so out of size call needs to be in the buildings house and see stuff with the catastrophic breeding failure last year. signed to see if then goods on successful breeding one location. they may look for another side, the next you would with vast expanses of melting ice. it's a voting of things to come. the problem here is that we have see how i spell your over a whole seat while in all 1000 kilometers. that doesn't have any stable sea ice and any goal so. so what is going to do here is, we don't know we'll, we'll have to wait and see, but it's, it doesn't look good for. so this particular region of antarctica. it's the 1st time the scientists have seen such a wide spread reading say of the beds and photos warnings that an iconic symbol of fantastic a could be extinct by the end of the century. on the consumption of these up to see the, the

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basically out of the un fits of purpose was like many critics sites, just pump solutions doesn't get anywhere near enough done to the amount of money that is put into a hard hitting interviews. you think about to the lines of washington enough for money to go on its own and built it's on thoughts providing on for centuries, people have been taken care of are. so i have every confidence that future generations will do it as well via the story on told to how does era the welcome to the stream. i'm heidi joe castro, too often we see in the sex as irritating past. the scientists say funds are declining and number around the world and that has severe ramifications for humans . today we look at why so many insect spaces are at risk and what can be done to protect them. scott hoffman. black is executive director of this or see society

incentive. this comment about this emergency we are seeing unprecedented declines and insect populations from around the world. these declines are from all insect types. bar pollinators that pollinate are across to the aquatic insects that feed our fish. and other insects that feed birds and baths and provide innumerable services that we need on this planet. this is a crisis and we must take action soon to address these issues. joining us today, erica mcallister is an entomologist and senior care right there as a natural history museum in london. david wilson is a professor of biology at the university of sussex and also the founder of the bumblebee conservation trust. he is here, the town of ox field and east sussex. and eliza greens is a biology researcher at the university of nevada. she joins us from dallas,

texas. and of course, you can be part of this conversation. please send us any comments or questions me a, our live youtube chat. thank you to our guest so much for joining us for this important discussion. first establishing what this concern is, the best guess from most scientists is that the rate of global insect decline is currently one to 2 percent a year. now, so the average person that may not sound quite like a crisis, but erica, why is it that many scientists would say this is an emergency? and that's quite a lot of reasons. one of them is that this, this figure is actually from not from a very short period of time. i think david would be, i'm telling you more about this same story. but what it is important is the ultimate is dominated by and 6. so a to, to said the describe for now that is described for now using 6. so when we start

losing these, we are losing essential parts or ecosystem says everyone's now very much where the polonaise isn't, that's really important. but they recyclers, the decomposes all of these, we still getting rid of these and compressed as right. we don't know how long each of assistance can function in a healthy way. yeah. and that, that one to 2 percent a year figure. that's a count pounding rate, isn't it? so it's it, does them get worse with each passing here? uh, our next question actually comes from a youtube watcher. are there particular countries or regions most at risk? i want to ask you eliza to yeah, um, so one of the issues that we have with understanding insect decline is that a lot of the data sets that we have to be able to estimate those rates of one to 2 percent per year come from north america in europe, where we have monitoring schemes going back to, you know, the 19 sixty's 19 seventy's. but most of the insect bad versity is in the tropics

where we don't have as good to monitor and data historically. and so we have a lot of concerns that there's potential for a huge loss of fighters to be in trouble ecosystems that we don't have the monitoring data to understand that. and even with an estimate, the rate of one to 2 percent per year, that's usually coming from the best possible habitat. because when you want to have multiple decades of data, you know, 50 years or longer to estimate it 10, you're going to go to have the tests that are going to remain intact for a long period of time as opposed to areas that might be converted from natural ends to more modified systems and so there's kind of a conflict between where we have data from and where we're most concerned. i'm very certain and way regions with really high impact diversity are a concern. yeah, well well let's look at some of the. yes. go ahead a yeah, i was just gonna say it's worth remembering that the data we have tends to be quite recent with any started kind of thing. insects at the very earliest. i'm

butterflies, we started counting in the 19 seventy's. i'm and this rate of one to 2 percent. um it doesn't sign like much, but when you think the problem of these decline started much earlier than the 1970s the the, the drivers have insight decline sudden you started perhaps in the 1940s perhaps we live or not so one to 2 percent a yeah, after a to use so many turns into a really big number. yeah, it does, and it's spreading too many groups. let's look at some of those groups. we have be the beatles, butterflies and mox, fresh water insects. they are all under threats. so we're not just talking about bumblebees anymore, are we dave? no, so i do not all of those bases in by especially i don't have to, i guess that's why you mentioned the box but that he is chasing around after them. and they're really important. but we should get all focused on these, these a great, they are really important is pollinators. but erica would be the 1st to tell you,

