perience for ukraine. other countries have had similar experiences. the young man returned after killing the enemy, but the aggression remains. when they come here, they must be ready to accept help. the important thing is we should not ignore this problem. carlos as ukraine needs to better prepare society for how to deal with sol, just returning from war 12 and a search in mental health problems and abuse. steadfast and l. 2 sierra post because that's west ukraine. the, this is they'll just say right, and these are the top stories. the so this is qu, latest have meant to invoice from nigeria. head of an emergency summit by west africa's regional blog eco was the block is calling for the immediate reinstatement of prisons. mohammed visited the summit, i'm to protect them. the amazon rainforest has wrapped up for the coals, the developed nations to fulfill the climate. pledges 8 south american nations

contributions of $200000000000.00 per year needed by 2035 to $50.00 low. but as you keep sending to you don't do that need money or columbia, then it's a money. it's kind of dependence on its nature. does that now? does trill development throughout 200 years polluted. now that they need to pay that part so that we can repair a little bit that has been destroyed. so it's nature that needs money. it's nature that not to finance it up so that the open government says that it has captured through towns from um to groups following days of funding. the military says it has pushed funds is out of gone the in the lobby dealer with our he's to clear the state of emergency last week following fighting with rebels known as found the, the 2 people are reported to have been killed and living on up to fighting pro count mirror christian town, the government vassal took place with a truck,

supposedly belonging to his, blah, by the tunes, and kindly finding broke out when residence tribes. 2 approaches, full migrants had been found alive off the drifting for days in the mid it's rainy and see. they were among the fuel boards who had life jackets, 41 others, a fade to have drowned off the coast. eventually, libby is bought a gun, say 27 african migrants have died in the past few days. the bodies were found in the desert between libya and tennessee, and women and children were among the date and i believe to have perished from hunger. and the living bodies had been found off at 5 per account at a holiday to be at home in northeast from the roof of adults with learning disabilities had been staying in the house and investigation is now underway. those are the headlines as it was a website. i'll just hear adult calm is the latest on all laptop stories. the stream is up. next of

the, [000:00:00;00] the boy you're listening to our pressure waves from a galaxy cluster known as perseus about 240000000 light years away from earth. mass us black hole re max recently went viral online and it's doing more and more

interest in black hole science as well as it's mysteries. hi, i'm not much, haven't been, i can imagine like me, you have a lot of questions. so jump into today's youtube chat and you can be part of this discussion. the, the black hole is believed to be the most extreme environment in the universe in the area and space where the force of gravity is so intense, not even light can escape. but how much to scientists really know about black holes and what their actual purposes? well, joining us today in connecticut, pre owned by the another raj, i'm a professor of astronomy and physics at yale university. and one of the principal investigators with harvard university is black hole initiative in the us state of rhode island. kimberly are, can a day to visualize or in science communicate or for nasa is chandra x ray observatory. and in new york state j hon parts out to pay and ask you a physicist at the rochester institute of technology where she studies the

evolution and formation of galaxies. thank you so much for being with us beyond feeling very accomplished after all those introductions. now i'm joking so many interesting burning questions here, really, but let's start with the most fundamental. kimberly, what is a black hole? well, i think a black hole is a really cool thing and it's a really interesting thing of the thing of mystery. but in essence, i like to think of them as a dense compact object has gravitational pull is so strong that within a certain distance of it, nothing, not even light can escape. and many of the black holes that we sort of know and love, i guess, or thought to be the result from the collapse of a very, very, very massive star as it sort of gets towards the end of it. stellar evolution that's, that's a simple uh, explanation that i can understand. i want to ask you though, a pre, a, you know, when we talk about black holes, there's a lot of misconceptions. there's a lot of maybe confusion of what it exactly is. so they certainly seem to help us

understand how our galaxy kind of was shaped and formed. but what fascinates you most about as well, i guess, as of kim just mentioned, right. so you can think of the black hole as a place of xtreme gravity from which nothing can escape. and there is this vision sort of like a sacred boundary if you were going to do that for eyes. so once you cross, the eventual arises. nothing, no matter what even lights can escape. so what happens inside a mentor rising is something that we don't quite understand the starting to understand it and figure it out. but we know that the black hole actually in cases point that we call a singularity. this is where all our knowledge of physics breaks down. and so for me, the fascination with black holes is that they be present the ash sort of the limits of knowledge,

