appearing to those mackey debts and understand what is there in our ability to, to impact on a system far outweigh, outstrips. currently are, are evidence who knowledge of what exists that it seems to me to be prudent and precautionary to make sure that we don't destroy things before we fully had a chance to, to, to understand them, to explore them to study them. a treaty would govern human activity on an under the high seas and stop a free for all like unsustainable fishing practices. regulating how much and from where precious resources can be taken. that clock al jazeera is a lapse i al jazeera dot com for more on everything like having ah, just a quick update of the headlines before you leave you and migrants from guinea has been repatriated home from tunisia, say they were living in hell after

a crackdown on undocumented migrants ordered by the president himself. last month he accused them of causing violent violence, crime and unacceptable acts and ordered their expulsion. since then, many have lost their jobs and housing. there have also been reports of racist violence, ivory coast in guinea of cent, specially charted plains to bring back their citizens from tunisia, guinea as condemned to an easier for what it calls a degrading treatment of migrants of the african union has warned against hate speech a situation has been very difficult in kenesha live in hell. we don't go wild. people who have papers are afraid to go out. when we go out to catch us and put us in jail, people talk about repatriation. normally they send you to the airport, but they have prepared a special prism for sub saharan. when did catch you? they said you did. there are many who are in prison or that of rushes. wagner mercenary group says the besieged ukrainian,

says he of batman is almost completely surrounded. russian troops have intensified shelling of access roads to the west, making it harder for ukrainian forces to move in and out in the video address their president lensky. wagner, chief, you have any provision call for the town to be evacuated, to save the lives of ukrainian soldiers, victory and bomber to would give rusher its 1st major when. in 6 months, the main turkish opposition alliance is in turmoil after a key member of the 6 party team signal it's pulling out of the block. the alliance is in disagreement over who to appoint as their joint candidate to contest the presidential paul in may. and columbia government has sent a high level delegation to calm protests that an oil facility after a police officer and a civilian were killed. they were taken hostage by protest is in the southern province of catch up on thursday ago. she is a trying to broke the release of $78.00, all the offices, and 9 oil field workers. protest is demanding help to repair and build new roads in

the area. counting the cost is coming up next, looking at the impact of a 2035 ban on petrol power cause ah al jazeera with no, i use alarm clark, this is counter the cost on our 0. your look at the world of business and economics

this week, combustion engine cars to be no more european union bands, a cell of fossil fuel powered all toys by 2035. i wants to speed up the switch to electric. that is the block ready for the shift. also this week, the profits of global airlines are taking off for the 1st time since the start of the pandemic. can the industry keep up with the surge in travel demands, plus sedans, forgotten crisis, 20 years on from the start of the conflict and offer people say their lives have only got worse? will the international community help? the so the manufacturer of cars powered by fossil fuels, employees, millions of people right across europe. automobiles account for 15 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions in the european union. well, the blog wants to drastically reduce exhaust fumes as part of its ambitious plans to reach carbon neutrality by 2050 petrol heads and now being told to prepare for

a clean or ride european. lawmakers put an expiration date on the sale of new cars with combustion engines. carmakers will be required to cut 100 percent of carbon emissions in new vehicles sold in the european union by 2035. the law includes exceptions for companies that produce fewer than $1000.00 vehicles. heavy trucks and buses are subject to a different set of rules that will slash carbon emissions over time. but some countries oppose the change among them is italy, which is called the ban economic suicide for the block and a gift to the chinese electric car industry. critics of the laws say the automotive industry is not ready for this shift and the move threatens tens of thousands of jobs. in the european union, ford motors has caught nearly 11 percent of its workforce in europe over the next 3 years as part of its pivot to the production of e v's for european leaders advocating action on climate change and pushed back

