in the 1960s, the decade of change across the middle east and north africa in the 2nd of a 3 part series, l g 0. well, explores the explosion of box and culture. intellectual as we're building new dreams. and the idea is because the revolutions of the 1961, the political parts of the mind for music to tv, the poetry of protest and revolution leaked from making the 60s in the arab culture . oh no jews here the exploring the door to the universe. that's the mission of a euclid space. telescope. european scientists hope it will solve some of the deepest mysteries of the cost most. but for what purpose? and can you really compete in the space industry? this is inside store the

hello and welcome to the program. i'm serial then yay! it's been a decade in the making. the euclid telescope was originally meant to be lifted into space by a russian. so use rocket. but the european space agency handed the launch operation in the end. the space ex, after russia invaded ukraine, backed by a budget of one and a half $1000000000.00. euclid 6 done. vale, the secrets of dark matter in the dark energy, the drives, the exhilarating expansion of the universe. what precisely is it searching for? we'll get to our guest in a moment 1st though, this report by knew how to love it. e. 431, the one on president is quest to answer some of the biggest questions. it goes knology. so you've seen space agencies usually telescope is traveling one and

a half 1000000 kilometers away from earth to unravel the mysteries of dark energy and dark matter. after a decade of hard work you plead, we'll use it's expensive fields of you to chart the most accurate, 3 dimensional map of the universe recreate to smoke dynamic pressure. it will precisely map the positions of about 2000000000 galaxy s q, and research has hope it will enable them to better understand the origins of the universe and what it's made off. it's the major logical advancement at looking at the universe from space, the part of the universe you'll kids will map about the 3rd of the sky. and it will see all the way to about 10000000000 years ago, right. the whole universe is 13800000000 years old. the expansion of the universe is accelerating, and research is believe dark energy is the force behind it. despite making up 95

percent of the calls, most doc match the undock energy cannot be detected directly. dark energies estimated to account for 70 percent of the universe, while dark matter mix up about 25 percent. all visible material like planets, dust gas installs form only 5 percent. over the course of 6 years, euclid is designed to achieve more than any previous telescope. opening up a new era of exploration and understanding of our universe. we had an, a, b, d for inside story. the, or, let's bring in our guess, yes, salary euclid mission manager, the european space agency. you are joining us from the european space operation center. that's in darmstadt, germany in court of chris gonzales, is with us professor of extra galactic astronomy at the university of manchester.

thank you for being with us. and joining us from southern me to pull boston friends is paul taylor. you're a senior fellow at the friends of your, of the think tank. welcome to each and all of you. i want to ask the same question to all of you just to kick us off on a scale of one to 10. how excited are you by this mission? just a number for now, and then we'll get into the why of it. all right, let's start with you here. and then by us because i'm working on the solutions. i was expecting a 12 from you but. but who will get that and we're but we'll get back to it, chris, as i would, i would also say 10, but i would go higher if i could it's it's one of the most exciting things that's going to be happening for a long time. okay. no surprises there will want to know why in just a 2nd paul, what i would say about 5 actually because i think it's very fascinating. it's in terms of the pure science and all knowledge of the universe. but i'm not sure that it's really going to help your to remain competitive in the space age. and i think

. ready there are lots of bits missing and the fact that it has to be launched by an american launcher because we don't currently have a european. lots are available that could do it. is a symptom of the problems. yeah, i knew that that was a particular area of focus of yours, and that's why we mentioned that at the top of the show, look, those grades are on brand for all of you. let me start with with care and chris bureau especially, i know as so as the the mission manager for this. i'm sure you've had to explain this mission. you've had to give the one hour presentation version of it and you've had to give the 22nd version of it in your power points or to various deciders. give us just the 22nd version of what this mission is for. so the condition on the stuff was a key. we don't know what 95 percent of the universities made off on. so that's we are, we need to understand what we called at the time dr. nancy and you keep is going to

