europe is one of the region of the world that is warming up the fast us. clearly average temperatures in europe, they've already increased by about 2 degrees celsius compared to their pre industrial average. and this will continue in the future, which means that these temperatures that we consider as exceptional temperatures, actually out than you normal temperatures, we will need to get used to the fact that temperatures will you reach these levels or more and more frequently in the future. tens of thousands of people visited the st. peter's basilica to pay their respects to form of pope benedict. the 16th. during the 3 days his body lies in state, his funeral will take place on thursday in saint peter's square, presided over by pope francis. and it will then be laid to rest beneath the basilica. the german theologian was head of the roman catholic church for 8 years before stepping down in 2013 the 1st pope to do so. in 6 centuries, died at the monastery in the vatican, la,

saturday. the age of 95. ah . romano. top stories on al jazeera republican kevin mccarthy appears to have lost a 5th round of voting in his bid to be elected. yes. how's the representative speaker? it's the 1st time in a 100 years that a nominee for house speaker has failed to be appointed on the 1st vote. congressional business cannot start until the speaker is elected. the republicans have a narrow majority in the house, but mccarthy is facing opposition from hard line members within his own party. regional world health organization says china isn't giving an accurate picture of the extent of its co 19 outbreak. on tuesday, china's top scientists presented data to you, an agency officials for the w h o z emergency program director says beijing is under representing hospitalizations and deaths from the disease. there are

certainly issues in terms of the criteria for recording and reporting, dance attributable to call with dining. we believe that definition is too narrow, which requires spiritual failure association to register as a covert related that as of right now definition, we know there are difficulties and all countries very often in recording hospital relief is admissions use of i see you for some of these but again, we believe that the current numbers being, being published from china under represent the true impact of the disease in terms of hospital admissions. in terms of i, c, u, a bishop, and particularly in terms of that president, mr. lansky says russia is planning to order another mass, conscription for new offensive and ukraine. even though it's ministry, faces internal criticism, over stripe that killed schools a conscript russian ministry. officials say the unauthorized use of mobile phones by its soldiers enabled ukrainian intelligence to locate their base in my case,

and carry out the deadliest attack on russian forces. yet in the conflict, rushes as 89 troops were killed. and the senior police official says 35 people have been killed in 2 com, bombings in central somalia, to cause packed with explosives were detonated in mass targeting a police station. and government officials home ash about has claimed responsibility to stay with us. the stream is next. okay. it has scientists unraveling the mysteries of black holes on the back of that with my knees fees. can i finance? mm. mm. it i with

well, you're listening to our pressure waves from a galaxy cluster known as perseus about 240000000 light years away from earth. nasa black hole remax recently went viral online and it's fueling more and more interest in black hole science as well as it's mysteries. i am at a dean, i can imagine like me, you have a lot of questions. so jump into today's youtube chat and you can be part of this discussion. ah, a black hole is believed to be the most extreme environment in the universe, an area in space where the force of gravity is so intense, not even light can escape. but how much the scientists really know about black holes and what their actual purposes. while joining us today in connecticut, preamble another rods on a professor of astronomy and physics at yale university. and one of the principal

investigators with harvard university's black hole initiative in the u. s, state of rhode island. kimberly are canned, a data visualization science communicator for nasa's chandra, x ray observatory, and in new york state j. hon cartel to pay an astrophysicist at the rochester institute of technology where she studies the evolution and formation of galaxies. thank you. so much for being with us beyond feeling very unaccomplished. after all those introductions, now i'm joking as so many interesting burning questions here really are. but let's start with the most fundamental. kimberly, what is a black hole? well, i think a black hole is a really cool thing and it's a really interesting thing and a thing of mystery. but in essence, i like to think of them as a dense compact object. his gravitational pull is so strong that within a certain distance of it, nothing, not even light can escape. and many of the black holes that we sort of now and love,

