the time stop pushing today. she's fun. when we talk some entries between former president and illuminate our power, our people see these things for themselves and make up their own minds to sweden. this become a thing to turn your back against announcing groundbreaking stories for most award winning. for my case, it's actually in order to win and from conflict. it's a more efficient when someone conflict sweetness on 20. see what went wrong with the moon or 25. the russian space crawl crashed on the moon instead of making a stop landing. at the south pole. as all the countries compete in the waste to space was less than was it being done from the stadium? this is inside story, the

other there and welcome to the program. i'm laura kyle. it was admissions, elevate, rushes, standing both at home and in space. spot, luna, 25 spacecraft, fail to stick its landing the crashes raising questions about moscow space program, particularly as rush it becomes more isolated from the west. competition is let us alongside russia, india, china, and the u. s. o, looking to explore whether those water and all the results is on the south pole of the moon. so how big a set back has the kremlin stuff, and what does it mean for bible programs? and business benches out of this. well, we'll get to that without guess in just a moment. but for his katya lopez. hardy. yeah. it was russia's 1st mission to the moon in almost 50 years. but the luna 25 lunar lander failed to live up to its name. it crashed onto the surface of the moon exposing challenges perhaps beyond

russia space program. western sanctions imposed on russia prevented them access to very high performance micro electronic components which they need further spacecraft because the supply chain is collapsed. they're having to either bypass it in some other way or build instrumentation at home the racist about space, exploration and prestige. but also about business. let me try again. it's scientists believe parts of the moon may hold deposits of ice for drinking water. another precious elements that in the future could be mind by astronauts. and competition is growing. india is expecting its own spacecraft, temporary and 3 to do with the russians could and, and land on the lunar south pole on one c. m, along with the us, china and russia. india is also spending big on expanding its reach in space

is a moment to build and i do moment of this to be for all of us, the be part of the use, the collaboration between the russian space agency of us cosmos and some of its counterparts like nasa were broken off after rushes and evasion of ukraine. or some analysts say the luna $25.00 crash underscore is the decline of russia space power since the glory days of the soviet union. when sputnik one blasted off in 1957, the 1st satellites ever to orbit the earth. it's not uncommon for space missions to fail, but russia needed a when, as a sign of defiance and national pride. katia a little bit so the again, for insights story was bringing all guests now and, and it's heavy chase, maryland. we have steve now and

a retired astronomer at napa and astro, a physicist now says go dog space flight center. steve is also offer the guidebook astronomy for dummies in the indian capsule. new delhi is retired on the left hand in general and it'll come up. but he's also a director general of the indian space association. and then philadelphia in the us, we have derek pitts, he's chief astronomer and planetary and program director at the franklin institute of right. we'll welcome to all of you. and 3rd, 1st of all, the big question, of course, that everyone's asking today is what happened? what went wrong with the $25.00? for the reports that we've had so far, there is an indication that there was a malfunction. with a landing maneuver that the russians were attempting to begin the landing sequence, they were moving from one orbit level down to another orbit level. and as far as we know, either the rocket fired to long fired to little or by it in the wrong direction.

and the result was a crash on to the surface. so one, fortunately, that last landing maneuver, it seems, did not work in steve just had a virus thing. is this for most government as a full christ night from the sophisticated space program of the former soviet union? i'd certainly is they, they landed uh uh, a number of times in this, in the past on the moon they landed successfully the only ones to do it 10 times on the surface of venus. and the crash comes, adjust embarrassing time, because another nation is about to try to do the same thing. but in fairness, people, nations company crash on the moon all the time. they've been to crashes on the moon in april, a loan of this year by 2 different nations. ok, does that all the nation in just a moment?

a of course, the india. steve, why do you think this particular time it might have happened? do you think we should be looking at 2 political reasons we should be looking at the state of rush of the economy? ukraine will. all of these issues didn't they play into the russian space program? i think they do maybe use crane not so much because lunar attempted landing and planned for a long, long time. but uh uh, at some point to what was the soviet program became the, the russian program lost a lot of funding loss political emphasis. the truth is that most of the early space programs were intended for geo political prep prestige more than science. and so they haven't had to study funding that the nasa and some other nations have had so many years to get practice in building space. quite a flying missions with all the latest technology. they may be russians also,

maybe behind some technologies. but also there are crashes and unexpected events that can occur to anyone's program. okay, general boss that's goes on to india. so just before we do, i can seem to, or do you want to say something to jump into laura, i was, i was going to point out that in addition to that, you know, the, the other thing is that, uh, it has not helped russia. the russian space program at all the embark, those that have been imposed on russia since the beginning of the conflict with ukraine. so 11 result of that is the lack of supply of heart and the electronics and very, very reliable level and tronics that are needed to sustain spacecraft in the horrible environment of space. i mean, we don't think of space really and the way that we should, which is it's not a benign environment at all. it's very, very difficult on electronics, on all of that makes this work difficult for any country. but if you don't have the components you need because of political embargoes,

