the 1st commander of the lebanese army after independence from france, who took over as president at the time of crisis in a deeply divided country. 50 years after his death, al jazeera world tells the story of ed she, her architect as the modern lebanese states. the soldiers statesman on a jazzy rav another warning on global climate change. this time from the world meteorological organization, he says that frightening trends have been supported by who's to blame and can anything be done to reverse them. this isn't less worth ah

and i walk into the program. i'm emron khan. the state of the global climate is alarming to say the least. that's according to her reports by the u. n. z w. m. o. it says people on every continent are being affected after many records linked to climate change, what broken last year? they included those on rainfall in pakistan. heat waves in china and europe and ocean temperatures also reached record highs with nearly 60 percent suffering. at least one marine heat wave. the reports as trying to save the glassy as is a lost cause underlying the reversible nature of climate trends on our planet will go to our guests in a moment. but 1st, this report a year of extremes. the u. n says 2022. so sea levels and ocean heat which record levels and it describe those for the melting of some glasses in europe as of the charts and its annual global climate report. the world meteorological organization says antarctic sea ice fell to its lowest extent. ever record,

it adds to a final warning last month issued by the u. s. climate body. the i p c. c. that time is running out the world. we have already lost the sir. these melding of glazier game and as the liberal arise game so. so that sir, that's bad news and, and then there, according to i, b, c, c, the conservative estimate of 1st level rises said half meter to one meter per, per sensory. this is all part of what the you and describes as quote planetary scale changes on land in the ocean and in the atmosphere. in europe, the report says at least $15000.00 people died last year due to intense heat waves . and in africa, more than 1700000 people in somalia and he few peer were displaced from the homes by drought. at the other extreme flooding devastated pakistan, leaving about a 3rd of the nation's submerged and 8000000 people displaced. the report also warns

more extreme weather could be seen seams next year, if no action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. we need accelerated action in 3 areas. first, net, seattle, deadlines. my proposal is fully others of developed countries to commit to reaching net 0 as close as possible to 2040 the limits. you should all aim to respect and for leaders of emerging economies to commit to reaching that 0 as close as possible to 2050. the developing world is suffering disproportionately from climate disasters. and so far, only a few nations are on track to meet their climate goals. and according to the un, to avert disaster nations must adapt quickly to a warming planet. or it'll be too late or exc a topless for insight story. ah, let's go now to our guest. joining me in

a nurse and netherlands. is leon simons. he's a climate researcher in new york. david holland is a professor of mathematics and atmosphere ocean science in the crowns institute as a new york university, abu dhabi and in texas. andrew kruschevich, senior researcher, columbia university climate school, a warm welcome fuel lights begin in texas. first with andrew cruz. great, andrew, we've been talking for so long now about climate change, but it's not climate change anymore is climate change. and surely this terminology is part of the problem we're looking at now terminology there should suggest climate damage controlled climate damage, limitation and proposing radical solutions. now where we're past the point of no return, surely. well, what we're really talking about is understanding the disproportionality of impact of climate in climate change on different populations on different industries. and at different times we're starting to see even more of this disproportionality. what

i mean by that is, yes, we're seeing extreme events and we have the data to document that and to understand the trends. but we need to get better at understanding who is impacted to what extent and then understand to what extent we could make early warnings and especially early action to, to mitigate impact on the most underserved populations and the industries that are most critical. we've seen that in new york, we've seen that in texas. we've seen that all over the world. so that's what we need to move more towards liam. would you agree with that? would you agree that if there are people that are being more affected perhaps than others, and we need early warning systems and yes, we need very warm systems and we need to know when where change will happen. an important aspect of that is the mission. so, so for, and we know that there's a revenue reduction. and so for mission globally, which means that especially in northern hemisphere, we will see

a lot of change happening very soon. and we need to be warned about it. well, no matter a logical organization. nature, we need warranty systems about trouts about class, about fires, all right? but you are going to cause changes to image. but in order to figure out this is the root causes of the problem. david holland in new york. david, we've been talking about this now for 30 years, at least, taking it very seriously to have been micro agreements that have taken place for you and has put out its recommendation. several other organizations have said, let's do this. let's do this. but none of those have actually happened reducing the temperature of the planet. one of the things that we tried to do that hasn't actually happened, there is no way that the world can come together in the way that it needs to. surely, i think that was probably true 5 years ago. it takes

a while for things to move from the ground swell if you will, to what's actually happening. and what i mean by that. for example, if you take the united states, the goal that the president set out by 2030 or so to have a certain decrease in carbon is ation worry. we are already halfway there are close to it. so remarkable change is actually happening now. and that's being caused by people will people to want to preserve the planet and protect it. so changes actually happening and i think we're going to see that reflected in the next few years under is that an optimistic assessment? you think from david? yes, i do think it's an optimistic assessment and i think the questions that come to my mind are, is related to change change for who i mean this is an opportunity trying to trying to correct what has been, what has been happening over the past 30 years. and longer it's, we have