but there are lots of other insects doing important things. and to narrow it in a way that just as valuable just as vital to us. absolutely. let's actually talk about another one of those insects that has recently gain more attention. the monarch butterfly. in march, the world wildlife fund said that their numbers dropped 22 percent in a year in their wintering habitat. our reporter manny raffle. lo, went there to see for himself it's one of the most spectacular mass migrations in the animal kingdom. monarch butterflies. millions of them arriving at their winter habitat in central mexico. of this year, the international union for the conservation of nature officially designated the migrating monarch butterfly as endangered experts say the use of pesticides along with the loss of habitat or the biggest threats of the species increased for spires and unusual weather patterns linked to climate change have also been linked to

their decline. this means protected forests like a little side of the largest butterfly sanctuary and central mexico bar of vital importance. eliza, i want to get back to, you know, some of the causes and also the consequences a little bit later. but for now, something that erica said earlier that there are potentially millions of spaces that are undescribed or for the labor isn't undiscovered. so i is it troublesome that we may be losing species faster than we can even know they exist? or? yeah, absolutely. um, no, there's an estimate of, i think it's 5500000 is our best estimate right now. how many insect pcs there are, which is kind of in the astronomical number to put it in context is about 10000 birds vc. so we're talking, you know, orders of magnitude more than 60, he's believe only describe 1500000 of them. so now there's centrally for 1000000 species that could go extinct before they're even described by western science. and

so that's a huge concern that we don't even know really what we're dealing with in some situations. yeah. but you know, people have been noticing the decline of insects in some unexpected ways. like finding fewer dead bugs flattered on their cars after long drives. and there's actual data on this in the u. k. the kids while live trust has an app that allows people to track the number of bugs found splattered on their license plate using this very sign, typically named split time that are grad. and i think there are a lot of people contributing and all this on his side though, the results have been worry some because the amount of bugs flattered, declined by 72 percent between 242021. and the study is ongoing. erica, are we seen as evidence of the insect decline in everyday life for humans? yes, um, way way. um. well i do because i study insects. i'm see, i'm seeing

a massive loss of them everywhere. i'm just and this is going to have an impact on to all. so this is the one thing that directly impacts on us, the food. yeah, you talk about the moment migration. uh, every spring in the u. k. 4000000000 hold of flies to not full 1000000000. wow. so when we start seeing adverse effects due to maybe 5 years old or other impacts of climate change or pesticides, and as far as tree impacting and then migrate we, we, we're going to suddenly see the crops have not only not got the pollinators, but a lot of these hold us life and all they consume the pets. so that's very, very important in that full way. so we're gonna have a direct impact on the quality of our food. yeah, i have read that the vast majority of human crops are paul needed by insects, and i want to bring up a picture that's on my laptop and parts of world china. i have been dealing with

this problem for a while, the loss of pollinators. so this article from huntington post is about hon. you on county known as the world's pear capital and it experienced a drastic reduction in the b population due to pesticide use that leaves humans like this man. and this woman trying to fill in on that position of pollinate, or by using brushes and the others to do the job. and then another example, people and outlines romans as pollinators. dave, i imagine that while very innovative, the solutions are probably not so efficient nor sustainable. i know it does seem really side to that. we've come to a state where we're thinking about replacing these. we bro bought drains, doesn't the, i don't want to live in that world if i'm honest. and when do you think about it? i these of been calling 18 fluwens for a 120000000 years, or verifies they really go to that. the buy degradable less self replicating,

the carbon neutral they seem to have kind of all the profit is you'd want to have a poem a to to we really think we could do better. i'm do you think of the energy, the plastics, the metals, the, the, all the materials it would need to build. we would need to build trillions of robots to, to replace the insects. it's, it's kind of, i think it's a, that's the bug cuz i did it myself. yeah. and there was a study from harvard school of public health that found already the global decline in bees. and other pollinators is stunting the yields of fruits and vegetables and knots down by 3 to 5 percent a year. so this certainly is impacting the human food supply. but i want to talk about the food chain as well in greater detail. and of course, and i just can, i just have them, but yeah, we, there are a couple of days as well. so these are a lot of these quotes, the thing why it's not just be as low as it does as the is we've taught themselves, have a better, a huge amount of but the best. so for example, chocolate,

which most of the world cries is pulling a tooth by about $25.00 species of which $23.00 of those of the tiny niches. uh, the americans call them no. see. you know that, that really, really hard to match and trying to create the drugs for that impact. it's a, it's the idea of who you are and suddenly having to pull a basis for the well, most favorite crops seems ridiculous. then people will surely wake up if they do are they are to neither chocolate. but i want to talk about this food chain because of course, we're not the only species on this planet. and basically every other living animal is doing going to depend on insects. here's another picture on my computer. this is from reuters and it shows you pretty. obviously the insects are forming the foundation of the food chain. eliza, what happens to all these animals if they no longer have insects to eat? yeah, there is a big concern that especially with a very simple burns um with uh,

