sure, hungry and austria, a route that the e commission says is now the main route, the people arriving illegally in the block. the e u border agency front tech says more than a 120000 to asylum seekers in migrants crossed into the e. u via the so called western balkans route in 2022 that 70 percent more than the previous year. and the highest number since 2016. the increase says this migration expert is partly due to deteriorating conditions for asylum seekers in greece and turkey. and the fallout from the covey crisis during the panoramic, the border where coal arizola was a slow down on the move lands and then the other it, sir, ah, right up again. i'll doing this. you're in this actually the 1st 9 months there is been an increase of this number. albania is never fully recovered from decades under communist rule. poverty and corruption are wide spread and many people, my grace abroad for opportunities. for now,

the increase in asylum seekers passing through the country hasn't cause much public concern. perhaps because albanians often understand why some people like yusef feel they have to leave home. natasha butler, al jazeera, tirana albania. ah . this is al jazeera, these are the top stories. the vote for a new speaker in the us house of representatives will now go into a 3rd day. republican kevin mccarthy has now lost in 6 rounds, has been adjourned until thursday. the republicans again failed to convince a group of hardliners to given the top job john 100 reports from capitol hill. it's been a long and disappointing to days for kevin mccarthy in the vast majority of republicans who support him. 2 days, 6 votes, something it hasn't happened for a 100 years. it was a last time it took for more than one balance to choose the speaker. so they took

a break for 3 hours to night, came back, had not made significant progress in simply adjourned for the night until noon to morrow. mcarthee, his told reporters that he expects to have more votes tomorrow, but of course, he's hope for that each of the past 2 days. the palestinian ambassador to the u. n . has spoken about the impact of what's being described as an incursion by israeli national security minister. it's hima. ben glared into the alex some most compound . react monsoon was accompanied by ambassadors from several arab and muslim nations . he says, palestinians are outraged. israel's view government has unveiled plans for an overhaul of the justice system, which will significantly weaken the supreme court critic say it'll give benjamin netanyahu's, coalition. the power to pass laws that the court says are unconstitutional. china's being accused of giving an inaccurate picture of the extent of its covered

19 outbreak. it's top sciences, have given information to united nations officials, but the w h o says beijing is under representing fatalities, bolivians, or protest sing for a 6th consecutive day in the santa cruz region against the arrest of local governor louis fernando camacho. he's charged with leading a crew against socialists, either evil morales and 2019 charges he denies it was the headlines coming up next is the stream. goodbye. a weekly look at the world's top business stories from global markets to economies and small businesses. to understand how it affects our daily lives, on the damage in counting the coast analogies, you with

what you're listening to our pressure waves from a galaxy cluster known as perseus about 240000000 light years away from earth. nasa black hole re max recently went viral online and it is fueling more and more interest in black hole science as well as its mysteries. hi, i'm much have a dean. i can imagine like me, you have a lot of questions. so jump into today's youtube chat and you can be part of this discussion. ah, a black hole is believed to be the most extreme environment in the universe, an area and space where the force of gravity is so intense, not even light can escape. but how much does scientists really know about black holes and what their actual purposes? while joining us today in connecticut, pre invite another rajan, a professor of astronomy and physics at yale university. and one of the principal

investigators with harvard university's black hole initiative in the us state of rhode island. kimberly are canned a data visualization science communicator for nasa's chandra, x ray observatory. and in new york state j. hon cartel to pay an astrophysicist at the rochester institute of technology, where she studies the evolution and formation of galaxies. thank you so much for being with us beyond feeling very unaccomplished, after all those introductions. now i'm joking. so many interesting burning questions here, really, but let's start with the most fundamental. kimberly, what is a black hole? well, i think a black hole is a really cool thing and it's a really interesting thing and a thing of mystery. but in essence, i like to think of them as a dense compact object. his gravitational pull is so strong that within a certain distance of it, nothing, not even light can escape. and many of the black holes that we sort of know and love, i guess, or thought to be the result from the collapse of the very, very,