then that really does multiply uh your chances that you might run into a problem. okay, well let's move on to what we hope will be a more successful operation in the next couple of days. general, but the spotlight is now on india house on the hills. of course of russia could be the 1st nations land on the fall side of the many you confident of success to hold the definitely very near the pollution, stronger than one which was a total success chandra ball, which was the box. it isn't just one, cause a negative that thing ca, standard, but the lessons learned from that. i'm very sure heavy but the very, very last this and this time they had all the fields here from the categories, but they do it. there learns the conditions and i'm very showing mix to days. read have already good news. when the become learned

a lot of that. you have to accept the call, but i am so confident that this time i cite this as well because the key issue different says here between your old and the russian program is as you say, this is the 3rd time that you've been attempting this. you've had one success, one possible success, and this is all following on. you've learned a lot of lessons. the russians, on the other hand, hadn't tried to land on the moon. and 50 is we is the, if you see the core, they are one of the nations which has the but yes, it'd be the last. i need to find maybe that is some of those ethics for you. one of the most important thing is like one of them out of the list has said spaces on had any small mistake, can lead to what a successful mission and becoming unsuccessful. and that doesn't work well. and i guess that's what makes it so compulsive and so fascinating for so many people give

us like a general bath of what chandra. again, three's mission is going to be on this fall side on the south pole of the moon. literally the student mission is the most important. it is a soft landing on the moon. on the south site, the is off of the land is landed in the beach. i don't because royal i'm to bring along with the lender call again. and also that'll be a number of scientific guys, including the best single story. and although scientific instruments, which have been a just one more questions here general. but before we move on to our other guests in do, of course, with the 1st discomfort was on the moon. some 10 years ago, that is a key issue, isn't it on a reason for people to return there again and again, do we have any idea how to extract was from the moon where

i mean not being assigned. this will not be able to do until you were she completely what we, what, what do we have a loan from? a false mission and what? so the things are happening. we are expecting that on the southern side, we will find a look at it that won't be very important for future missions with all the more or maybe version of all of the o box of space. okay. okay. that's bringing to save it and save. what does happen when one does find hold sure. on the moon what's, what's the next step as well the big step um, unfortunately, opinion of some people who are concerned about preserving the loaner environment like a national park is that you, you find ways to explore that. why you, it's critical to find. i signed a more blue brochure, there's no bottle of water up there. there's no actual ocean. on the moon there,

no underground springs. it's going to be in the form of ice. there's some traces of water vapor because the ice evaporates or something, right? and so you have to see exactly what form the ice is. is it all tiny particles mixed up in the lunar soil, which is a sharp and cutting particles dangerous to handle, let alone and hail they get in years. you're lunar, i'm a pod. and so if to see exactly what form it is and develop the technology that's best extracted, gets rid of the g filters out the, the rock particles and turns it into the liquid or, or compressed, get it as you need this water. because if you're going to have people working on the moon for more than a few days as they did when the nasa astronaut was there in the 1970s. they've got

to have, they've got to have oxygen in the breeze. they've got to have water to drinking for other purposes. if you have almost any industrial process, or even just cooking, you need water and you can bring it all, you can bring it from work for a few days. you can bring uh enough to stay there for a month or 2 or indefinitely. because for every pound of water you need many more pounds of rock per month. and then you have no, you need a rock bigger than even the lot, most kinds of place making to, to develop the moon, to live on the moon. you leave, you need water and oxygen. you can get the water from the ice. you can take some of that water and split it electrically into oxygen and hydrogen, the oxygen to breeze or to be use as the oxidizer and rocket fuel to get to home or

to go somewhere else on from the moon. so water is critical. say, do you think we should throw this or that we should exploit the water and the result is on the moon, or should we preserve the natural environment? the i think you can do both this we do what on earth. the miners don't have a great record, and i, and there are people who fear they'll have a worse record on the moon where there's no local inhabitants to have a printed line. but it's, it's almost inevitable. it may start because of political rivalry. but there are also resources near. one of the things hasn't been mentioned is the helium 3 that's a heavy and rare isotope of the gas. helium. it's apparently present in a bundle lunar soil where it's been trapped from the solar wind that beats down on the moon continuously. it doesn't beat down on the surface of the earth because of