be the largest and most i create a free the my profile. we gonna invest 2 dates on piece is going to be, i think main bring both focus more energy on. so a lot of financial federal physics of course to be clear. i know you're not wearing the e. s a polo like periods, but you've been involved with this euclid admission for since it's inception right since 2011 more than a decade. and you also gave this a 10 out of 10 on the excitement scale. it would have been a 12 if i had allowed it shouldn't be a 12 for you. do you want to build on what your just said? for sure, so as care said, 95 percent of the universe, we don't know what it is. dark matter and dark energy. most of that's dark energy and that's the main focus of euclid is. understand the dark energy by mapping the universe and 3 d. we're looking at how galaxies and dark matter is concentrated throughout the universe throughout time as well. my doing now can figure out what is the dark, introduce it is something which is constant in universe or to something which is

increasing and strength. and then we can understand, perhaps new physics and euclid is the by far the best instrument for, for designing this right now. okay, paul, just before we go deeper into the science of this site, we said we said already, we stablish your focus is not so much on the science it's, it's more of a terrestrial nature. it's why europe is falling behind is falling behind, perhaps in the space race. why it wouldn't be able to launch with a european launcher, it had to use an american company. we'll get to all those questions. what interests you most about this? yeah, i think this is an area where you're really is in the lead is, is this space science? of course it's not just your opponent so many of these collaborative projects in which nasa and the are a bit space agency work closely. and scientists around the world still have that commonality despite all of the geo political tensions. there are. but the fact is

that you know, the bits of space, the dialogue crap, which are in security and space. european economic competitiveness in space. the story is not as as dazzling as it is with the euclid program. okay. alright. um, paul, i'm going to involve peer and chris a little more heavily, i think over the next 10 minutes or so because we have the privilege of having to is deemed guests and sciences. to explain this, let's look, since this mission explore it aims to explore 2 unknowns, right, dark matter and dark energy, which despite the commonality in the name the dark, there are actually 2 separate things we need to make that clear from the outset. you said that the dark refers to the fact that it's invisible. i believe you'll feel free to correct me if i'm not saying it right. but there are 2 separate things . so let's look at the launcher. what is, who has actually been sent into space and what is right now on its journey a 30 day journey uh to uh, the disappoint, known as a l to again,

correct me. and the law. sure. basically it looks like a big s u, v. it's about 3 and a half meters by 4 and a half meters. it's about it weighs about 2 tons. so as i said, a biggish s u v, and it's got 2 instruments on board. let's start with the v vi as visible image or appear. what's that for that? maybe just to say your talking about the spacecraft because we don't show as broad testing space as a directed us to walk the stay was the end to point. but cc sort of a spacecraft. ok, which one things because you keep a spacecraft, it says what the scope i mean the points from us. so this is our new major in the easy but like to write but i, i can see all these extra yes. a very low single here because we need to buckle, gosh, a fraction if i was can you small than 600 and make up? it says ok. and the so it's like the results camera. i'm the seconds of summer

mission. ok, well hold on. hold on. let's say it, let's stay on the 1st time because as we say that it's really kind of to submissions into one if i'm not mistaken. so vis, as you said, is an image image or with a large field of view, it can look at about one 3rd of our sky. is that right? no, talk to one sun, but we have a 6. you have each and a little bit 6 us. we, we to corvette one for the, we've about one for the worst guys up to 10. we don't use a light chose so chris, how does this work? how do we map that one 3rd of the universe? so, so this is basically the field of view which is 3 times the size of the moon on the sky. so if you see the moon on the sky, this can take a picture of 3 times as large as an area. and so what this does is, is every day it does a total of the transfer degrees in the sky. and so taking pictures tens for degrees and over the course of the mission, it will cover it all sort of the sky. so any one day doesn't do the entire sky, it just does show 10 degrees,