infected, preferred receiving decline. it rates much steeper than birds. the other food sources such as caesar grain and this is the prostate songbirds about 90 to 96 percent of the unburdening rely on index at least for some part of their annual cycle, especially for misapplied protein for chick rearing. and there's also all sorts of other brands often think of as eating insects that, that really rely on, i mean, hummingbird, need insight to be able to raise checks. and we're seeing declined across species to rely on insects, especially like the american castro is a rafter that specializes on incense and well other rafters are increasing as a result of the sort of legislation that being d d t in his life is our after 3 back we're still seeing declines of castro's because they're losing the food source. and of course, it's not just birds. it's fast and reptiles and all sorts of other animals that rely on infection. so, you know, in this plan isn't just the index,

it's really low by diversity loss as a whole. yes, that's about the, the entire earth. so that brings us to this big question. i'll pose it to you, dave. what is behind this decline of insect? there are many drive is a sadly, so habitat last globally, which is still on game, we're still chopping down rain for us to replace. and then we saw it being failed to couple wrenches in the spread of intensive farming. and the associated heavy pesticide use is a really big issue. we manufacture by 4000000 tons of pesticides every year. many of them are insecticides designed to kill insects. so we shouldn't be entirely surprised, but insects, the declining. yeah. but then there are other issues to climate change is starting to kick in affecting my bumblebees. they ever hate light pollution? this effects not totally insects when we go problems with invasive species and so on and so on. and it's, it's the combination of these things. but it's the real problem, you know,

insights of pretty tough. they've been around for 419000000 years. it's twice as long as the oldest dinosaur, while i may survive over mass extinction events, but the when before, but neither in trouble and it's entirely done to us while can they survive us? that's the question. erica, is there such a thing as a point of no return? when enough insects die that we do see a collapse of the entire ecosystem or the think where the n 6 will suffer in the bottom 10. um, as with all the mass extinction events, they've gone before, when the driver of that extinction event is gone, the other populations found that we all the driver, i think the models the bush for it. so the be the ones who really truly gonna suffer this. we, we all the ones causing this extension. we will run out of food, we will run out to things long before all the insects die out. that is really

putting things in perspective in a very concerning way. let's talk about what can be done potentially to prevent that from happening with let's hear from vicki. heard the officer of re bugging the planet who sent us this comment from london is got to stop the intensive farming systems, the chemicals, the climate change that have a type disruption that is doing this. otherwise we, we won't be able to feed ourselves. so let's get real and acting to protect the insects. there are some governments around the world who are taking action. eliza, can you point out some of the good examples? or um yeah, so a several years ago there is a study that came out of germany that was showing this 75 percent decline in finance. at 5 estimate, german government responded very quickly and put, you know, millions of dollars of funding into studying insect decline and understanding the causes and working on conservation. and that was a really huge step for, you know, getting the global community energized about addressing this issue. and it would be

great if there are more countries following suit. yeah, i'm erica, you recently just testified before the u. k. problem and select committee on insects. what was your message to them? oh, well actually both dave and i did as well. so um, uh, um, basically to is it, there's a lot that needs doing, but there's also a lot of information already out there at a loss of the community. the was the community, especially in the u. k. who themselves are doing so much. but we, um, in terms of recording, in terms of understanding the behavior, instead of looking at the ecology knowing about the insects. and we need to gone or of this information together and make accessible in the distributed network. so everyone can globally access all of this information. i wanted to talk to about this, of course, climate changes impacting all spaces. and even in this general decline of insects, there are winners as well. they're mostly losers,

but there are some winters and that includes unfortunately, mosquitoes who thrive in warm and wet climates. and there have been numbers on how mosquito borne viruses like dang, game, aleria, cases and humans have risen as the mosquito population in the solomon islands. for example has risen. it's dave, how is this phenomenon imperiling human health? uh yeah, there are some insects that are really tough and adaptable. uh, sort of tend to be past insights, things, but insights that thrive in my made conditions. things like high flies and cockroaches and musky ties and so on, make they breed really fast. they become resistant to pesticides very quickly. i'm benefiting from a, a warming climate so that, that is kind of our name. but the majority of insects, including all the ones we love, which are really important, beneficial insights,