i guess, i thought to be the result from the collapse of the very, very, very massive star as it sort of gets towards the end of it. stellar evolution that's, that's a simple i, explanation that i can understand. i want to ask you though, a pre, a, you know, when we talk about black holes, there's a lot of misconceptions. there's a lot of maybe confusion of what it exactly is. so they certainly seem to help us understand how our galaxy kind of was shaped and formed. but what fascinates you most about it? well, i guess, and kim just mentioned, right. so you can think of the black hole as a, please don't extreme gravity from which nothing can escape. and there is this region sort of like a secret boundary if you wear gaudy event horizon. so once you crossed the event horizon, nothing no matter not even light can escape. so what happens inside the event horizon is something that we don't quite understand this starting to understand it

and figure it out. but we know that the black hole is actually in cases i point that we call a singularity. this is where. 2 all our knowledge of physics breaks down. and so for me, the fascination with black hole is that may be present the ash sort of been limits of knowledge. right. and so trying to understand them like, you know, naturally o'shea. yeah. not our minds as much as we possibly can. well, i mean that, that certainly fascinating to me. i mean, my dad's a physicist. he spent much of his life trying to explain some of this stuff to me. i don't know that i got it but, but that's certainly it makes sense to me. i mean, so when you say singularity, that's the center of the black hole. this is where we don't have sort of the physics knowledge to really understand what's going on. is that correct? that's right, that's right. so our understanding our laws, right? nature has all these laws, the symmetries and i, everything kind of breaks down when we approach the singularity. interesting,

fascinating j hand. when, when we talk about sort of galaxies and, and how they've evolved. i know a lot of your research focuses on this. we have people in our live you to chat right now, actually asking some pretty pointed questions i want to share with you. one of them says that the black holes lead to higher dimensions, and maybe the most interesting one to me from solid cancer says can you have 2 or 3 black holes that have joined together or merged? that's a great question. um, so my research focus is on galaxies themselves and how they form and evolve over time. but i'm especially interested in what happens when to galaxy merged together . and we think that all galaxies have the super, massive black holes in their centers when those galaxies emerge. and become one, those black holes should also merge and become one. and just recently, we got evidence of the process through the gravitational wave detection by lego, which actually observed what happened as

a result of this merger and the gravitational waves that are emitted that we can detect all the way here at earth. i see that that visual, that we're sharing with our audience. i just, it's like i see these things and it's fascinates me, but i fear that i don't understand just how fascinating it is but, but we have this headline as well. i want to share with you j. hon. it says a pair of superman of black holes could be faded to collide within 3 years. certainly sounds like something we should be anticipating is this doom and gloom? what does that mean? it's definitely not doom and gloom. for from our perspective, you know, we will see too much different we, if we're lucky enough, we'll be able to detect gravitational waves from this merger and be able to study a little bit about the last moments before the merger actually happens, which would be really useful for physics, but otherwise not too much changes from our point of view. it's certainly not doing good. and you know, we've, we've seen images we heard that found at the top of the show. kimberly,

i know you're working to kind of figure out in a sense, to put it in layman's terms. if we can make an image of the black hole and also with the sound, can you share with us the sound kind of what it is, what it means. we were joking for you. i live to me. it sounds like you know, stranger things. it certainly sounds a bit ominous, but, but how are we experiencing the data that we're collecting? yeah, i'm a stranger fan, stranger things fan as well. so i think i really love that analogy about the sound, and i've heard other people talk about how it sounds to them like hm, we're a soundtrack or to sound like something from han zimmer. it's this idea the this on vacation is, is pretty cool because it actually took an archive a result from 2003 on from andy fabian at all. and in that result, they had made this discovery that this massive black hole is just belching out into the surrounding environments. and those belch is,

are sort of causing these pressure weights or the sound waves in the hot gas. and so those sound waves we could actually translates into a tone which was b flat of about 57, opt us below, middle see so way, way below came in hearing like hundreds and hundreds of piano keys below human hearing. and i think this idea that we could then take that to a day and sana fi it, sir, take that note that we know it's singing out into the universe and turn it into sound that humans can hear. was really exciting because to me it's a way to not only learn things about them, but also help communicate them to people. for example, who can't see someone who is blind or low vision. yeah, and that was part of, i mean that that's, that's doubly fascinating. i think, you know, we want this show to be as accessible as possible and, and part of that means kind of breaking things down. we hear these terms like not even light can escape from a black hole and we're going to dissect further. but for now, i want to share some comments that are coming through on you tube. we have enough tune asking what is the nearest black hole to our solar system. and is it possible