very massive star as it sort of gets towards the end of it. stellar evolution that's, that's a simple i, explanation that i can understand. i want to ask you though, a pre, a, you know, when we talk about black holes, there's a lot of misconceptions. there's a lot of maybe confusion of what it exactly is. so they certainly seem to help us understand how our galaxy kind of was shaped and formed. but what fascinates you most about it? well, i guess, and kim just mentioned, right. so you can think of the black hole as a please. so extreme gravity from which nothing can escape and there is this region sort of like a secret boundary if you were gone event horizon. so once you crossed the event horizon, nothing no matter not even light can escape. so what happens inside the event horizon is something that we don't quite understand this starting to understand it

and figure it out. but we know that the black hole is actually in cases i point that we call the singularity. this is where all our knowledge of physics breaks down. and so for me, the fascination with black hole is that may be present the ash sort of the limits of knowledge. right. and so trying to understand them like, you know, naturally, o'shea. yeah. not our minds as much as we possibly can. well, i mean that, that's certainly fascinating to me. i mean, my dad's a physicist. he spent much of his life trying to explain some of this stuff to me. i don't know that i got it but, but that's certainly it makes sense to me. i mean, so when you say singularity, that's the center of the black hole. this is where we don't have sort of the physics knowledge to really understand what's going on. is that correct? that's right, that's right. so our understanding on our laws, right? nature has all these laws, the symmetries and i everything kind of breaks down when we approach the singularity. interesting, fascinating. j han, when,

when we talk about sort of galaxies and, and how they've evolved. i know a lot of your research focuses on this. we have people in our live you to chat right now, actually asking some pretty pointed questions i want to share with you. one of them says the black holes lead to higher dimensions, and maybe the most interesting one to me from solid cancer says can you have 2 or 3 black holes that have joined together or merged? that's a great question. um, so my research focuses on galaxies themselves and how they form and evolve over time. but i'm especially interested in what happens when to galaxy merged together . and we think that all galaxies have the super, massive black holes in their centers when those galaxies emerge and become one. those black hole should also merge and one. and just recently, we got evidence of the process through the gravitational wave detection by lego, which actually observed what happened as

a result of this merger and the gravitational waves that are emitted that we can detect all the way here at earth. and i see that that visual, that we're sharing with our audience. i just, it's like i see these things and it's fascinates me, but i fear that i don't understand just how fascinating it is but, but we have this headline as well. i want to share with you j hand. it says a pair of super massive black calls could be faded to collide within 3 years. certainly sounds like something we should be anticipating this doom and gloom. what does that mean? it's definitely not doom and go for from our perspective, you know, we will see too much different. we, if we're lucky enough, we'll be able to detect gravitational waves from this merger and be able to study a little bit about the last moments before the merger. actually happened which would be really useful for physics, but otherwise, not too much changes from our point of view. it's certainly not doing good. and, you know, we've, we've seen the images we heard that found at the top of the show. kimberly,

i know you're working to kind of figure out in a sense, to put it in layman's terms. if we can make an image of the black hole and also with the sound, can you share with us the sound kind of what it is, what it means we were joking for we want to live to me. it sounds like you know, stranger things. it certainly sounds a bit ominous, but, but how are we experiencing the data that we're collecting? yeah, i'm a straighter fan, stranger things fan as well. so i think i really love that analogy about the sound . and i've heard other people talk about how it sounds to them like hm, we're a soundtrack or to sound like something from han zimmer. it's this idea the this on vacation is, is pretty cool because it actually took an archive a result from 2003 from andy fabian at all. and in that result, they had made this discovery that this massive black hole was just belching out into the surrounding environments. and those belch is,

are sort of causing these pressure weights or the sound waves in the hot gas. and so those sound waves we could actually translates into a tone which was b flat, of about $57.00 octaves below middle. see so way, way below came and hearing like hundreds and hundreds of piano keys below human hearing. and i think this idea that we could then take that to day and sauna fi it take that note that we know it's singing out into the universe and turn into sound that humans can hear was really exciting. because to me, it's a way to not only learn things about them, but also help communicate them to people. for example, who can't see someone who is blind or low vision. yeah, and that was part of, i mean that, that's, that's doubly fascinating. i think, you know, we want this show to be as accessible as possible and, and part of that means kind of breaking things down. we hear these terms like not even light can escape from a black hole and we're going to dissect out further. but for now, i want to share some comments that are coming through on youtube. we have neptune asking what is the nearest black hole to our solar system. and is it possible for