which is about 20 times the size of the mean. and then that is done every day and a new part of the sky. and then you make a map of the tire side through that process. and it's, it's a 3 d map. well, the pictures are not privy to pictures or just pictures and you see the galaxies and start to see anything in the universe and that direction. so what we do is we measure what's called the the red ships, which is, is how fast the galaxy numbers moving away from us, which is a measure of the distance. these things are, are highly correlated. this comes back to hubble's law. we known about it for a 100 years. the further away galaxy is the faster it's moving away from us. so we can measure that processional velocity. how fast moving away from us will know how far away is. so that's really the mapping. the mapping is done in the analysis of the images themselves. so this takes pictures and then all that we have is the other instrument which takes them forever. pictures from the ground based imaging from telescopes on or that are that are also scanning the same part of the sky. and we put that together. you can figure out how hard each galaxy receive

a bit is how far away it is. and then when you do that, you can make a math with these 22000000000 galaxies that, that was, are you making the tired universe or take some analysis? it's not something you get right away. when you take a picture, you have to actually analyze the data with other dat. here, why is the european space agency spinning $1400000000.00? that amount isn't dollars, which is about half of its annual budget on this mission. the b service because it so, so we were talking before about to leave the sheet buying site. yes. on the, on this is actually these, all the scientific questions on the inside. you keep these questions well raised a quite a long time ago, but it's in 2007 default to for us. and then there was a code for proposal for formations and these where i, that's i, us, i priority questions. and then we basically selected the, you keep, it was to become the, you could mission as would be just sites mission, fall,

foliage and c. okay? and the we all basically be we have be to keep on right. so when we launch, as we say this is going to be the largest the most to i can write of the spots. and this is going basically to bring another like me to in terms of a trustee about this, i'm having some problem. it so, so we want these core w, okay, which is the value trust one so far we, we think it's close to one, but we need very accurate measurements to figure out the factory. it's one or the defense long or piece of irene weeks time in the universe on. so it's a really important question. so willing pressing are the same down. we'll investing, we think a space cost we'll be doing state to feel things to month sleeping club the shuttle . so we book the costs of some industry in europe. so it's also about pretty the sheep inside, honestly the shape in space industry or so. let's look at the 2nd tool and we'll put up the picture again of the 2 instruments that are on this euclid telescope.

this one is called n. i. s p near infrared, spectrometer, and for thomas, are what chris, what does that to of, what does it do? what does it measure? and so while this is, let's see, the visual light or the optical line like i like, what are i see in these get galaxies? this is the near forever version of that. so it takes deep nearer for rent imaging . so this is why we just read or what are lines that are our own eyes can see. and it also takes a very poorly spectroscopy. so it takes a spectrum of the distant galaxies that we see. and that's important for many different reasons, but especially for knowing exactly as long as i was mentioning before, the red ships, the rate of loss of these, of these galaxies. and from that you can measure or really accurately, how much dark matter there is a different ethics and the universe been. and that will give you an idea of what the dark energy is. so it's in somebody's the, the info, right version of this. but it also has

a spectrum rep on it that will let us measure basically the internal properties and velocities of the galaxies. that will, we'll say. so this measures specifically, this is to answer the dark energy question or to start answering the dark energy question. correct? so both of these instruments are designed to answer the dark energy question. that's the primary mission up. so it has other science that it can do. it can do bass amounts of science for these images and data. but the main goal is to do the dark energy and that's how the instruments were designed to do. so, yes, and, and appear a little refresher course on dark energy. our universe is expanding, so some of our viewers may notice some may have forgotten it. some may have never known this, but our universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, and that's what you're trying to figure out. yes, so what came the meaning of the end of the ninety's love to came as a surprise on so many there was so indeed we did take that, but so you know,