for them to collide with us in the future? a who wants to take that pre up? sure. the new super massive black holes. right. all 3 of us are interested in these sort of over wage cousins of the little black hole is that the legal collaboration caught colliding right? is the one of the center of our own galaxy and it's 4000000 times the mass of the sun. and i mean, i think the rest of your question was why is 1 am, might they collide with us in the future? it's that a job question. i think we, i say we're quite safe and i think the one of the center of our galaxy is actually sitting very quietly. it's feeding on a very tiny trickle and it's largely deck for most purposes. but you know, it's fascinating. one for us. that's why you're showing the up close image from the event horizon, telescope collaboration, which is and close as we will ever get to

a black. oh, interesting. well, i mean, you know, a lot of these questions i have to show them with you on youtube, are kind of better than my questions or, or at least they're the exact same as my question. so here we go. buzz, buzz videos saying how can we learn about black holes if they trap light and can actually be seen. now i see that you're nodding jahan ok. so i'm going to ask, i mean, you know, we hear this, this phrase, not even light can escape. what does that really mean? and yeah, yeah, i'm nodding because that's a question i've heard a lot actually. we're trying to study something that we can't see. we're trying to understand the absence of light. and that's a kind of complicated concept, right. the video you showed earlier is all the sort of black spheres in the middle that are representing the black hole. so right, we can't see into those black spears, but what we can see is what's happening around them, how those masses are affecting their surroundings. so they're still interacting

with things gravitationally, so we can measure things nearby them and see how their movement is affected by the presence of something really massive. we can see how they're massive distort light . we saw that in that video that you showed and we can learn all about their surrounding environment just based on the material that nearby, right. if there is a gas that around them and that gas moves very rapidly, it gets very hot and we're able to detect it through x rays and other other parts of the spectrum. so we can still learn quite a lot about black holes and the effect on their environment just by observing what's near them. interesting. i jumped ahead. kimberly, and then now kevin, go ahead. i love the idea that we're, we're looking at this data now. we're talking about data that is essentially invisible, right? all of this material that we've been talking about these, this on vacation, and that, that image, even from the event horizon telescope, these are different kinds of light that human eyes can proceed. we can't see it

extra late, we can't see in radio light. and so it's really important to consider like all of these things that are happening out there in the universe. so much of it, we can see and we need different telescopes, like the channels for observatory, like the event horizon telescope, get in order for us to be able to learn more about them. i like to think of the chantix observatory is like a black hole hunter. it's found black holes near far small, big, even medium size. one kind of like a goldilocks thing. i guess. there's just, there's so much to learn for these, these little special laboratories that are out there in the universe. just just wait, be studied. and pre, if you were going to say you were going to. yeah, i say, you know why i'm on so often asked this question, what does it mean that even like on a scale, right? yeah, so analogy that we've all seen right from cape canaveral, you have to booster rockets out so that they escape the gravitational grip of the art. so we have to get rocket fuel boosted after 11 kilometers per 2nd, and then to free itself off, the gravity doesn't fall back, right?

so this case. so if you just imagine that stating something on the gravity of the earth, so that's what to do about the gravity, intense gravity of a black hole is such that that escape speed, that the rocket speed that you need to get has to be the speed of light, so that's what we mean. why even, you know, light cannot escape a black hole. interesting. yeah. how do we coming back? was this question asking, when pointed out, we map these invisible entities indirectly in the case of a black hole. so it is feeding on gas, so gas has been good in again, by the gravity of the black hole as the dying gas of the gas as is getting food and it gets nice to glow. and that's what we're seeing in the x rays. so we don't actually see the whole, we see the stuff that is on the route to being so, you know, swallowed by the whole song, at least. yeah, i did this, this term,

this terms and terminology swallowed by the whole. and it's, it creates such a mystery, i love it. i mean it's in of itself, right? so engaging, i do want to ask you about these images and how did the event horizon telescope create the image, this image of the black hole that's at the center of our galaxy take a look. ah, we have these are, these are 2 different images, right? comparing help me understand what the says for our audience, comparing the size of 2 black holes that may be 7 and sagittarius a. so what is significant about this? that can be understood by someone a simpleton like me, priyah. so i, yeah. so what we are seeing is we had zoomed in to a region that is right around because event horizon of the black hole with boundary that we're not even light in this gate. we're a little bit outside it here, but we'd zoomed right in back to the heart of the black hole if you will. okay. back to black hole is the one that is the center of our galaxy salutary star is