them to collide with us in the future? a who wants to take that pre up? sure. of the new super massive black holes. right. all 3 of us are interested in these sort of over wage cousins of the little black hole is that the legal collaboration caught aligning right? is the one of the center of our own galaxy and it's 4000000 times the mass of the sun. and i mean, i think the rest of your question was what year is 1 am? might they collide with us in the future? it's the age old question of i think we, i say we're quite safe and i think the one of the center of our galaxy is actually sitting very quietly. it's speeding on a very tiny trickle. and it's largely deck for most purposes. but you know, it's fascinating, one for us. that's why we are showing up close image from the event horizon, telescope collaboration, which is and close as we will ever get to a black. oh,

interesting. well, i mean, you know, a lot of these questions i have to share them with you on youtube. are kind of better than my questions or, or at least they're the exact same as my question. so here we go. buzz, buzz videos saying how can we learn about black holes if they trap light and can actually be seen. now i see that you're nodding to hm. so i'm gonna ask, i mean, you know, we hear this, this phrase, not even light can escape. what does that really mean? and yeah, yeah, i'm nodding because that's a question i've heard a lot actually. we're trying to study something that we can't the, we're trying to understand the absence of light. and that's a kind of complicated concept, right. the video you showed earlier is all the sort of black spheres in the middle that are representing the black hole. so right, we can't see into those black spheres. but what we can see is what's happening around them, how those masses are affecting their surroundings. so they're still interacting

with things gravitationally, so we can measure things nearby them and see how their movement is affected by the presence of something really massive. we can see how they're massive distort light . we saw that in that video that you showed and we can learn all about their surrounding environment just based on the material that nearby, right. if there is a gas that around them and that gas moves very rapidly, it gets very hot and we're able to detect it through x rays and other other parts of the spectrum. so we can still learn quite a lot about black holes and the effect on their environment just by observing what's near them. interesting. i jumped ahead. kimberly, and then now kevin, go ahead. i said, i love the idea that we're, we're looking at this data now. we're talking about data that is essentially invisible, where all of this material that we've been talking about these, this on vacation, that, that image, even from the event horizon telescope. these are in different kinds of light that human eyes can't perceive them. we can't see it extra late,

we can't see in radio light. and so it's really important to consider like all of these things that are happening out there in the universe. so much of it, we can see and we need different telescopes, like the channels for observatory, like the event horizon telescope, get an order for us to be able to learn more about them. i like to think of like the chantix observatory is like a black hole hunter. it's found black holes near far small, big, even medium size. one kind of like a goldilocks thing. i guess. there's just, there's so much to learn for these, the little special laboratories that are out there in the universe. just just wait, be studied. and pre, if you were gonna say you were gonna say, you know, why i most often asked this question, what does it mean that even like on a scale, right? yeah, so analogy that we've all seen right from cape canaveral, you have to booster rockets out. so that they escape the gravitational grip of the art. so we have to get rocket fuel boosted after 11 kilometers per 2nd, and then to free itself off, the gravity doesn't fall back, right?

so this case. so if you just imagine that standing something on the gravity of the earth, so that's what to do about the gravity, intense gravity of a black hole is such that, that escape speed, that rocket speed that you need to get has to be the speed of light so that's what we mean white even, you know, light cannot escape a black hole. interesting. yeah. and you know, how do we coming back? was this question asking, when pointed out, we map these invisible entities indirectly in the case of a black hole. so it is feeding on gas, so gas has been good in again, by the gravity of the black hole as the dining gas of the gas as is getting pulled, it gets a glow and that's what we're seeing in the x rays. so we don't actually see the whole, we see the stuff that is on the route to being so, you know, swallowed by the whole song, at least. yeah, i did this, this turn,