a responsibility to prioritize underserved populations, systematically, deepak prioritized populations and communities. and to me that's, that's really how we have to measure progress. sure we, we are making some progress as noted in some industries in some areas of the world . but if we are to, to use this transition to, to a more sustainable way of living in a more sustainable, sustainable way of living on earth. we need to, we need to do a better job at prioritizing the communities that are, that are usually in traditionally under served in d. prioritize. leo, would you agree with the way it's not about a global impact at the moment? it's not about global strategy, but we need to identify the communities most effective. yes, for sure. before i don't, i don't really see the progress of some steps being taken by the band for years

have been high. it is pretty high as level c o 2 emissions the highest level, meet st growth, and yet misfire, what about me and running? which means we see more and more warming climate model. ringback which shows the low scenario warming data. same stage will be going down, is that they'd be a rep and the records and as mentioned before, the face of so rapidly decreasing and so has been hiding, have available warming, and now what, what we are decreasing. so for the emissions and not decreasing little low increasing degrees missions, you see the increase in wanting the rate of 4 me 4 times 396-2000. so i don't see that much proto progress. that's where

you would need to really reduce the expected and developing countries and we become more based program which 50 degrees temperature last very much for the month to change. we need to be aware of this need to be paid about is of i forget the just low mitigate the risks. i mean, david holland, he did give us a fairly optimistic assessment. certainly. laura. terrific. maybe i've heard on the show in the past, but you've heard or 2 other guess that what is driving your thinking? that why do you think that we are on the right off? so i live in new york city, new york state in new york city, have ambitious plans to d carbonized within the next decade or 2. new york city's electricity grid is already something like a quarter of the way there. i see this change happening in terms of new york city.

the largest co providing plan are in the city, is being converted to a hydro electric plant to renewable resources. i just see that there's a groundswell happening now where people are taking this problem, really serious because of what the other 2 guests are saying this. what they're saying is really thinking in, and i'm seeing the serious motivation no longer is this a side issue? this is for most on people's minds and big changes are happening. but david, it is happening in industrialized countries. this isn't happening in iraq, for example, is happening in pakistan in places a really affected by climate change. and i will touch on this, andrew just earlier that we need to focus on those communities as well as those places. but you can't go in and force people to make radical changes, particularly when there are economic considerations involved. some of the most porous places on the planet are the most effective pox on full one. how do you,

how do you do that? how do you get them to change? so i think it's a combination to just the 1st part of the question and build up what, what david holland was saying. i mean, yes, in new york, it's a great, it's a good example of making progress at the city in the state level. and we're seeing that in different places in the united states, in many developed countries and also, and in other countries as well. however, we must remember that we are seeing extreme weather events that are leading to greater impact in some communities, even within the most developed countries. new york city, we had devastating flash floods a couple years ago that led to over 20 to 30 deaths. and all of those data happened in new york city in areas that are the lower the lowest income areas in the city. so it speaks to the point of what they were saying, can we have both? can we be making good progress and also still potentially have some,

some areas where we need to focus on the most extreme. that's a tails of the distribution in terms of the social economic factors that go into, in this case. what a disaster, what does what a disaster really? yes. what are the different ingredients of a disaster, for example? so i think that's important to say. now in other countries, yes, i think this is, this is something that we, that we must keep in mind. we've seen with the climate negotiations forcing anyone a country and industry to change hasn't really worked so well. now in the u. s, for example, we are seeing more of a culture shift, you know, it's more of a social shift towards, towards me, towards making these changes. it's generational in some ways. so that does give me hope. it gives me hope in the us. it also gives me hope and other areas of the world. we will see this generational shift, hopefully lead to pressure to, to have more better policy for the environment and for the climate. and this is also something that came up in the w my report. i think they did

a good job at highlighting ecosystems and environment within a climate report and this pretty new. we haven't really seen that so much. so these different factors do, do, give me hope. however, it is important to understand the difference between most of the populations, most of the communities, and then also the most underserved details of the distribution. perhaps we will need different approaches and different strategies for these different segments of the population. i actually, leon, he, andrew makes a very good point here. there is a generational shifter, a happening as a younger generation, perhaps more environmentally aware than possibly any generation before this. now let's remember that all of this climate change climate change has come from, you know, the industrial revolution and is come from capitalism. that's, you know, it's the drive for profits that has seen us reco planet. and this generation has noticed that and they're much more talking about sustainability and things like that. but is this all just lip service can there at what's the practical that needs

to be done, leon? of course, but man, people really think we we can change them and we should change them a trying to look at what happens in europe last year. 15000 people died from 15000 people. that's 10 times as many people may airlines. and still people are talking about changing to shutting down nuclear plants in germany, bonding for 15 years or their phone talks about gold, about 2015 or 2030 or or whatever. but we don't see the reduction in emission change concentration. anything going wrong?