against that argument. the industrial revolution is happening, whether we like it or not, we can choose to lead it. we can to, to do it in a way that is socially compatible with our values. or we can leave it to other parts of the world to lead it. and then all we can do is follow and de industrialize. we need to rebuild our industry on the basis of the future. and the car industry can lead this. all right, let's take this on. we can speak now to a casper rules who the chief dates or officer at a benchmark mineral intelligence, which is a price reporting agency consultancy focused on the metals supply chain at casper. first up, why is it that some european countries of pushing back against this ban? i mean, i think there's some concern over where the industry's going to be ready to, to move to a fully electrified future. obviously that that's the target. of course, there's lots of things that need to be in place to ensure that we can and the sale

of internal combustion engine vehicles and move to electric. and that not just having the cars there, they're charging infrastructure. and obviously you will of the supply chain up from the color including batteries, cafe in the raw materials at the mines. italy says it's economics, suicide is handing the e v bass on to china. tell us about that. well, china is heavily represented in the battery supply chain as a rule of thumb, typically around 80 percent of the processing capacity of the raw material with the way through to the finished batteries that passed the sets in china. but we starting to see that change. there's been a number of considerable investments throughout europe and north america the last several years, which is building out battery production capacity and that moving through to other parts of the valley chain as well. so i think, you know, china has had a head start definitely on electric vehicles as that's been a big a big focus at the government there for a long time. but the rest of the world is playing catch up today. and we starting

seal our policy, which is helping to make that shift. and the shift is happening, isn't it? in december, germany bought more movies than cars with conventional engines, but you mention the charging infrastructure just now. where are we without across europe? yeah. the structure investments are continuing to happen. i think there's probably more anxiety about charging than in reality. there is a problem with starting to see more and more charging. so it's crop up across, across the european region. but also people can, you know, can charge a homes that those who have the option to pop at the home. it was a lot of charging happening there. but you know, there's definitely still more to be done. but it's not just, you know, companies like tesla who installed this, they're charging network early on. we're starting to see traditional energy companies which have filling stations for internal combustion engine vehicles. starting to move some of that kind of area over to electric charging as well. so

while there is of course investments to be made, access to charging, generally speaking is improving considerably throughout europe. right. and there's also the issue of challenging time and in the journey time between charges, right? yeah, i mean, you know, the majority of people are committed a not going to need to worry too much about charging that on a daily basis. charging times are coming down as we starting to see technology improvements at the battery level and the pat levels of software and hardware that manages the actual battery sales themselves. but yeah, be, you know, it does still take longer than filling up a filling station. but of course, you know, one of the benefits of electric vehicles is that you can, you can do it at home. so you come home, park, your car and you know parking space or driveway or whatever it may be in charge. there roads in the city while you're not using the vehicle. so as we start to see more and more charging access him in the places where people leave their cars in car parks and things like that, it's charging time becomes less of

a concern. if it's in the time when, when you're not using the vehicle and what is the to ation with the manufacturer of these, these multiple, many thousands of millions. in fact, it's a pattern that we're going to need. and the metals in the minerals that are required, you know, like coal, both lithium and so on. and the damage potentially that could due to the environment. the battery minnow is come from mining. if you think about the v, about 40 percent of its value is if the battery and about 80 percent of the value of the battery of $72.00 value battery comes from ro, materials that comes from mining traditional engine cars. you know, the still, the minion that comes from mining to mining probably has a bad reputation, but it's done properly. it shouldn't be harmful to the environment. and so i think, you know, there's perhaps some misinformation out there about battery minimum as being more harmful to the environment than other forms of mining. it's all the same but it keeps asking about where, where it comes from now. is that whole issue deep sea?

