to at 20 percent, as ye say. now, this makes the building of the next government quite tricky as well as you say. oh chris, to send the lead of the moderate party will try and become the next prime minister . but his party is now smaller than the suite and democrats. in addition to this, that to support parties, the liberals and the christian democrats, expecting to part the government, but the liberals don't want the swede and democrats to have any ministerial posts. the sweden democrats. meanwhile, we'll say we're the big biggest party in this coalition. we should have influence. so it's can be very complicated to save sweet and can actually build a government in the next couple of weeks. will res. thank you very much. and women and several activists in lebanon, of held up banks in a desperate attempt to access their own savings capital controls imposed by the government that citizens unable to withdraw cash. this is the country's power i asked by a worsening economic and humanitarian crisis. in

a 100 reports from beirut. oh, they're becoming more common in 2 separate incidence, hours apart, armed people enter banks demanding their own money. lebanon is in crisis. for 3 years, people haven't been able to access their savings because of informal capital control. sally huffy is among them. armed with a hand gun, she was accompanied by activists who threatens bank employ years before she was given $30000.00 from her account. in this country, this is the only way to get her money back. we didn't steal these money. we worked hard to earn it. sally says she needs the money to pay for her sisters cancer treatment. in

a similar incident last month and armed men named by sam oshea cousin, held hostages at a bank for nearly 10 hours before receiving part of his trapped savings. he too said he needed money to pay for his father's hospital bills and many others like sally and bas sam who are facing strict limits on withdrawals of foreign currency gathered outside the bank. after the incident, we are ruled by thieves who are forcing us to use violence. protesters chanted. people are losing patience. the economic collapse is in its 3rd year. the currency has crashed. unemployment is high, and government services are nearly non existent. people believe politicians on bank or is, are protecting themselves while they are suffering as a result of the financial crisis. bank deposits, we're used to fund the safe and covered deficit. now the states, it's nearly bankrupt. total losses amount to more than $70000000000.00. there

is a lack of political will to agree on an economic recovery plan that would distribute losses. and as the crisis were, since depositors warn they will have no choice but to take their money by force center for their leader balte. and quick monday noise catch up with all the news on our website. the rest of that is out 0 dot com coming up pass onto the unraveling the mysteries of black holes. that's next on the stream on one issue after that ah, ah ah, let the boy you're listening to

our pressure waves from a galaxy cluster known as perseus about 240000000 light years away from earth. nasa black hole remax recently went viral online and it's fueling more and more interest in black hole science as well. that's mysteries. hi, i'm not much of a dean. i can imagine like me, you have a lot of questions. so jump into today's youtube chat and you can be part of this discussion. me. a black hole is believed to be the most extreme environment in the universe, an area in space where the force of gravity is so intense, not even light can escape. but how much to scientists really know about black holes and what their actual purposes? while joining us today in connecticut, pm vida now to raj on a professor of astronomy and physics at yale university. and one of the principal

investigators with harvard university's black hole initiative in the us state of rhode island. kimberly are canned a day to visualize or in science communicator. for nasa's chandra, x ray observatory. and in new york state j. hon cartel to pay an astrophysicist at the rochester institute of technology, where she studies the evolution and formation of galaxies. thank you so much for being with us beyond feeling very unaccomplished, after all those introductions. no, i'm joking. so many interesting burning questions here, really ok, but let's start with the most fundamental. kimberly, what is a black hole? well, i think a black hole is a really cool thing and it's a really interesting thing and a think of mystery. but in essence, i like to think of them as a dense compact object. his gravitational pull is so strong that within a certain distance of it, nothing, not even light can escape. and many of the black holes that we sort of now and love, i guess, or thought to be the result from the collapse of the very, very,

very massive star as it sort of gets towards the end of it. stellar evolution that's, that's a simple i, explanation that i can understand. i want to ask you though, a pre, a, you know, when we talk about black holes, there's a lot of misconceptions. there's a lot of maybe confusion of what it exactly is. so they certainly seem to help us understand how our galaxy kind of was shaped and formed. but what fascinates you most about it? well, i guess, and kim just mentioned, right. so you can think of the black hole as a, please don't extreme gravity from which nothing can escape. and there is this region sort of like a secret boundary. if you, when quantity event or isaac. so once you crossed the event horizon, nothing no matter not even light can escape. so what happens inside the event horizon is something that we don't quite understand this starting to understand it and figure it out. but we know that the black hole is actually in cases i point