we see here too just keeps rising again, the sulfur declining. so we see a rapid increase in walking 4 times as fast as between 962000 and the warming now. and there's a lot of heat being accumulating in the system. not telling you it's being released . yes, we need changes. for example, i'm not against capitalism. i'm looking for a country with other than 10000000 people. where are they? you still use what's going to have 1000000000 people around the world as sustainable solutions are solutions for people and they get it they, they are willing to pay for that. they know, pay for food for fuel. so if they do business casing,

you can reduce those costs again and make a more sustainable performance for the people as well. there is a solution which also work together with it. so i don't think we should throw away decisions. we have what we should be aware of, the changes that are happening that cause, which are the record, increasing greenhouse gases, and decreasing a. those are the most effective, especially in one regions, a speed, the changes in the practice, a debit. i'm going to come to you just and i want to put the point to end up in texas and we have long demanded infinite growth from a planet with finite resources. that's the bottom line of capitalism. that's why

where, where we are now, our guest in the netherlands, the only saying that actually there is sustainable capitalism. there is a cute and cuddly version of capitalism that might help us solve the planet sold environmental crisis. what do you make of that? yes, i mean, i think i would have to, to learn more about the definitions of that and what yeah. and what the motivating factors are, but that is definitely not my expertise, but i would be, i'm interested in learning about what the different definitions could look like. or the definition looks like and then also how is it different? i mean, something we're seeing in, in the climate world very broadly speaking is saying we're seeing new terms and new, new ways to, to refer to things. and yeah, i think that the private sector, not only the private sector governments as well, are getting very good at using some of these terminologies. so i just think being specific about what that means and then perhaps i could comment on it,

but i was something i can say is with capitalism. a we have, we seen have, what have we seen in terms of, in terms of the lowest income populations in terms of them having equal access to the resources, at least at a proportional level. and how would that change if we have sustainable, sustainable capitalism. so those are some of the types of questions that i have, but again i, i would need to know more about the specific let me put that point to david is that such a thing as environmentally sustainable capitalism? do you think that's an excellent question. that's not my expertise. i've met on a personal note, i've never understood the idea that we always must grow the economy by 3 percent. and the mathematician that makes no sense at some topically because we run out of planet. so i'm become very confused by the economics that are driving our planet. but i did want to bring up a different point, which is the public are seeing

a lot of these reports. the ip si fi came out 2 months ago or so and made many of these points. this was the world meter illogical organization also an arm of the u . n. and one of the point that made is about observing the planet. so the entire foundation of our conversation is that is climate change really happening. and the answer is yes, it's extremely likely that humans are changing the planet. that's a very strong statement. and what it's based on his observation, and for example, methane last 2 years has shot through the roof. but we don't know where it's coming from. and so there's an emphasis in this report about observing the planet. and so we need to engage the coming generation in real desire to put, to act in the science and technology, et cetera, in order to observe the planet and understanding i myself work in antartica and the so called doomsday grace here. that's kind of the linchpin of global sea level. it

looks like that glaciers unstable. we're still trying to model it and understand it . maybe not in time if it collapses. so the idea of the report is that the secretary general stated the, the plan for if you will, early warning for all. and so we should put a little bit of focus on the fact that we need to observe the planet better. because the punch line is we can't mitigate if we really don't understand where the change is happening. now we're running out of time. i want to get an answer from all 3 of you just very, very quickly begin with leon simon's leon. and if it's not, capitalism is not sustainable capitalism, but it has to be signs. that is, the solution is signs the solution to this? is there a science that could be the magic bullet? so there is no one single leg, right? so if you look at, for example, greenhouse gas emissions, it's not one source. we can just shuttle we are,

we don't know the old planet. everyone uses oil, fossil fuel, greenhouse gases, go to me. me, me. 5 minutes me think so. we have to be of course, clear about one solution which cancel everything. we will be missing green out for quite a while, but we should work on the solutions and we need to industry. we need people, we need. we need science with science and ignore the, the crucial blocks of the system which are which changing reality. so we should be aware of this 11 aspect. so, image which i keep mentioning the report, the one of the big discussion about him missing these particles on purpose. and then it was a debate between interior alia and the need. and then they just stop mentioning

sulfur at all because some countries might decide to emit toll from purposes cool planning. but i think that's, that's sort of the process my back would start to be reason to discuss the crucial aspect of what's changing what's being the most rapid change recently. and i'm going to jump in the morning time and i want to come to david and to andrew david were talking about like science should science take the lead over governmental institutions over private business is science. the only way out of this, the foundation of this whole, jaime discussion is a scientific one. and then politicians have to take action based on the science. the topic of g o engineering was just brushed on, that's an extremely important topic, very sensitive one going forward. so the, the, the science really is the key to this because we're seeing that solar and wind energy coming down in price me coming affordable where we're lacking is in carbon