4000000 times the mass of the sun. the one in m, 87, a 6000000000 times the massive sun mattress and the event or i have a telescope, a project managed to zoom right. it is the leverage to many radio dishes. yeah. and around the r domain make and make the entire size of the art behave like one radio dish. and so that's the biggest alaska me, it's crazy to me. i mean, when we talk them these numbers, these figures, i don't really, it's hard to wrap my mind around them, but that's just me. but kimberly, that's why you're here. i've read that you, you kind of talk also about and by the way it should be mentioned, the event horizon telescope for those who don't know because this is really cool. you can route out and, and geek out on this, there were 11 telescope, synchronized around the world, right? creating sort of a virtual earth sized telescope, as we just heard, pre explain to take these images from far away. so there's so much we know so much

. we're learning with the data so much we don't know though. kimberly like what is the ultimate link they are there cosmic recycling centers? did i? did i understand this, right. what might that even mean? i mean, are they recycling up there and we're not recycling? yeah. well i'm, i'm a huge fan of recycling, so i, i think i really like black holes and things like supernova remnants because they are the ultimate cosmic recycling centers. recycling at a much grander scale than humans can ever hope to do. i do think black hole sort of have a bad rap. it got this sort of negative reputation for being just cosmic vacuum cleaners . you know, things of doom and gloom and yes, nobody really wants to get too close. i don't want to be forget if i, if i, you know, fall into that gravitational pull. no, thank you. right. i am happy here on earth and all that. but we have a lot to be grateful for, i think as well to black holes. and you know, the stellar explosions that produce many of the buckles that we know about. they're

also spewing out other really important elements. i'll, when black clothes collide, those, those types of collisions are giving us even more elements. and those types of ellensby is here on earth. right, so there's a lot about this idea of cosmic recycling that i think is very attractive that it's not just doom and gloom that it also creation and potential future life. right. and you know, we see or hear, or think of black holes as sort of something as you said destructive. i'm glad you brought up this point because it's really kind of, you know, the, in the popular culture, if you will. that's, that's how it's often referred to, but your research really frames that as, as a creator, as an engine, if you will, in the galaxy. so in a sense, it's nice that today and, and through your work in the sense we can flip the script. if you will, and with that in mind, i want to share this with you 3 of the pre. maybe you can share your comments on this. we got a video comment that was sent to us from a professor of astrophysics. a geron lewis i oh, just take a listen like holds mysterious place is surrounded by

a one way barrier known as the event horizon. you can fall in, but you can never get out. what happens inside the event horizon. we don't really know something that you might just fall to the center and be crushed at the singularity. others have suggested that black holes might be portals to other universities. you might fall into a black hole in our universe. i'm pop out of a white hold in some other universe, but it's going to be a brave person who jumps in to try and find out. i mean, i am willing to be that brave person, but only because i don't know what was it with me now? i'm joking. but what, what do you make of that pre, i mean his, the way he frames it's a bit bit in just but, but what do you think. 2 great, 1st of all, i get range. i actually go in my world cambridge, it's a small world. yes. oh no, but i think he's absolutely right that we don't really quite understand the fate of matter and information when i'm going to sort of mix them up. now and say anything

that falls into the black hole information about it, right? i even talking had a very nice analogy. you said, no, i suppose you look up the encyclopedia britannica right? and i look up, i can see it is great, not worth it, reaches all these people that information, right? it's like look, yeah. now like what the encyclopedia in a closed box, i walk the lock box completely. i burned down the, it's like all the information that was in the encyclopedia still in the box, isn't it? no, no, it's stored anymore, right? and we don't want to retrieve it. that's when we are, i understand what happens inside a black hole that isn't much to understand why i do nation i or no. i knew, you know, i really appreciate you breaking it down and very 3 terms that analogy helped me. certainly understand it. and for those who are listening to the video, comment from that astrophysics professor and he did mention the event horizon. just