right. and so trying to understand like you're literally pushing yeah. not our minds as much as we possibly can. well, i mean, that's certainly fascinating to me. i mean, my dad's a physicist. he spent much of his life trying to explain some of this stuff to me. i don't know that i got it but, but that's certainly it makes sense to me. i mean, so when you say singularity, that's the center of the black hole. this is where we don't have sort of the physics knowledge to really understand what's going on. is that correct? that's right, that's right. so our understanding on our laws make nature has all these laws, these symmetries and i briefly kind of breaks down when we approach the singularity . interesting, fascinating day hon. when, when we talk about sort of galaxies and how they've evolved, i know a lot of your research focuses on this. we have people in our live youtube, chad right now. actually asking some pretty pointed questions. i want to share with you. one of them says the black calls lead to higher dimensions,

and maybe the most interesting one to me from solid cancer says can you have 2 or 3 black holes that have joined together or merged? that's a great question. um, so my research focuses on galaxy is themselves and how they form and evolve over time. but i'm especially interested in what happens when to galaxies merged together. and we think that all galaxies have these super massive black holes in their centers, the windows galaxies, merge, and become one. those black holes should also merge and become one. and just recently we got evidence of this process through the gravitational wave detections by lego, which actually observed what happened as a result of this merger and the gravitational waves that are emitted that we can attack all the way here at our and i, i see that that visual, that we're sharing with our audience. it's just, it's like i see these things and it's fascinates me, but i, i fear that i don't understand just how fast in any it is but, but we have this headline as well. um i wanna share with you day huh. and it says

a pair of super massive black calls could be faded to collide within 3 years. uh, certainly sounds like something we should be anticipating is. is this doom and gloom? what does that mean? it's definitely not doing good for, from our perspective, you know, we will see too much different. we, if we're lucky enough, we'll be able to detect gravitational waves from this merger and be able to study a little bit about the last moment before the merger actually happens. which would be really useful for physics, but otherwise not too much changes from our point of view of it, certainly not doing good. and, and, you know, we've, we've seen the images, we heard that sound at the top of the show. okay. kimberly, i know you're working to kind of figure out in a sense, to put it in layman's terms. if we can, you know, make an image of the black hole and also with the sound. can you share it with us and the sound kind of what it is, what it means. we were joking for we want to live to me. it sounds like, you know, stranger things. it, it certainly sounds a bit ominous, but,

but how are we experiencing the data that we're collecting to yeah, i'm a, i'm a stranger fan, stranger things man as well. so i think i really love that analogy about the sound, and i've heard other people talk about how it sounds to them, like for us on track or just sounds like something from one zimmer. is this idea the certification is, is pretty cool because it actually took an archive or result from 2003 from andy fabian at all and, and not result. they had made this discovery that this massive black hole was just belching out into the surrounding environments. and those belt is, are sort of causing these pressure waves or piece down waves in the hot gas. and so those sound waves we could actually translates into a tone which was the flaps of about $57.00 officers below middle see so way, way below human hearing like hundreds and hundreds of piano keys below human hearing. and i think this idea that we could then take that today and sign it by it

. so take that note that we know it's thinking out into the university and turn it into sound that humans can hear was really exciting. because to me, it's a way to not only learn things about them, but also help communicate them to people. for example, who can't see someone who is blind or low vision. yeah, and that was part of, i mean that's, that's, that's definitely fascinating. i think, you know, we want this to show it to be as accessible as possible, and part of that means kind of breaking things down. we hear these terms like not even light can escape from a black hole. and we're going to dissect that further. but for now, i want to share some comments that are coming through on youtube. we have enough tune asking what is the nearest black hole to our solar system. and is it possible for them to collide with us in the future? and who wants to take that pre up is sure the silver master black hole is right. all 3 of us are interested in the sort of over ways because of the little black hole that the light will collaboration. cock colliding right? is the one of the center of our own galaxy and it's $4000000.00 times the mass of