capture technology as we see, to go to carbon neutrality by 2040. i really think carbon capture is something we all need to focus on because that can solve a large part of the problem. and without that technology, which we currently don't have. but we can get to. we are in some on thursday. i'm going to come to you, andrew in just a sec. david cobb and capture is a new term on me. it's not something i really understand. i'm sure it's not something you're already into understand quick very quickly. what is it? carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. and the question is, can you draw back down? so we put in some 80, giga tons a year, some large volume of carbon gas, carbon dioxide. now we withdraw. yes. and some small scale projects have already demonstrated this recently one in iceland involving caption carbon to interaction with volcanic rocks. people are talking about see graphs around the coast lines of the world. see grass water cor sucks in carbon dioxide. so there are,

there are thoughts about how can we grab the turban out of the atmosphere and stored so that that technology right now is very expensive. and we have to think about governments putting in policy only. i will come to in just a 2nd. i want to come to andrew, andrew, we're talking about carbon capture, which is like as a new term for me. but once again, it signs the leading the way that science is going to be controversial. do you think there are these radical, almost sy fy ideas that can change the way we are at the moment? well, i think, i think we need to have discussions around them at this point. i mean, safe, i, i don't think it's appropriate term anymore because the technology, as wives, is widely available or at least very closely attainable. so where we need to make sure that organizations such as humanitarian organizations, not only have a seat at the table, but have a voice that is integrated in, in a, in a systematic way into these discussions and are driving these discussions. i think

that's where things can go very wrong if we don't have the manitoba voice. it's substitute level within the discussions. it's more than just getting people out of the table. it's understanding the governance of these discussions and the roles and responsibilities of the different organizations and who they represent. so yes, science is a big, it's a big part. but as many different types of science, we have climate science. we have social sciences that we also need to bring more into the mix, i believe, especially when we're talking about early morning, i guess the w mo has the early warning for all initiative. it's really as, as great potential. however, warnings and alerts are just part of the answer. there is a big gap between warnings and alerts and actually taking action. and there's a big gap between taking action and taking action in the communities that needed the most. so we need to also integrate the social science, the governance aspects echoes. what are other other guests are saying as well? i want to goal,

i guess the on simon's david holland and andrew kruschevich. and i want to thank you as well for watching. you can see the program again anytime by visiting our website out there, dot com. and for further discussion, go to our facebook page at facebook dot com forward slash ha inside story. and you could also join the conversation on twitter handle. is that a j inside story? from me m. o con on the whole team here? i know. the ah. in 28. a journalist lead 40 days of civic action against the armenian government.

i'm president. soc, is younger group home power. i'm going to liberate this, where a new documentary follows his non violent campaign to bring down a corrupt regime astonishing outcomes with regard to a democratic leadership. i am not alone, arminius, velvet revolution. on al jazeera, this is an enormous emergency for literally billions of the world's population earth rise explores how different fades across the globe are rallying communities. we are a lead caretakers of the earth in a mission to rebuild our broken relationship with the planet. if we can mobilize that huge proportion the world's population, and we got rid of the sco believing in change on al jazeera, they go media censorship and the rise of all of their italian rule. you wake up one

day, the system has been turned from an electoral democracy into a competitive authoritarian regime. i looked at the love of power in home very in the experiences of those who live in every day. that is a pressure on us. but we have to be very careful, of course, and we have to be brave enough to support that question how democracy dies. democracy may be on al jazeera. the climate has changed every year for millions of years, decades of talk. but little action is all about distract, create confusion to crate, smoke and mirrors. the shocking truth about how the climate debate has been systematically supported. the oil industry was a main bank roller for opposition to contact the campaign against the climate. do you think that's a bad thing more to to did was yours? it was absolutely on all 0 is a wave of sentiment around the world if you will actually want accountability from the people who are running their countries. and i think often people's voice is not

heard because it's not part of the mainstream news market. obviously we cover the big stories and report on the big events that are going on. but we'll say, tell a story to people generally don't have a voice. i mean, whenever chance my dad never be afraid to put your hand up, not a question. and i think that's what actually really does. we ask the question to people who should be accountable, and also we get people to give their view of what's going on. ah, i'm several, lenin, doha. your top stories on al jazeera, this, our fighting between sedans, army and the paramilitary rapid support forces is in its 2nd week. the violence is continued despite the cease fire agreed for eat. video footage appears to show the rapid support forces leader mohammed hum done doug low and cartoon with his fighters. it is not clear when this footage was taken on saturday. a market in the north of the capital was destroyed during intense fighting and several buildings

were set a light residence, say they are running out of essential supplies. and there is a near total internet blackout.