mighty bad about the kind of another thing, is there a point at which we could start recycling? the metals used in batteries? yeah, so lately, i mean, batteries now highly price for the minerals that are within them in terms of the recycling market. so there's obviously a big growing part the supply chain and not too many batteries. so coming back from their regional use in the market with that in an e v, there is some coming back from consumer electronics, but people tend to keep out of that. it tend to come back into the system that efficiently, but certainly the technology to, to recycle batteries already exists. and it is happening in actually the kind of the main feet of recycling recycled material. now it's coming from all of those new battery plant. so to take the, in the early phases of the, of a new battery problem when you're kind of fine tuning your equipment, you end up with what we term and battery scrapple or effect rejects. those are also getting recycled and going back into the supply chain. so these minerals,

endlessly recyclable, you can recycle them as many times as you want, and you can do that through a battery grade. so put that material back into the battery supply chain. and in the whole e v market can europe compete? do you think with us in china? yeah, i mean it's a very competitive market and i think one of the key concern that kind of the global type supply chain is, is managing costs. so as demand for these rural material with which make up a big portion of the value of the car go up and so does that price because markets become tighter. so managing costs and all of the being cost competitive to typically with, with china, where we typically typically see a low cost base can be a challenge. but definitely there's been significant investments by made by european automakers partnerships with sell manufacturers. and also starting to look at investment, fed up the value chain, which, you know, give them much more control of their cost. so we call that vertical integration, where they're not just buying products from all the different steps in the value

chain. they're actually investing in making partnerships within that a chain to reduce that cost. so that's a key key part of the strategy that gonna play out over the next few years. and finally, casper, as we go, let's return back to the combustion engine for the last question. there's talk, we could be going into a situation like what you see in cuba, where lots of old petro cars, just continually recycled and reuse. is that what's gonna happen globally? do you think it's as easy as coming and people can afford them? so you gotta keep running your own car. i think you know what happens there is going to really be defined. what happens in the next decade. if i make his can continue to reduce costs or reduce that say the price of the a v. we saw that initiated by tesla glibly, few weeks ago, and a number of makers have full, i'd say in terms of reducing the cost of the a v to the consumer. then it becomes that becomes less of a question. because if a visa produced in high numbers and accessible to most people, then that's less of

a concern. if, if that doesn't happen, if cost continue to rise in e, b 's remain a high high ticket item, then that the value of a 2nd hand vehicle is petro diesel. baker, will become per, could potentially become higher. but as i say, the next 10 years with what happens with e v strategy policy from governments and wrong serial costs will really dictate what happens to the legacy kind of aftermarket internal combustion engine. supply chain up. it'll be very interesting to see how it all develops. that capital rolls, thanks a lot. thank you. the while fossil fuel cards are being phase down? the airline industry is on the out. travelers are rushing back to the skies after pandemic restrictions east. the spike can travel is turning the industries, fortunes around car is suffered more than $200000000000.00 in losses over the past 3 years. but airlines are returning to profitability for the 1st time since the health crisis started in 2019. the industry is expected to record many,

$5000000000.00 in net profit this year that compared to almost $26500000000.00 for years ago. among them is international airlines group, the owner of british airways, spain's iberia, and other carriers. i. a g reported an operating profit of almost 1500000000 dollars last year to the biggest us airlines recorded better than expected profits on the earnings. a delta airlines reach higher revenues last year than it did in 2019, while american airlines group said it's 4th quarter. revenue was the highest in the company's history. and australia qantas rate in a record $1000000000.00 profit in just 6 months. it last $7000000000.00 during 3 years of the panoramic context is now being accused of ripping off customers with expensive f. s. me. well central asian airlines are benefiting from russia as close as space. airline traffic into the region surged as european airlines struggle to

find new routes into asia. flights between many european countries and is becca son, for example, have risen nearly 106 percent since 2019. the region is expected to continue on an up what trajectory as travel from china resumes. well, joining us now from london is rob morris. he is a global head of consultancy at syria, which is a global aviation analytics company, providing data for travel airlines efforts and finance. rob, welcome to the program. so we have 3 consecutive years of losses. odami code for the airline industry is now reversed. how much more ground is there to cover to put the industry on a solid financial footing? do you think? ok, hello, nick. yeah, i think that's quite a lot of recovery still to come in after those 3 years. we still see globally demand below 2019 volumes of was we have seen some airlines recovering their profits. fundamentally this year, a globally about