to clarify, i want to make sure that i'm actually a learning things that is not only the point of the point of no return, which is a region basically a space around the black hole where it, where light and matter sort of a get sucked in yeah, okay, so, so we're learning here together. fantastic. we also have a comment about sort of vibration. we hear this term very often when discussing sort of the world and, and the physical world buzz videos asking light can't escape black holes. ok. but can vibrations escape black holes? i'm not sure i really understand the question, but hey, he asked it a few times. so society the studio i wrote about the korea vibrations what, what is there anything that can escape a black hole? right? no, i don't think even vibrations can escape a black hole, right? so the vibrations that we are detecting in the summer vacation, right,

are the impact, the result of black holes, gravity interacting with that gap, that fine to fall in. so not all the gas then gets what makes it way makes its way in there is some that is expanded out and i think as you mentioned, there's a little bit of bam chain that's happening, right. so there's material that's also coming out. so the some ways are sound needs a median, right? so because you have this gas, these pressure we, we are able to hear them. and so that's what we have really, they're not really escaping from inside the black hole, but they are generated by physics that's happening at the ages of the black. oh, that's easy way to put it if you want to be your version like no, no, no, save the nerdy version for later after the so that was great. you're doing great, i'm no, i want to ask about the misconceptions a little bit before we rob here, you know, worm holes and all these sorts of other things that we hear about. i mean,

what are sort of some of the challenges? what are the limitations? what can i mean with all this exciting research, like, what are we still struggling really to understand, or what excites you, looking to the future in terms of continuing to do this work? anything on your mind to hon. 0, one of the things i find most exciting about the future of this field is just understanding how this all began. you know, where, when did the 1st black hole form, how did they form? there's a lot of mystery surrounding that. we are texting galaxies, with really massive black holes at periods of the universe that were much earlier than we thought they should exist. and they're already big already massive. we call them quasars the middle of light. and so we really don't understand how black hole could have formed so early on in the universe as history and gotten as massive as they did so quickly. and so that's one of those big open questions. it has a lot of people scratching their heads of your rising and,

and hopefully we'll know more about that. wow. well, and i saw a pre and kimberly not scratching their head but nodding their head that you are bringing up those points. so that's all well and good that it's something you mutually agree upon. i do want to share with you one more comment. we have from 12 das, this might be an obvious one, but how, how is time affected in about black hole? what sort of the, the easiest way of kind of understanding that kim i will pass that went to korea. how about this? well, no, i don't want to sound no, let's just go with time. i mean, what is time is what i was going to ask, which is way too. i don't know if that's the right. that's correct. i think what really happens, right? this is the other reason. black holes are so bizarre time where he snows down once you cross the event horizon. ok, so what really happens? right? so we have the university think is a 4 dimensional sheet. so you need to specify where something happens. you need to

say it happened in this space. so 33 numbers to tell you where and one that tells you when that the time, right? so you have space and you have time. so this together or the sort of meet all space time. when you cross of blackwood at the event horizon, the strangest thing happens, the nature of space and time. let slips. ok, so i just don't need that, you know, lift this meaning what flips like inverse is like, does a backflip? i mean time starts to behave like space. okay. so last time gets affected. as i said, you know, i'm really our notion of time. it gets to really slow down, wait, really slow is down and i have reached the singularity. it sort of starts taking in pretty long. yeah. and it's, it's fascinating. say hear you explain that it sounds to me like you're describing

a monday morning where time just seems to slow down. but hey, that's my, my ability to make sense of this. i want to thank you all this has been really enlightening and engaging. so thank you for joining us. kimberly priyah and they, hon. for those of you at home, thank you for sending us your questions. hopefully we got to a lot of those youtube questions and remember here at the stream, these conversations do not. and on air here on television, you can always follow us at a stream, both on twitter and instagram with ah

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