that we call the singularity. this is where all our knowledge of physics breaks down. and so for me, the fascination with black holds is that may be present, b, h sort of been limits of knowledge, right. and so trying to understand them like, you know, literally o'shea. yeah. not our minds as much as we possibly can. well, i mean that, that's certainly fascinating to me. i mean, my dad's a physicist, he spent much of his life trying to explain some of this stuff to me. i don't know that i got it, but, but that's certainly, it makes sense to me. i mean, so when you say singularity, that's the center of the black hole. this is where we don't have sort of the physics knowledge to really understand what's going on. is that correct? that's right. that's right. so our understanding on our laws make nature, has all these laws, the symmetries and i, everything kind of breaks down when we approach the singularity. interesting,

fascinating jahan when, when we talk about sort of galaxies and, and how they've evolved. i know a lot of your research focuses on this. we have people in our live you to chat right now, actually asking some pretty pointed questions i want to share with you. one of them says the black holes lead to higher dimensions, and maybe the most interesting one to me from solid cancer says can you have 2 or 3 black holes that have joined together or merged? that's a great question. um, so my research focuses on galaxies themselves and how they form and evolve over time. but i'm especially interested in what happens when 2 galaxies merged together . and we think that all galaxies have the super massive black holes in their centers, the window galaxies emerge and become one. those black holes should also merge and become one. and just recently, we got evidence of the process through the gravitational waived detection by lego, which actually observed what happened. the result of this merger and the

gravitational waves that are emitted that we can attack all the way here at earth. and i see that that visual, that we're sharing with our audience. i just, it's like i see these things and it's fascinates me, but i, i fear that i don't understand just how fascinating it is but, but we have this headline as well. i want to share with you j hand. it says the pair of super massive black calls could be faded to collide within 3 years. certainly sounds like something we should be anticipating its doom and gloom. what does that mean? it's definitely not doom and gloom from our perspective, you know, we will see too much different. we, if we're lucky enough, we'll be able to detect gravitational waves from this merger and be able to study a little bit about the last moments before the merger actually happens. which would be really useful for physics, but otherwise, not too much changes from our point of view. it's certainly not doing good. and, you know, we've, we've seen images we heard that found at the top of the show. kimberly,

i know you're working to kind of figure out in a sense, to put it in layman's terms. if we can make an image of the black hole and also with the sound, can you share with us the sound kind of what it is, what it means we were joking for we want to live to me. it sounds like you know, stranger things. it certainly sounds a bit ominous, but, but how are we experiencing the data that we're collecting? yeah, i'm a stranger fan, stranger things span as well. so i think i really love that analogy about the sound, and i've heard other people talk about how it sounds to them. like them were a soundtrack, or to sound like something from han zimmer. it's this idea the this on vacation is, is pretty cool because it actually took an archive a result from 2003 on from andy fabian at all. and in that result, they had made this discovery that this massive black hole was just belching out into the surrounding environments. and those belch is, are sort of causing these pressure weights or the sound waves in the hot gas. and

so those sound waves we could actually translates into a tone which was b flat, of about $57.00 octaves below middle. see so way, way below came in hearing like hundreds and hundreds of piano keys below human hearing. and i think this idea that we could then take that to day and sauna fi it take that note that we know it's singing out into the universe and turn into sound that humans can hear was really exciting. because to me, it's a way to not only learn things about them, but also help communicate them to people. for example, who can't see someone who's blind or low vision. yeah, and that was part of, i mean that, that's, that's doubly fascinating. i think i, you know, we want this show to be as accessible as possible and, and part of that means kind of breaking things down. we hear these terms like not even light can escape from a black hole. and we're gonna dissect that further. but for now, i want to share some comments that are coming through on youtube. we have neptune asking what is the nearest black hole to our solar system. and is it possible for