this terms in terminology swallowed by the whole and it's, it creates such a mystery. i love it. i mean it's in of itself, right? so engaging, i do want to ask you about these images and how did the event horizon telescope create the image, this image of the black hole that's at the center of our galaxy take a look. ah, we have these are, these are 2 different images, right? comparing helped me understand what the says for our audience, comparing the size of 2 black holes that may be 7 and sagittarius a. so what is significant about this? that can be understood by someone a simpleton like me, priyah. so i, yeah. so what we are seeing is we had zoomed in to a region that is right around because event horizon of the black hole. let's take that boundary. then we're not even like an escape. we're a little bit outside it here, but we'd zoomed right in back to the heart of the black hole if you will. okay. back to black hole is the one that is the center of our galaxy secretaries. a star

is 4000000 times the mass of the sun, the one in m, 87, a 6000000000 times the madison sun, missouri. and the event or i had a telescope, a project managed to zoom right. it is the leverage to many radio dishes. yeah, there are around the are domain make and make the entire size of the art behave like one radio dish. and so that's the biggest alesco. let me, it's crazy to me. i mean, when we talk them these numbers, these figures, i don't really, it's hard to wrap my mind around them, but that's just me. but kimberly, that's why you're here. i've read that you, you kind of talk also about and by the way it should be mentioned, the event horizon telescope for those who don't know because this is really cool. you can route out and geek out on this. there were 11 telescope, synchronized around the world, right? creating sort of a virtual earth sized telescope, as we just heard, pre explain to take these images from far away. so there's so much we know so much

we're learning with the data so much. we don't know though, kimberly like what is the ultimate link? are there cosmic recycling centers? did i, did i understand this, right? what might that even mean? i mean, are they recycling up there and we're not recycling? yeah, well i'm, i'm a huge fan of recycling. so i, i think i really like black holes and things like super nova remnants because they are the ultimate cosmic recycling centers. recycling at a much grander scale than humans can ever hope to do. i do think black hole sort of have a bad rap that got this sort of negative reputation for being just cosmic vacuum cleaners. you know, things of doom and gloom and yes, nobody really wants to get too close. i don't want to be spaghetti fide. if i, you know, fall into that gravitational pull. no, thank you. right. i am happy here on earth and all that, but we have a lot to be grateful for, i think as well to black holes and you know, the stellar explosions that produce many the buckles that we know about. they're

also spewing out other really important elements. i'm when black holes collide, those, those types of collisions are giving us even more elements and those types of ellensby is here on earth, right? so there's a lot about this idea of cosmic recycling that i think is very attractive that it's not just doom and gloom that it also creation and potential future life. right. and you know, we see or hear, or think of black holes as sort of something as you said destructive. i'm glad you brought up this point because it's really kind of, you know, the, in the popular culture, if you will. that's, that's how it's often referred to, but your research really frames that as, as a creator, as an engine, if you will, in the galaxy. so in a sense, it's nice that today and, and through your work in the sense we can flip the script. if you will, and without in mind, i want to share this with you 3 of the pre, maybe you can show your comments on this. we got a video comment that was sent to us from a professor of astrophysics. a geron lewis i oh, just take a listen. black holes, mysterious place is surrounded by

a one way barrier known as the event horizon. you can fall in, but you can never get out. well happens inside the mental, right? so we don't really know some things you might just fall to the center, be crushed at the singularity. others have suggested that black holes might be portals to other universes. you might fall into a black hole in our universe. i'm pop out of a white told in some other universe, but it's going to be a brave person who jumps in to try and find out. well, i mean, i am willing to be that brave person, but only because i don't know what, what it with me now. okay, but what, what do you make of that pre, i mean his, the way you frame it's a bit bit and just but, but what do you think. 2 great, 1st of all, i guess i actually know. well it's, it's a small world. yeah. i know, but i think he's absolutely right that we don't really quite understand the fate of matter and for nation when i'm going to mix them up now and say anything that falls

into the black or information about it, right, i even talking have a very nice analogy, you said, i suppose you look up the encyclopedia britannica. right? and i look up, i can see it is great. that region, all these people, that information right now like what the encyclopedia in a closed box, i lock the lock box completely and i burned down the. it's like all the information that was in the encyclopedia still in the box, isn't it? no, no, it's stored anymore. right, and we go out to retrieve the data when we are, i understand what happens inside a black hole that isn't much to understand why i feel nation i of that or no, i knew, you know, i really appreciate you breaking it down in very 3 terms. that analogy helped me certainly understand it. and for those who are listening to the video, comment from that astrophysics professor,