the sun. um and i mean i think the rest of your question was was the newest one and might they collide with us in the future? it's that age old question. never. yeah, i think we say we have, we have like say, i think the one of the center of our, our galaxy is actually sitting very quietly. it's sitting on a very tiny trickle and it's largely dead for most purposes. but you know, it's fascinating, one for us. that's why you are showing the up close image from the event horizon telescope collaboration. this is an ad close as we will ever get to a black. oh, interesting. wow. well, i mean, you know, a lot of these questions i have to share that with you on youtube, are kind of better than my questions or, or at least they're the exact same as my questions. so here we go, buzz, buzz video thing. how can we learn about black holes if they trap light and can

actually be seen now i see that you're nodding day. i'm so so i'm going to ask, i mean, you know, we hear this, this phrase, not even light can escape. what does that really mean? and yeah, a, yeah, i'm, i'm not in because that's a question. i've heard a lot actually we're trying to study something that we can't see. we're trying to understand the absence of light. and that's a kind of complicated concept, right. the video you showed earlier, you saw the sort of black spears in the middle that are representing the black hole . so right, we can't see into those black spears. but what we can see is what's happening around them, how those masses are affecting their surroundings. so they're still interacting with things gravitationally, so we can measure things nearby them and see how their movement is affected by the presence of something really massive. we can see how their mass is distort light. mm. we saw that in that video that you showed and we can learn all about their surrounding environments just based on the material that nearby,

right. if there's gas that surrounding them and that gas moves very rapidly, it gets very hot and we're able to detect it through x rays and other other parts of the spectrum. so we can still learn quite a lot about black holes and the effect on their environment just by observing what's near then. interesting, i mean you have to jump through your head kimberly, and then we'll come now. kimberly go ahead. all right, so i love the idea that we're, we're looking at this data now and we're talking about data that is essentially invisible, right? all of this material that, that we've been talking about these, this on vacation, not that image, even from the vin horizon telescope. these are in different kinds of light that human eyes can proceed. we can't see it extra late. we can't see in radio light. um, so it's really important to consider like all of these things that are happening out there in the universe. so much of it, we can't see, and we need different telescopes, like the chantix or observatory, like the event horizon telescope did in order for us to be able to learn more about them. i like to think of like the chantix observatory is like a black hole hunter. it's found black holes near far, small, big,

even medium sized ones. kind of like a goldilocks thing. i guess. there's just, there's so much to learn for these, these little special laboratories that are out there in the universe just just waiting to be studied. i'm a pre advocate, you're going to say fine. you were going to, yeah, the one i'm on. so often ask this question, what does it mean that even like on a scale, right? yeah. so what analogy that we've all seen right from cape canaveral, you have to boost rockets out so that they escape the driver cation of drip of the or. so we have to get rocket fuel boosted, update 11 kilometers per 2nd, and then to free itself all the gravity, so it doesn't fall back right. it. so that stays. so could you just imagine that that's the gravity of the or so that's what it's doable. the gravity inches, rather people. blackwood is such that that escape speed that the rocket speed that you need to do has to be the speed of light. so that's what we mean, what you but you know, uh,

light scan on the escape of life. oh. interesting. yeah. i how do we coming back? most of this question is pointed out. we see we map these invisible entities and directly in the case of a black hole. so it is feeding on gas. so gas to be fluid in again, by the gravity of the black hole, the gas to the gas, i don't think so that it gets it to glow. and that's what we're seeing in the x rays. so we don't see the whole receive the stuff that is all good to being so, you know, swarming by the whole swan. yeah, i love this, this term, these terms and terminology swallowed by the whole and it's, it creates such a mystery. i love it. i mean, it's the end of its self, right? so engaging. i do want to ask you about these images. um, how did the event horizon telescope create the image, this image of the black hole that's at the center of our galaxy?

take a look. we have these are, these are 2 different images, right? comparing helped me understand what this is for our audience. comparing the size of 2 black holes, but maybe 7 and subject areas a what is significant about this that can be understood by someone, a simpleton like me for you. so yeah, so what we're seeing is we have zoomed in to a region that is right around because event for either of the black or limiting bumper you then we're not even like an escape. we're a little bit outside it here, but we zoomed are right in the to the heart of a black hole if you will. okay. 2 levels, the one that is the center of our galaxy secretaries, a star is 4000000 times the mass of this on the one m, m a 786, b times the amount of money on that, right. okay. and the eventual right has a telescope, a project managed to zoom right. it is