some deflected by the radiation. well, some are, might need a severe helium 3 is many for this is consider the ideal fuel for future nuclear fusion plants that might solve the energy problem on earth . if we survive the climate, climate, the problems are in time right at their exchange as part of a lot of points that a lot of valuable results as fast the that appeared to be on the moon. is that going to be a big question of a who owns the, who has the rights to exploit them and who can benefit from them? well 1st of all, who knew that the south pole of the moon was gonna become so popular? it was the discovery of uh, water there that really started and started that part of the popularity of the moon . and as the points out, this is incredibly important because of the need for the resources to explore the

rest of the solar system. but as far as ownership of the moon is concerned, you know, there have been policies in place since the 19th sixty's that talk about ownership . and the intention was that the moon was going to be very much like the research bases that add article where no one owns the moon or owns any of the planets. and so it really has been brought down to who can get there 1st to explore what resources are there. so i don't think that i don't think we're going to see any time soon. uh, any kind of, uh, lease arrangements or any kind of real estate sales or parcels that the mood or anything like that. but it all really comes down to who gets to where 1st to make and use the resources available in general. but with india at the moment leading that race, is this a conversation that's being had in new delhi? why is the prime minister new into moody making space expiration starts a priority?

you know, unfortunately, space is the argument insights. and fortunately for india, in the last 60 or israel has kept us with the idea, been office space failing issues. one model because of the search and expiration and expiration of the universe, which has to be leg bicycle. the 2nd boxes, the commotion of box, all the you say the space which has no dust, emily laser. the space now has become a mississippi bar bead for communication beat for the most sense. for you beat for navigation. on what was meant by governments previously? no, the public sector has also become a and even operate administrative 2020. busy managers, historically, this is an all can experience through the private sector and our nascent industry in the private the we also know queen elizabeth,

i mean we are looking at the private space of the space industry in india, the private stops and they have doubled since 2020, do they support the national program or are they in conflict with it in competition with it? how does it or what can we, is everything if we're working together and one great big cosmic copy finally? well, they're totally in coordination with the national program. in fact, so we've had one successful launch bio startup. so over to launch, and very soon the level of public, the launch. another company is waiting to big and just buy a cd technology tv. by combining the engine at all. they are being hand hormones corded by issue. it's so, so when, when a situation with competition between government agencies and virus or even a small new startup to be able to make satellites and not to successfully

have been provided all the support from the government and from okay, the video, eric, do you want to jump in the yeah, so let me point out that with all due respect to, with, with all due respect to all of the players in the, in the space round these days. we also have to keep in mind that, you know, this is also a question of national pride for every country that's involved in this. and it's also a story about technological superiority. i think that one of the, one of the things that drove the space race that has always driven space races is the desire to demonstrate a technological superiority that's held by a nation. and that's, you know, but is a, is a great source of national pride. so we can't leave out the fact that having that technological superiority in space also indicates points out and suggest to

everyone else. but you have a superior technology capability, but may be beyond everyone else. so that is also a very serious issue or consideration when we think about all the other parts and pieces of you know, wanting to do this space exploration, then you know that all those, all those altruistic pieces are nice and everything. but let's not forget the parts about national pride and texting like demonstration of technological superiority. absolutely, i think that's the point of that, and you can't even put this in at the beginning of the discussion. but there is this a sort of the parallel track of national ambition, national pride, technological advance spins has direct says and science do these 2 tracks go hand in hand when it comes to exploring space. and of course you've got the commercial aspects to, oh, all they. so they've been contact with each other during the vision, obviously, there's no more important to in some sense satellite launcher. then we come with

private company space x, because it launches more satellites. when every year than everybody else on earth put together, i think they don't watch more rockets than and i don't like them china, but they launch rockets every week with dozens of satellites on board the there you get to the moon and nobody owns a place you're landing, nobody owns the place you are exploiting. everybody else has the right to land on there. the international space agreements really were just say the other bodies and the solar system beyond there's are comments of common property. they don't lay down any principles. and if they did, it doesn't mean that we or anybody else would always, i would always follow then. your question is, whoever lands 1st, there's near one of those craters of the south pole in the moon,

where you've got continuous around the clock, solar energy available on the rim of the crater and continuous dark shadow in the bottom. where you can model where you can live safely and mine your water. oh, wherever lands there, what have somebody lands right next to them, or they casting a shadow on or solar panels. hardly encroaching on their limited deposited a vice. there's a lot of moving out there and are on a lot of known great places to land right now. and let's say that everybody's there and safe places not interfering with each other in terms of the land. are there exploiting? what about communications was back to earth. what about keeping time? time run faster on the moon, then the same clocked on new york. that's a problem that we're beginning to worry about coordination. what about relaying