this was expanding the next 2 to 3. whereas if we take only don't receive attend sophie point seems to give a we were expecting the rights which was strewing, so full, but we have to, seriously, i looked up and one of them is that involving be stuck in energy on the then the next step is to understand what is dr. nancy, this is really the order origin model move on the 20 years ago from what you keep us going be. so that's one. so basically the questions you can keep us on. so chris, if we don't know 90 percent of the universe right, whether it's dark matter, dark energy, both of them combined it's estimated, composes 95 percent of the universe. the remaining 5 percent is what we see what we can already know the stars, the planets. we see that that's only 5 percent of the universe. if we don't know almost all the universe percentage wise. what does that,

what does that mean about the level of our scientific knowledge right now? if we don't know most of what there is to know, maybe we're wrong about what we think we do know right now. so we know that these things exist because we can see either observational faxed or noted are matter for almost a 100 years and, and dark energy now 25 years or so. and so we know that they exist being so low, the under buying physics of it. we don't know what is the particle that makes it or, or we don't know what is the, the effect of the universe just creating the solid ratio, right. what is the dark energy, the something into a space and something to do with the way that matters. and the universe has constructed as many different theories about as there's no lack of ideas. what these things are. so it's not like we don't know anything about properties of the dark man, or do you know quite a bit about dark matter? no more, but it's dark energy. learn a lot more from experiments like euclid. so although we don't know exactly what

they are, we do have some idea of how they interact and, and, and the properties. and this is, this is this. so we don't exist. so we just want to find out more about it. so it's not like it's an on completely we do know a bit about it. got it. all right paul, let's bring your back into this conversation. thank you so much for your patience. we have to dive into the science. so to, to get to some of the wider questions here, as i said earlier, more terrestrial questions, if you feel that europe has fallen behind in the space race by what measure as well . i think for slowly falling behind the launches, we don't have any launcher that's currently capable of uh, sending a uh, a rocket into space. uh once around 5. well, that's a piece of his final mission this week. until we get our on 6 great big, lumbering rock, a french largely developed a rocket which has been put back and back and is now suppose to fly to the 1st time

the end of this year. but we're not sure of that. but also, you know, where, where we've. busy back and other measurements i think as well, we don't have a reusable lordship, a new space set to the set to which is the private sector above the nerves in space is way behind the united states. and to some extent, you know, behind what china is doing and the real problem about roots of every. ready is while active investment, we're just not investing as much as easily united states of trucks. the world's biggest space budget is estimated. united states spends about $55000000000.00 a year on space trying. there is estimate spelled on all i have those i have those numbers let's, let's put them up. so we all know what we're talking about. as far as actual government spending on space budget, you're right. that the us absolutely worst. everyone else to the tune of about $62000000000.00. this isn't 20. 22. right? so last year, right?

$62000000000.00 invested by the us as go down the list. china is pretty far, but very far behind. 12000000000. japan, number 3 at just about 4. yeah. just about $5000000000.00 russia just behind a 3 and a half, $3400000000.00 the in you falls out of the top 5 and it stands at $2600000000.00 invested. so again, it means that the us is investing 30 times or story because there are, you know, the individual member states have the national space budgets as well. right? but, you know, that's, but that's the amount of the use buttons collectively. and it's not impressive. and you know, there are various other measures you could look at. we have a 2nd hole. why is that? by the way, why is europe spending a lot less than the us? why is you have spending? well, as you said, i was gonna say spending less than china, but if you tell you up all the european countries individually, i'm not sure what the total what that totals um comes back to a single reason. it's because of the,

the united states space program from the outset has always been military lead. it's been about power. it's been about to politics. and the $800.00 pound gorilla, or all the $800000000000.00 gorilla is the us defense budget. and only american space contract does the people that the jeff pays offices and they eat on mosques and so on. they are people who are feeding partly off that defense budget and they're getting contracts to launch satellites for the department of defense. and that the subsidizes their civilian business, telecommunications and the internet connectivity is face torres to me, but and the europeans have nothing like that collective military budget. and so that there just isn't the same central driving force, which also drives the chinese and also drives the russians. although both of them have also been involved to