a leverage many radio dishes. yeah. that's around the are to mimic and make me a tire size of the or be like one radio dish. and so that's the biggest go me. it's crazy to me. i mean, when are you talking these numbers, these figures? i don't really, it's hard to wrap my mind around it, but that's just me. but kimberly, that's why you're here. i've read that you, you kind of talk also about and by the way it should be mentioned event horizon telescope for those who don't know because this is really cool, you can ride out and geek out on this 311 telescope, synchronized around the world, right? creating sort of a virtual earth sized telescope, as we just heard, pre explain to take these images from far away. so there's so much we know so much we're learning with the data so much we don't know the kimberly like what is the ultimate like? are there cosmic recycling centers? did i, did i understand this? right. what my savvy the mean? i mean, are they recycling up there and we're not recycling it is. yeah, well i'm, i'm a huge fan of recycling. so i, i think i really like black holes and things like super over remnants because they

are the ultimate cosmic recycling centers. recycling at a much grander scale than humans can ever hope to do. i do think black hole sort of have a bad rap. they've got this sort of negative reputation for being just cosmic vacuum cleaners. you know, things of doom and gloom. and yes, nobody really wants to get too close. i don't want to be to get a fide if i, you know, fall into that gravitational pull. no, thank you, right, i am happy here on earth and all that, but we have a lot to be grateful for, i think as well to black holes, but you know, the stellar explosions that produce many of the buckles that we know filed there also spinning out other really important elements when black holes collide, those, those types of collisions are giving us even more elements and those types of elements we use here on earth, right? so there's a lot about this idea of cosmic recycling that i think is very attractive that it's not just doom and gloom that it's also creation and potential future life. right then you know, we see or hear or think of black hole that sort of something as you said

destructive, i'm glad you brought up this point because it's really kind of, you know, the in, in the popular culture a few. well that's, that's how it's often referred to, but your research really frames that as, as an creator, as an engine, if you will, and the galaxy. so in a sense, it's nice, but today and, and through your work in a sense we can flip the script if you will. and with that in mind, uh, i want to share this with you 3 pre and maybe you can share your comments on this. we got a video comment that was sent to us from a professor of astrophysics darren and louis. um, uh, just take a listen. well, i called and miss do is places surrounded by a one way barrier known as the event horizon. you can fully, but you can never get out what happens inside the mentor horizon. we don't really know something that you might just fold and the same to be crushed up a singularity. others have suggested that black colors might be portals to other universes. you might fall into a black hole, you know,

you have this positive white's old in some other universe. but it's going to be a brave person who jumps in to try and find out. i mean, i am willing to be that brave person, but only because i don't know what, what it was. it was really, you know, ways with me now i'm joking. but what, but what do you make of that pre, i mean his, the way he frames that it's a bit bit in just but, but what do you think? first of all, high grades. i actually don't in my world think cambridge is a small world, you know, but i think he's absolutely right that we don't really quite understand the pate matter and information went over. but i'm going to sort of mix them up now and say anything that falls into the black hole information about it, right? even talking at a very nice analogy. you said, no, suppose you look at the encyclopedia britannica, right? and i look up, i'll just see that i can see it is great network that reaches all these people. the information right inside was yeah, no,

i wouldn't be inside the close box. i locked the block box completely tight. i burned down the. it's like all the information that was in the encyclopedia still in the box. yeah. i don't know i would store anymore. right. and we don't retrieve it. so that's where we are. i understand what happens inside the block. oh yeah. a much to understand. so it was like, you nation i that or to our new york. i really appreciate you breaking it down and very 3 terms that analogy helped me certainly understand it. and for those who are listening to the video, comment from that astrophysics professor. and he didn't mention the event horizon just to clarify, i want to make sure that i'm actually learning things that is not only the point of, with the point of no return, which is a region basically a space around the black hole where, where light and matter sort of uh, get sexton. yeah. okay. so, so we're learning here together. fantastic. um, so we also have

a comment about sort of vibration. we hear this term very often when discussing sort of the world and, and the physical world buzz videos asking light and can't escape black holes. okay . but 10 vibrations, escape black holes. i'm not sure i really understand the question, but hey, he asked in a few times. so a silent single studio under the pre a vibrations what, what is there anything that can escape a black hole? red? no, i don't think even vibrations can escape a black hole, right? so the vibrations that we are detecting in the summer vacation, right, are the impact then result of black, those gravity interaction with that. yeah, that's to find all it. so not all the gas that gets what makes it way, it makes its way in. there is something that is expanded out. and i think i mentioned that a little bit of a branching that's happening right to this material that's also coming out. so the

