arab spring. so it's,

it is an alarming moments i think, for, for, for those of us who care about democracy and political pluralism on the african continent. i mean, do you, citizens coming out in huge numbers on the 25th of july to vote for in the referendum? i don't think so. i think there is, there is that's why he did this as a minimum to to, to, to refresh them. i think there will be 500000 people just like in the online consultation that he did that i know goodness most go. but i think that there is this problem with the opposition, that there is a division between go in and you know, or by cutting that's the main main main issue. while the yes yes part are they decided and they did because i like it or not

is he's the supporters. how the people that won't even question the constitution and it will go both. yes, i had not yet to the constitution. and what was interesting in the previous intervention is really a question that the home me read because fusion is were what i did with the 2014 go situation, which was the very bottom of the fusion, preventing the president from the term where he couldn't do anything, now, what i fight has done with this constitution with this 2000 function constitution was beyond imagination. and i'm just questioning myself and hoping that the my imagination isn't,

isn't bringing me to suffer possible. but what, what can i do with this constitution? we've got to to show that he is high for presidential who, where there is a lot of loopholes that can lead us to another quarter in okay, zayed in e m l, lydia iraq, in india, egypt and many other countries. the political parties that took over or were came under the hope of trying to stay away from the mindset that prevailed in the 60 seventy's eighty's all the way towards the ninety's and bring about an inclusive government with new ideas that would put an end to a corruption, embezzlement of public funds and dysfunctional governments, where they failed to do basically was reaching out to the people has thought of the arab spring. do you think this could be the main reason why we're having these new phases in this part of the world where we're seeing a talk rossi reinstated back?

i would dispute the, the premise of the question. i mean, the premise of the question is that political parties in countries like iraq came to power with a view to promoting democracy and encouraging pluralism that, that's certainly not my impression of iraq. i'm in my country so i can speak about it with a little bit more freely. but in the country like iraq, 2 parties were interested in plundering the state. and certainly not in the, we're not interested in promoting democracy, the rule of law, social justice and so forth. i mean, if they wanted to do that, they would have been very easy for them. they had children out of resources at their disposal to achieve those things. but there is any evidence that when a country like iraq and there, i say this is like law school parties, how that is their objective? i mean, so, i mean, part of the problem that we have in the original countries in speaking very generally, is that political party lice, political pluralism, was really designated over a period of around about half a century by extremely autocratic countries,

regimes where they made it almost impossible, in some cases, completely impossible to engage in any meaningful political debate, political party activity, and so on, so forth. and then when suddenly there's a big change in the country like iraq in 2003. the floodgates are open and political parties can suddenly move in until the space that the autocrat has left for whatever reason. then you find that level of passive, either level of forming their capacity to foreign policies and then are 1st of all long distance. and then even they have no intention of doing so that everyone with any type of integrity is either left the country or has been executed. and that's really a problem for designing fusions. ok, what you need to do. but you certainly want to avoid hyper provincialism. but you can't just assume that political parties can do what it takes to create a functioning democratic system. you need corrective measures, and that was never done in the past. i mean, the general, the general environment was they, someone who is really frustrated with

a political establishment would stage a coup. what is happening now is what people are coining legal autocrats like in different parts of the world. hungary, of russia, in venezuela, in different parts of the african continent, they use the constitution and democracy to just end up undermining both the constitution and democracy. yeah, i mean, we do have that knee at that taishan of constitutions to concentrate power all to extend. so some of it is about setting the term limits back to turn the clock back to 0 and having another 2 terms, some of it is indefinite rule. so that number different things happening, but it is a complicated pattern, so you're absolutely right. they are all socratic advances, but there are also setbacks and movements forward of democracy. so it's not one pattern of the african continent, for example,

is very complicated. there were 2 democratic advances last year, including through successful elections, which many people didn't expect incumbents to lose. and that was because the opposition organized themselves very effectively united and were able to remove those incumbents. having said that, there are other countries where that, that hasn't been possible. my worry about what's happening and sion is. yeah. is that, that we've seen this before. opposition parties might boycott the, the referendum may get more frustrated and then support other means that they are such such pathways as cruise non student unconstitutional changes of government. that was exactly what happened down on the west african coast last year in guinea, where frustrated politics, a referendum, resulted in opposition parties encouraging the military to get involved. so this is very warranting. i mean, are we likely to see a confrontation,

imminent confrontation between cases hyatt and his opponents after july 25th? well, it's complicated to answer the question because we need to identify his oppose because there is different oppositions. there is appointment. i do disagree on the person not on the project. the authoritarian project is in the reform of the constitution . the presidential system is supported by some of the actual like arguing with party, the former advocate for the 90 and and there is another form for there's other forms of opposition who are defending the 2014 constitution and they return to parliament parliamentary system. i think there is, there is, there is a bustle in the opposition to, to, to feeling the turn it into. and that's what is going to be the

key to understanding what, what, what is going to happen that you're going to be my last question. i'd appreciate if you can give me answers in less than 15 seconds. i'll be asking the 3 of you. i will start with you as they do think that it's about time to, to ask for something like more, more authorial on the constitutional reforms. to put an end to this being manipulated by the dictators and the auto cross to change the states. no, i don't think so because you can't functioning democratic system without a, a well designed constitution. it's not the only factor that you need to function, but you really do need a functional constitution. well, those are constitution. alex does more authority. and instead of just in one sentence that are more tory and what i would would, i would encourage is deep analysis of why things have gone for zillow. alex, i think that needs to be leadership from the continental body, african again, but reform constitutions can be progressive. reform conversation and gone are at

the moment which will strengthen that constitution. make it more democratic. i mean, i think or just to focus on the political culture, i think what we are like the idea body like all kind of go over as efficiently as the presidential says. thank you very much in the gentleman's a july explains, i mean, soon as he, i really appreciate your insight looking forward to talking to you in the near future. we see what happens in tennessee and many other parts of the world. and thank you for watching, you can see the program again any time by visiting our website. i'll just the dot dot com for further discussion. go to our facebook page. that's facebook dot com, forward slash ha insights, or you can also join the conversation on twitter. i'll 100 is at a james, i sorry for me. hash about about the entire team here in della bye for now.

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