a scientific exploration just as we europeans up. and so, you know that there are a number of other measures you can look at, for example, if you look at space situational awareness is it's cool. how do we know what's going on in states? how do we though it's something some piece of junk is about to hit a european satellite. the answer is, if the americans tell us, because the europeans themselves have no comprehensive picture of what's out that it low was full bit. and so, you know, the low earth orbit is getting more and more crowded. there in more and more private set to satellites being launched every week of the. and the result is that there is more and more space debris that is around there caused by space whether storms go. ready by close by this fire isn't uh, thing launches that go wrong. it doesn't do, in fact, full back to us through extrude gravity. and therefore there's more and more junk cluster in utah. but the europeans really don't have

a picture of their own and they rely on the united states to that information. okay, i'll have another call. i can see pierce browning and wants to jump in here. don't go, you know, maybe just as we were talking about budget, your thoughts. so you say the time we, you kind of talk about what you are, you've been conditioning spending. but the futile kind of 2022 of the budget. tough of esau view, open space agency coming from each time the stage. press the urban union, the we are we all books are going to be your uh okay. yours. sorry. say i remember and uh, we'll have both 7000000000 euros full 2022. okay. okay. fair enough. so that's the remark we were making that if you add up what the issue is spending plus with the european space agency is mending. plus what individual member states are spending, it's a different number and that's a fair point. so guess, i mean we have, we have leadership in the hopes of a showing them the meaning delta to things which can be seen. i suppose it keep also good, but here, how do you feel about the fact that you have to launch euclid?

right? this largely european project on an american launcher, a private launcher. for me, the guy told me there was no feeling in the sense that we knew we have the mission, but we'd be the somebody that she citing space say us, okay. we have some mission which was worthy. and then there was a pragmatism to say ok, we want to keep the speed of shipping space, say us, right? oh, yes, of a long shot or we trust supposed to be around some so use most motivated funding more. so we went very pregnancy to say we chancia is available or not uncomfortable with our mission. i think it's also for records and chris. yeah, i agree. i mean i've been part was part of the discussion. we're going to have a russian launcher till the invasion of the ukraine, and then the around was just not of in interval. and so space x was really the best

option. and otherwise you could have launch after a lot of other upcoming missions. we're going to launch in the us and we'll put here in space has to be behind us. and that's something i think that we would like to avoid being european. so space x was really the only option to get you put in space as possible. and, and called perhaps speaking to a point that, um, both pierre and chris have made in various forms since the beginning of the program . this research, this fundamental space research is also something that's going to help contribute putting your back on the space map, of course, and you know, it has commercial spinoffs. and of course many of the you know that many areas in which you're physically vague and i, i was like to mention accounted like. ready the satellite navigation and positioning system, which is a refuted to be the world's most accurate at the moment, copernicus, which is the other types of ation satellite. that is, you know,

vital in explaining it in studying how climate change is working. how a cro patents are changing and all those sorts of things. um we, we have a number of really important assets that as europe stands, but there are areas where we have the money into those areas which are commercially important. they are militarily important. they are about money and power and where we need to catch up the are in commission amongst others, is trying to do that. so what are they got this project which is beat approved to produce a european uh, secure connectivity constellation of satellites. that's something that will allow for a telecommunications internet also for military communications. and it's something which will give the europeans more of their own capability of less, a need to rely on other countries and all the pallets. they're all really important

areas where europe is doing its best to catch up. but i have to say in the, in the new space commercial areas, we're still lagging behind and i think folding further behind the united states in some ways. all right, gentlemen, thank you so much to all of you. that's all the time we have for this conversation, but i think we've been able to explain the science behind it also where it leaves europe in the global space. res. thank you all for your time. jeff valerie christopher can sell us and pull taylor. thank you to for watching. you can see the program again any time by visiting our website that's houses here in. com for further disc us and do good our facebook page. that's facebook dot com, forward slash a inside story. you can also join the conversation on twitter or handle at a inside story from me several then you and the whole team here. the

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