cell weights are so needs a medium, right? so because you have this got these pressure we, we are able to hear that. and so the really the escaping from inside the black hole. but we are generated by physics that's happening at the ages of the black hole. so that's the one of the earlier version. no, no, no. save the nerdy or version for later after the so that was great. you're doing great. um, no i, i want to ask about the misconceptions a little bit before we wrap here. you know, where i'm holes and all these sorts of other things that we hear about. i mean, what are sort of some of the challenges? what are the limitations? what can i mean with all this exciting research, like, what are we still struggling really to understand, or what excites you, looking to the future in terms of, of continuing to do this work? anything on your mind to on? 0,

one of the things that i find most exciting about the future of this field is just understanding how this all began. you know, where it, when the 1st black holes form and how did they form. there's a lot of mystery surrounding that we are detecting galaxies with really massive black holes at periods of the universe that were much earlier than we thought they should exist. and they're already big or already massive. we call them quays, ours, they have made a ton of light. and so we really don't understand how black holes could have forms . so early on in the universe has history and done as massive as they did so quickly. and so that's one of those big open questions that has a lot of people scratching their heads and theorizing and, and hopefully we'll know more about that. well, well, and i saw pre owned kimberly, not scratching their heads but nodding their heads as you are, bringing out those points. so that's all well and good that it's something you, you mutually agree upon. i do want to share with you one more comment. we have from 12 to ask, this might be an obvious one, but how, how is time effected in about black hole? what sort of the,

the easiest way of kind of understanding that kim i will pass that one to for you the time. how about this? for a while, no, i don't want to sounds no, let's just go with the time. i mean, what is time is what i was gonna ask, which is way too i understand so. so i don't know if that's the right. that's correct. the. this is the other reason blanco's are so bizarre time where he slows down. why don't you cross the line to right. okay, so what happens, right, so we have the university think is a 4 dimensional sheet. so you need to specify where something happens. you need to say it happened in this space. so $33.00 numbers to tell you where, while that tells you when the time, right? so you have to pay and you'll have time. so this to get a form, the sort of the sheet of space time where you cross a black hole event for eyes in. the strangest thing happens,

the nature of space and time. the slips. ok, so i just read that, you know? yeah. flips, meaning what flips like inverse is like, does a box slip? i mean times starts to be like space. okay, so the flow of time gets effect. so the time really our motion of time it gets really slowed down way to really slow us down and reach the singularity. it sort of starts taking in for that, you know. yeah. all right, it's, it's fascinating. say here you explain that it sounds to me like you're describing monday morning where time just seems to slow down, but hey, that's my ability to make sense of this. i want to thank you all this has been really enlightening and engaging. so thank you for joining us. kimberly pria and say hon. uh for those of you at home, thank you for sending us or questions. hopefully we got to

a lot of those youtube questions and remember here at the stream, these conversations do not end on air here. on television, you can always follow us at a stream, both on twitter and instagram, the . the zeros here to report on the people often ignored, but who must be hurt. how many other channels can you say? we'll take this time and put extensive followed into reporting from under reported

areas. of course we cover major global defense, but our passion law eyes and making sure that you're hearing the stories from people in places like how is fine with the young man regions. and so many others, we go to them, we make the effort, we care, strict discover the world of difference determination. and somebody who don't really need to we, i'm listening freedom shot. so just 16 people, corruption and compassion averages 0 was a selection of the best films from across our network of channels. every thing is being analyzed. it's being, it's being measured and it's not just by side by side. i mean,

most of the states at the moment we are in a state of universe with edwards funded something that was throwing back would rather take the risk of democracy to the risks of dictatorship, digital dissidents. on out to 0, the i'm tell mccrae and are how these are the top stories on al jazeera niche is cooley just have meant to invoice from nigeria. here have an emergency summit by west africa is regional block eco, was the block, is cooling for the immediate reinstatement of president mohammed bassoon alia. knishes qu latest accused french troops of carrying out a plan to destabilize the country. they say french forces released fighters who