them to collide with us in the future? a who wants to take that pre up? sure. of the new super massive black holes. right. all 3 of us are interested in these sort of overweight cousins of the little black holes that the legal collaboration caught colliding right? is the one of the center of our own galaxy and it's 4000000 times the mass of the sun. and i mean, i think the rest of your question was why nearest one and might they collide with us in the future? it's that age old question of i think we, i say we're quite safe and i think the one of the center of our galaxy is actually sitting very quietly. it's feeding on a very tiny trickle. and it's largely dead for most purposes. but you know, it's fascinating, one for us. that's why you're showing the up close image from the event horizon, telescope collaboration, which is and close as we will ever get to a black. oh,

interesting. well, i mean, you know, a lot of these questions i have to show them with you on youtube, are kind of better than my questions or, or at least they're the exact same as my question. so here we go. buzz, buzz videos saying how can we learn about black holes if they trap light and can actually be seen. now i see that you're nodding jahan ok. so i'm going to ask, i mean, you know, we hear this, this phrase, not even light can escape. what is that really mean? and yet yeah, i'm nodding because that's a question i've heard a lot actually. we're trying to study something that we can't the, we're trying to understand the absence of light. and that's a kind of complicated concept, right. the video you showed earlier is all the sort of black spheres in the middle that are representing the black hole. so right, we can't see into those black spheres, but what we can see is what's happening around them, how those masses are affecting their surroundings. so they're still interacting with things gravitationally. so we can measure things nearby them and see how their

movement is affected by the presence of something really massive. we can see how they're massive distort light. we saw that in that video that you showed and we can learn all about their surrounding environments just based on the material that nearby, right. if there's a gas that around them and that gas moves very rapidly, it gets very hot and we're able to detect it through x rays and other other parts of the spectrum. so we can still learn quite a lot about black holes and the effect on their environment just by observing what's near them. interesting. i jumped ahead. kimberly, and then we'll come now. kimberly, go ahead. i said, i love the idea that we're, we're looking at this data now we're talking about data that is essentially invisible, where all of this material that, that we've been talking about these, this on vacation, and that, that image, even from the event horizon telescope, these are in different kinds of light that human eyes can't proceed. we can't see it extra late. we can't see in radio light. and so it's really important to

consider like all of these things that are happening out there in the universe. so much of that we can't see and we need different telescopes, like the channels for observatory, like the event horizon telescope, didn't order for us to be able to learn more about them. i like to think of like the chantix observatory is like a black hole hunter. it's found black hole near far, small, big, even medium size. one kind of like a goldilocks thing. i guess. there's just, there's so much to learn for these, these little special laboratories that are out there in the universe. just just wait, be studied. and if you were going to say you were going to, yeah, i say, you know why, i'm also often asked this question, what does it mean that even like on a scale, right? yeah, so analogy that we've all seen right from cape canaveral, you have to booster rockets out so that they escape the gravitational grip of the art. so we have to get rocket fuel boosted after 11 kilometers per 2nd, and then to free itself off, the gravity doesn't fall back. right?

so that state. so if you just imagine that standing on the, on the gravity of the earth. so that's what we'll do all the gravity intense gravity of a black hole is such that, that escape speed, that rocket speed that you need to get has to be the speed of light. so that's what we mean white even, you know, light cannot escape a black hole. interesting. yeah, and you know, how do we coming back? was this question asking, when pointed out, we mapped these invisible entities indirectly in the case of a black hole. so it is feeding on gas, so gas has been good in again, by the gravity of the black hole as the dying gas of the gas as is getting food. it gets nice to go and that's what we're seeing in the x rays. so we don't actually see the hole, we see the stuff that is on the route to being so, you know, swallowed by the whole song, at least. yeah, i love it, this, this term,

these terms and terminology swallowed by the whole. and it's, it's, it creates such a mystery, i love it. i mean, it's in of itself, right? so engaging, i do want to ask you about these images and how did the event horizon telescope create the image, this image of the black hole that's at the center of our galaxy take a look. ah, we have these are, these are 2 different images, right? comparing help me understand what the says for our audience, comparing the size of 2 black holes that may be 7 and sagittarius a. what is significant about this that can be understood by someone a simpleton like me, priyah. so i, yeah. so what we are seeing is we had zoomed in to a region that is right around this event horizon of the black hole when the sacred boundary that we're not even light escape, we're a little bit outside it here, but we'd zoomed right in back to the heart of a black hole if you will. okay. back to black hole is the one that is the center of our galaxy sanitary. a star is 4000000 times the mass of the sun, the one in m, 87,