a $5000000000.00 net profit across the, the global and the entire industry is far lower than we saw perhaps in the latter years of the last expansion cycle ended in 2019. so there's still some way to go. i think but, but, but better times that it was in 20202021. it demonstrates extraordinary sentences. never quite a recovery given the scale of the financial and economic damage. yeah, absolutely. i think it demonstrates actually it strikes the underlying drivers for demand for travel remain, remain extremely strongly fun, thinks about when we travel for business to generate corporate wealth and trade, or whether we travel for, for leisure. because we've got an increasingly globalized population. the underlying drivers to, to commercialization remain very strong and, and that's why airlines have been able to, at least come through the pandemic. and that's why, frankly, governments throughout the world have sought seen it, fit to support their airlines because they realize how important they are to

economies of the recover from the pandemic. and the underlying drive is passenger demand ultimately, right? yes, exactly, passenger demands whether it be for business or, or leisure. and interestingly, in this recovery, leisure is leading business. so increasingly, as those people, those of us who've been suffering from knocked down for the last couple of years, not been able to travel as sequentially. markets have released we've seen extremely strong bounce back initially and in north america and europe. and and lastly, saw that to come in and suddenly i should pacific and, and china. yeah, i was going to say on age of these ages, lagging behind at the moment. isn't that it was for ca, supposed $6600000000.00? loss in 2020 choose wires. take us through that a bit. yeah, absolutely. well, well, 1st of all, the, the, the reaction of governments and not region to the pandemic have been somewhat different. so the core and change and the and, and the locked downs, etc, have gone further in those regions. the 2nd point is important to know your pacific

of, of the chinese market. if we looked at routes from asian pacific internationally, a large portion of those touch china and until china changed its quarantine policy late last year, those markets were not able to, to act at all. now even with the change of quarantine policy, as we look forward to june this year, those markets are still going to be close to 3 quarters lower than where they were in 2019. so china's the key to that effect to be the last brick in the recovery wall. a, was the quarantine policy. it changes positive. it's going to take a while for the passenger confidence to recover demand, to come back strongly, an asian pacific to come back. what about f, as i watery? in some cases we can get that reversed as well. potentially. i mean, if i thinks about the way the way the airlines are processing right now, it's about, it's about the supply and demand dynamic. and, you know,

market economics as, as demand is come back, strongly, airlines have to some extent had issues with returning capacity quite so quickly. number of reasons, i mean they parts aircraft, they furloughed staff, bringing aircraft out of out of storage is accosted business there, some capacity challenges around that. bring his staff back is also a challenging and then even when they bought people, but we see north the airport congestion which has been caused by lack of capacity there. so, so dem bond is effectively come back more quickly than supply has on, in a, in a, in any, any economic system. when, when demand exceeds supply, then the supplier will naturally leverage price. i think that's why f as a typically higher than there weren't actually personal anecdote, i've got a lot of travel to japan in a couple months time. and i last traveled to japan in 2019 the f air i'm paying now is about 50 percent higher than it were in 29 chain inflation. accounts about 20

percent of that market. market economics clearly account for the rest. yeah. and once market economics levels off, do you think prices will go down then? yeah, potentially, but i'm a younger lying higher costs we, we say to day our potentially hist i, you know, inflation is going to continue to be when we're not, we're no longer going to see that love inflation and borrow. we enjoyed, perhaps, over the last 15 years or 20 years or more so, so as inflation remains holiday as a fuel prices remain high as, as f, as i, as airlines cost of debt remains relatively high interest rates being hard and they were as maintenance costs have gone up with the ownership costs of have gone up as wages go up with inflation. so costs go up and consequently f as need to go up further to the, to maintain margin. something a bit of a time to but all related. net 0 emissions by 2050, that's the global go. whereas the airline industry with that. so it's an extremely challenging target. i think companies one thinks about the mechanisms,