communications? does everybody have to have their own satellite relays satellites, or getting the moon and interfering with the radio telescopes, which astronomers hope will be put on the backside of the moon, which offers a unique opportunity on the floor, the early universe, and listen in on the planets of other solar systems there, there, there needs to be of common infrastructure and how you get my arrival nations, and on a neutral nations, and private corporations driven by stockholders, it may be benign or greedy. there's a lot of human problems to be solved as i think direct was indicating absolutely dark. i just want to get to get in here before the discussion board run out of time for the discussion. what, where is the u. s. senate space program? why are we not saying america nasa trying to land on the south side of the main as

well? that is where we're heading. the art of us program that nasa it has now undertaken . it is the, you know, a 3rd of the way into it for building new rocketry and building new capitals to land on the moon is planning to do what's next. or moon, or orbits in 2025. i think it is. and so they have plans to have boots on the moon in just a few years right after that. so they have a program that's a, has a program set up a program working and operating the plants to return people to the moon. in fact, whenever you talk to nasa about this, the one thing they always say is that in this year of 2025, 26 or 27, we're going to land the 1st woman and the 1st person of color on the moon. so this is their mantra about getting back to them. but i think the other thing that we should point out here are 2 aspects of this that are, you know, critically important going forward. one is that when you look at the commercial models for a space, exploration in space exploitation, there really aren't any working financial models yet. that makes sense. in other

words, yes, you can launch plenty of satellites, but who's really making money at this? you know, in a long term back basis, particularly when we talk about deep space exploration, is there are financial footing of financial model that makes sense for an independent company to spend time mining space somehow and number 2 on the other side. so as we mentioned earlier, this is challenging, space is hard, space is dangerous space is definitely one thing that could help. every one would be if this were a community endeavor, instead of a separate them different, you know, by individual countries. if we could coordinate our efforts together, we could not only share the expense, but we could share the risk as well and share the resources as well. but so far because of the fact that this is much more about national pride and demonstration of technological superiority. oh yes, and there's the research that goes along with it. you know, right now we're in a place where we're all trying to with individual and general about. do you agree

with that? do you hope for more cooperation in the future? one of india is planning to corporate with japan this month on a space program, but there is cooperation that, that sort of in bits, isn't that, don't you think the world should be in one domain where there has always been a gold rush? and if i look back up the street, oh, us spaces, we have even though the line's, that'd be the, was the cross japan. so even russian and the space is one domain with all nations at corporate or below. yes, the national break, that was the one time a major competition. the 1st set, the light, the 1st man landing on the moon and on the bottom you should see the less the space to see. it has to be the great example or wish. and i see option of like that in the future. it also wouldn't be a floor to me or maybe be on tomorrow. okay,

well on, that's a very positive note. thank you very much to all our guests for joining us and general i know. come on, but we wish you the best of luck with the scheduled landing on this outside of the moon on wednesday. thanks all say to steve mine and derek pitts. i'm thank you. to for watching you can see the program again, any time by visiting a website this out. is there a dot com? it's got some good. well, facebook page that's facebook dot com forward slash ha inside story. you can also turn the conversation on x. a handle is as a inside story from a laura co. i'm the whole team here. it's bye for now the the

isn't the day the boss is with angela 3 list says he doesn't find the plastic quote in his. we've picked up a truck tire and a sun bed, but it's mainly bottles. plates, forks, stakes fish. net. all plastic. plastic is very busy and, and can fluid for years around the globe and ocean carrying with them fungus, bacteria and outcome. we can predict to death with the increase of globe, of temperature in the sea temperature, the number of these stuff do we always going to increase as well? what changes to our ecosystem become visible 40 to 50 years later, but it's already too late, right then? and chances of reversing it nearly impossible? i freaking narrative from african perspective to be from one voice good. this seems to be a good fight. short documentary term,

an african still make is from kenya. nigeria and one of our mon homes talk some more conservation from a joy into the traffic and feeding the game applicant direct on just around you and going it's easy to spot the shunted offices of foreign businesses. your restrictions have been imposed by the military currency exchange and the local currency is coming to them then the boat shuttling goods across the moines river from thailand carry everything from cooking oil to expensive japanese fruits. businesses booming because of shortages inside man. but so it prices so many people, those prices are on since dana huge rises in the cost of living for centrals like to the transport, forcing them into extreme poverty. people in young going confinement since camilla

chick k prices on public transport, double services. the building was the one sector is booming. this year the ministry of agriculture names to an a $1000000000.00 to rice exports a nation well, when in full people didn't have enough to eat. sending food over seas. the government revenue, the home a prime minister, tied on tax and shinall returns home and go straight to jail at least for now the houses are a life window. hobbles are coming up to you as president promised his age for why, for as long as it's needed off the walls lives destroyed the town of the high.