a 6000000000 times the madison sun, missouri. and the event horizons a telescope, a project managed to zoom right. it is the leverage to many radio dishes. yeah. either around the org domain make and make the entire size of the art behave like one radio dish. and so that's the biggest alaska, and it me crazy to me. i mean, when we talk on these numbers, these figures, i don't really, it's hard to wrap my mind around them, but that's just me. but kimberly, that's why you're here. i've read that you, you kind of talk also about and by the way it should be mentioned, the event horizon telescope for those who don't know because this is really cool. you can ride out and, and geek out on this. there were 11 telescopes, synchronized around the world, right? creating sort of a virtual earth sized telescope, as we just heard, pre explain to take these images from far away. so there's so much we know so much

we're learning with the data so much. we don't know though, kimberly like what is the ultimate link they are there cosmic recycling centers? did i, did i understand this, right? what might that even mean? i mean, are they recycling up there and we're not recycling? yeah, well i'm, i'm a huge fan of recycling. so i, i think i really like black holes and things like super over remnants because they are the ultimate cosmic recycling centers. recycling at a much grander scale than humans can ever hope to do. i do think black hole sort of have a bad rap. they've got this sort of negative reputation for being just cosmic vacuum cleaners. you know, things of doom and gloom. yes. nobody really wants to get too close. i don't want to be to get a fight if i, you know, fall into that gravitational pull. no, thank you. right. i am happy here on earth and all that, but we have a lot to be grateful for, i think as well to black holes. you know, they still are explosions that produce many of the buckles that we know about. they're also speeding out of their really important element. when black cold

collide, those, those types of collisions are giving us even more elements. and those types of elements for you here on earth, right? so there's a lot about this idea of cosmic recycling that i think is very attractive that it's not just doing glue that it's also creation and potential future life. right. and you know, we see or hear, or think of black hole that sort of something as you said destructive, i'm glad you brought up this point because it's really kind of, you know, in the popular culture, if you will. that's how it's often referred to. but your research really friends, that as a creator, as an engine, if you will, in the galaxy thrown offense, it's nice that today and through your work, in a sense we can flip the script if you will. and with that in mind, i want to share this with you 3 pre and maybe you can share your comments on this. we got a video comment that was sent to us from a professor of astrophysics jeron lewis. just take a listen like hold miss do is places surrounded by a one way barrier known as the event horizon. you can fall in,

but you can never get out what happens inside the event horizon. we don't really know something that you might just fall to the center and be crushed at the singularity. others that suggested the black holes might be portals to the universities. you might fall into a black hole to this. i'm pop out of a white old in some other universe, but it's going to be a brave person who jumped in to try and find out. i mean, i am willing to be that brave person, but only because i don't know what was it, you know, wait, wait to have me. no, i'm joking. but what, what do you make of that pre, i mean his, the way he frames that it's a bit bit in just but, but what do you think a great, 1st of all, i actually know in my world cambridge, it's a small world. yes. oh no. but i think he's absolutely right that we don't really quite understand the fate of the matter and information when i'm going to sort of

mix them up now and say anything that falls into the black hole information about it, right? even talking have a very nice analogy. you said, no, suppose you look up the encyclopedia britannica. right. and i look up and i can see it is great, not worth it. reaches all these people that information, right. it's like, look, yeah, no, i put the encyclopedia in a closed box. i block the block box completely tight and i burned down the. it's like all the information that was in the encyclopedia still in the box. i don't know how we store it anymore, right. and we don't want to retrieve that, so when we are, i understand what happens in a black hole that is a much to understand why i feel nation i or no, i knew, you know, i really appreciate you breaking it down and very 3 terms that analogy you helped me certainly understand it. and for those who are listening to the video, comment from that astrophysics professor, he did mention the event horizon. just to clarify,