the airlines have potentially to get to net 0 was the very 1st thing we need to recognize is, is that it's very difficult to de carbonized long haul and even short, medium or travel so. so we're going to be, we can be burning some form of fuel which emits c o 2 for a long time. certainly for 2050. so the challenge then becomes how do we offset, how are we all set or how do we find sustainable fuels sustained by goshen fuels derived from a bio mass or, or other other feedstock which allows us to, to reduced to net 0. of course, we do see one of the things we've seen for the pandemic of interest me, the airlines increasingly re fleeting, going to more efficient new aircraft, whether they be about a $320.00 neos or bugs. every said max is $787350.00 across it typically bern, 15 percent to 20 percent, less fuel than their predecessors and thus emit 15 to 20 percent less c o 2. that

helps, that brings about 10 to 15 percent of what we need to get to net 0. we can have efficiencies in air traffic controller, etc. but whenever one flys into heathrow in london, you always find yourself holding and therefore burning more fuel than you need to. so efficient entrance a traffic control systems will help. but actually, the largest point is gonna have to be offset or sustainable fields in some way. rob, just great to get your expertise. do appreciate it. thanks very much. rob morris. nick, thanks very much. now entire villages were burned down and families displaced after violence broke out in sudan stuff back in 2003, 20 is after the start of the war. hundreds of thousands of people have no home to return to remain in camps right across the region. and that's despite the peace deal signed 2 years ago. many people say the situation is worsening as they go for months without humanitarian aid. the world food program says 65 percent of the

population in west africa is food insecure. that is the highest level in sudan and experts estimate the conflict of cost nearly $90000000000.00 over 11 years, accounting for damage infrastructure in homes and lifetime earnings aid work and say support to the region is limited and have cut down a deliveries while georgia is from a let, a in italy is alessandra demetrius research fellow at the school of international development at the university of the stein glare. i was under welcome to counting the cost at 1st. what's your assessment of the cost of war to, dufferin? is showing that in that's what i mean. either one of the gun rates or any of that, not the unit in the in the way

the company that i've been going going off in, but it's actually not only that poor country for a big a big mission actually become a war set in the city and when they look over all the security being students and being that are for using the so given that how much is needed to, to ease this worsening crisis, what needs to be done and what the new which means in place that we can get me on which, yes, i'm again, that we haven't been you know, more than just one point. $5000000000.00 amount

is one point. 1.1.9. so there overall and mom time. so what can be done that to recall or the situation. so the response is that you have the situation where it will work as a complaining about limits its support to the region. why is it happening? is it because donors prioritizing other regions in the world? the company says like any day you might or might get funded. we are just even going back in time to call the agent and you know, match young. now why these as we call it?

well that must be is difficult to find that we already know the work that that be had already yet what could be the final one? so i think the thing that booking one, those that are more arrived in one book more to that to that contribution will make a major change. it will, it was hope that the post basha transition would enable relief agencies to, to move beyond relief work and to look at implementing more durable solutions for duffle. why is that not happen? why is that be hampered? well, that's when you go to bone from release from long pack. i'm sure every, unfortunately, the distribution was not mature enough. you know, not potency for

a peaceful solution. and in fact, we are seeing what you need to be completed within the frame of the discussion. and apparently it's not mature. and that actually can be that he's on the, i'm not a patient on that. that probably would be i was under the test. thanks very much indeed. you're welcome. and that is all show for this week. if you'd like to comment on anything you've seen, you can treat me at and clock out john, please use a hash tag agency or just dropped an email. counting the cost at algebra dot net is our address. as more few on line it's algebra dot com slash ctc,

that will take you straight to our page, which has individual reports linked to the entire episodes for you. so that's it for this edition accounting costs. i'm the clock from the whole team here. thanks for joining us. the news on onto 0 news. ah. oh. al jazeera, well, it takes a road trip across spain. spanish, people love to tell you who they are and where they come from me and i am no exception. one woman's journey seeking her heritage and of covering new insights into christian spans of listen, i'm origin. it's

a story that seems to have been her brush from history. in search of my groups on al jazeera, we understand the differences and similarities of cultures across the world. so no matter what lucy, with the news and kind of bars that matter to you. lou algebra a with dozens of police officers and oil workers in columbia who had taken hostage during protests against an oil company. i've been released.