tend to be declining the ones we're not so fond of. the ones that give us diseases and sounds tend to be the ones that are increasing. so this is kind of double why me? i guess. oh, well, i want to talk more about what people can do. the internationally renowned chelsea flower show in london featured a wild garden in may. let's hear from the gardens designer about why this could be a model for gardeners everywhere. the same kid, i'm asking people to maybe look at ways in a different way and try and be more totaling of them because they're very good for wildlife and positive us the number of very critical sites in our history. positive as the last 45, diversity collapse is a very real set. eliza is, is that as simple as that, just let things grow and we can put a dent in solving this problem or yeah,

i would say it's not as simple as that. so that is certainly one part of the solution that i mean, tons of land in the united states and in europe is dedicated to bonds. and if we can diversify those lines, plant native flowers need a vegetation. that service is really critical. host plans and food resources for insects that we care about and then we want to attract around our homes as opposed to the past. and so you know, it's one thing that can be done, is it? no, no window sill is too small to add a. you know, a small garden but to be able to you and provide some sub over how they are necessary habitat for inside. so you know, it's part of the solution, but there also needs to be action in a much broader scale and intern of international cooperation. and policy yeah, if i could just jump into it is one of the good things here is, but pretty much everyone can get involved. you know, a lot of conservation issues. people feel helpless, rain for us being cut down or whatever. but with insight declines if you've got a back yard, if you've got even a window box grow,

some insect friendly plans don't spray them with any pesticides. and it's amazing. the bees will smith my even in the middle of a city, and at least you're doing something to help. yeah, there's another, i'm a go higher that at the other the i, we forget to same sex have. this is all those days, this juvenile stage. so as well as doing the plot just puts out some bolts, a, have a pot and something like that to encourage it. have a bit of a messy if nature nature has tools. mfc side is by goodness. it's how i do my god. i mean, i don't, i makes and loved it and we can old just to be a bit more relaxed about that. we would have them do. we need to re wild minds. i think just yes, the be a little more gentle with apps on it. yeah. what about this cute idea? comes from costa rica, be hotels, a place to allow solitary, wild bees, a safe place to go home. here's a sample of that. the

last day has k reads that benefit from this type of structure like b hotels, luminous species. and they have the majority, there are between 60700. the species in costa rica, and about 80 or 90 percent of them alone. least it means that each female makes her own nest. they do not live in calling. this kind of amber said video killing modest, i would say that the most important risk is the loss of habitats. the nice ation in agriculture which use results is fine with the nice thing places. in addition, nowadays, pesticides are affecting b a longer. alright, in the final 2 minutes of our show, i want to give you guys an opportunity to went over any nay sayers among our viewers who might still be watching and just not leaving that insects are worth saving. there's just such a bias against them among us egocentric humans. i think so. erica, why are insects so incredible to you? why should we save them?

i think i was all to go remember the insightful, incredibly beautiful, the wonders creatures and they have these amazing live. you do not have to go far to see a creature flowing in front of your eyes, a creature that is, however many times smaller than you that is still focused in, i'm speeding and floating and doing all those fun stuff to all the other animals do it but on the small scale, with so many interactions just in your god and just go and have a look. yeah. incredible. dave? yeah, i mean in, in sites have been around for very long time not much longer than us. and i think even whether or not the useful, all of them is a place to live or not because of i respect. but if i doesn't, when you eva, then we mentioned cause a chocolate earlier is dependent on and when i was calling with coughing is also okay. yeah. and yeah, well, we wouldn't have coffee either. so with the lady

a terrible, we're all very unpleasant. any advice or allies, any words of how much you admire and sex and why we should to yeah, i think it's like they're absolutely incredible. um, just the number of things that they do that we don't even notice, you know, we take insects for granted. so often because the form so many years has been services there. so essentially system function that you don't really notice that they're gone until they're no longer feeling those roles and serving and pollinators and tests and decomposing as well. and then when they go away, you start to notice and so i think that speaks volumes to how important they are to the system, not only to humans in terms of ecosystem services and also other tasks. so they rely on them. and so, you know, conserving in texas really about conserving all batteries. and i think the message certainly is spreading because there has been movements to save bees to save insects. we have another comment from a youtube water saying i'm trying to grow a little pollinate or garden in the back yard. i'm not allowed to have a beehive here, but certainly pollinators, gardens, beautiful,

and may just rescue these incredible critters. that's all for day today, but thank you and thank you to our guests. our viewers can always find us at alpha 0 dot com, the the

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in the times of the out. the phone and us the so i'm for the back to go into high with a look at all mean stories on alger 0. the crammed in says allegations from the west that it ordered the death of wagner leader. you have guinea for goshen. are an absolute lie, but spokesman dmitri best calling declined to provide a direct on so when he was asked if the carmen have confirmation of for goshen says, he's as many terry june to says the armed forces of neighboring molly and volcano fossil will intervene to support it.