i want to make sure that i'm actually a learning things that is not only the point of the point of no return, which is a region basically a space around the black hole where it, where light and matter sort of a get sucked in yeah, okay, so, so we're learning here together. fantastic. so we also have a comment about sort of vibration. we hear this term very often when discussing sort of the world and, and the physical world buzz video is asking light can't escape black holes. ok. but can vibrations escape black holes? i'm not sure i really understand the question, but hey, he asked it a few times so so silent. seeing a studio about his pre a vibrations what, what is there anything that can escape a black hole rag? no, i don't think even vibrations can escape a black hole, right? so the vibrations that we are detecting in the summer vacation, right, are the impact, the result,

all black owns gravity interacting with that gap. that's fine to fall in. so not all the gas that gets what makes it way, it makes its way in there is some that is expanded out and i think as you mentioned, there's a little bit of bam change that's happening, right. so there's material that's also coming out. so the sound waves are sound needs a medium, right? so because you have this gas, these pressure we, we are able to hear them. and so that's what we're really, they're not really escaping from inside the black hole. but we are generated by physics that's happening at the ages of the black hole. that easy way to put it if you want a newer version, like no, no, no, save the nerdy version for later after the so that was great. you're doing great. i know i, i want to ask about the misconceptions a little bit before we rob here, you know, worm holes and all these sorts of other things that we hear about. i mean,

what are sort of some of the challenges? what are the limitations? what can i mean with all this exciting research, like, what are we still struggling really to understand, or what excites you, looking to the future in terms of continuing to do this work? anything on your mind to hon. 0, one of the things i find most exciting about the future of this field is just understanding how this all began. you know, where, when did the 1st black hole form, how did they form? there's a lot of mystery surrounding that we are to texting galaxies with really massive black holes at periods of the universe that were much earlier than we thought they should exist. and they're already big or already massive. we call quasars the middle of light. and so we really don't understand how black hole could have formed so early on in the universe as history and gotten as massive as they did so quickly . and so that's one of those big open questions that has a lot of people scratching their heads of your rising and, and hopefully we'll know more about that. well, well,

and i saw pre and kimberly not scratching their head but nodding their heads as you are bringing up those points. so that's all well and good that it's something you mutually agree upon. i do want to share with you one more comment we have from dwell das, this might be an obvious one, but how, how is time effected in about black hole? what sort of the easiest way of kind of understanding that kim i will pass that went to korea. yeah. hi. how about this? well, no, i don't want to sound no, let's just go with time. i mean, what is time is what i was going to ask, which is way too. i got them so i don't know if that's the right. that's correct. but i think what really happens, right, and this is the other reason. black holes are so bizarre time where he knows down once you cross the event horizon. ok, so what really happens, right? so we have the university think is a 4 dimensional sheet. so you need to specify where something happens. you need to

say it happened in this space. so 33 numbers to tell you where and one that tells you when that's the time, right? so you have to wait and you have time. so this together for the sort of meet all based on weight, you cross a black hole at the event horizon. the strangest thing happens, the nature of space and time. let slips. ok, so i just don't need that. you know? yeah. flip this meaning what flips like inverse is like, does a back flip? i mean, time starts to behave like space, okay? oh, no, no off time gets affected. as i said, you know, i'm really our notion of time. it gets really slow down way to really slow it down and i have reached this singularity. it sort of starts taking infinitely long. yeah . and it's, it's fascinating to hear you explain that it sounds to me like you're describing

a monday morning where time just seems to slow down. but hey, that's my ability to make sense of this. i want to thank you all. this has been really enlightening and engaging, so thank you for joining us. kimberly priyah and jahan for those of you at home. thank you for sending us your questions. hopefully we got to a lot of those you 2 questions. and remember here at the stream, these conversations do not end on air here on television. you can always follow us at a stream. both on twitter and instagram videos. ah ah.

and in the year 127180 a young italian merchant set out on an extraordinary journey having travelled the furthest reaches of the mog lampa, mako polos world views radically altered beijing. the city established by cooper car is still today. china, strong between now and china is again a superpower. we reflect on how the relationship between east and west has changed marco polo on al jazeera. beneath the se, lies the dark aside in british politics, an exclusive al jazeera investigation coming scene. ah

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