and he did mention the event horizon. just to clarify, i want to make sure that i'm actually at learning things that is not only the point of the point of no return, which is a region basically a space around the black hole where it, where light and matter sort of a get sucked in yeah, okay, so, so we're learning here together. fantastic. we also have a comment about sort of vibration. we hear this term very often when discussing sort of the world and, and the physical world. buzz videos asking light can't escape black holes. ok. but ken vibrations escape black holes. i'm not sure i really understand the question, but hey, he asked it a few times. so silencing the studio about the korea vibrations what, what is there anything that can escape a black hole rag? no, i don't think even vibrations can escape a black hole, right? so the vibrations that we are detecting in the summer vacation, right,

are the impact, the result of black was gravity interacting with that gap that i'm to fall in. so not all the gas that gets what makes it way, it makes its way in there. a song that is expanded out and i think as you mentioned, there's a little bit of bam change that's happening, right. so there's material that's also coming out. so the sound waves are sound, needs a median, right? so because you have this gas, these pressure we, we are able to hear them. and so that's what it be a really, they're not really escaping from inside the black hole, but they are generated by physics. that's happening at the ages of the block. oh, that's easy way to put it if you want a version like no, no, no, save the nerdy version for later after the so that was great. you're doing great. i know i, i want to ask about the misconceptions a little bit before we rob here, you know, worm holes and all these sorts of other things that we hear about. i mean,

what are sort of some of the challenges? what are the limitations? what can i mean with all this exciting research, like, what are we still struggling really to understand, or what excites you, looking to the future in terms of continuing to do this work? anything on your mind to hon. 0, one of the things i find most exciting about the future of this field is just understanding how this all began. you know, where, when did the 1st black hole form, how did they form? there's a lot of mystery surrounding that. we are texting galaxies, with really massive black holes at periods of the universe that were much earlier than we thought they should exist. and they're already big or already massive. we call them quasars the middle of light. and so we really don't understand how black hole could have formed so early on in the universe as history and gotten as massive as they did so quickly. and so that's one of those big open questions. it has a lot of people scratching their heads arising and,

and hopefully we'll know more about that. well, well and i saw pre and kimberly not scratching their head but nodding their heads as you are bringing up those points. so that's all well and good that it's something you mutually agree upon. i do want to share with you one more comment we have from 12 dash, this might be an obvious one, but how, how it's time effected in about black hole. what sort of the, the easiest way of kind of understanding that kim i will pass that went to korea. yeah. hi. how about this? well, no, i don't want to sound no, let's just go with time. i mean, what is time is what i was going to ask, which is way too. i don't know if that's the right. that's correct. i think what really happens, right. this is the other reason. black holes are so bizarre time where he knows down once you cross the event horizon. ok, so what really happens, right? so we have the university think is a 4 dimensional sheet. so you need to specify where something happens. you need to

say it happened in this space. so 33 numbers to tell you where and one that tells you when that the time, right? so you have space and you have times of this together or the sort of meet all space time. when you cross of blackwood at the event horizon, the strangest thing happens, the nature of space and time. let slips. okay, so i just need that, you know, lift, meaning what flips like inverse is like, does a backflip? i mean time starts to behave like space, okay? so the last time gets affected, i really our notion of time it gets really slow down way to really slow it down and i'm reaching humanity. it's sort of starts taking in pretty long. yeah. and it's, it's fascinating. say here you explained that it sounds to me like you're describing

a monday morning where time just seems to slow down, but hey, that's my ability to make sense of this. i want to thank you all. this has been really enlightening and engaging. so thank you for joining us. kimberly priyah and jahan for those of you at home. thank you for sending us your questions. hopefully we got to a lot of those you 2 questions and remember here at the stream, these conversations do not. and on air here on television, you can always follow us at a stream, both on twitter and instagram with we are all response. even people far away are so helping with the environment, problems in the amazon because they are consumers. i teach kids about the best that

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