johnny, to discover the roots are cruising and done, called the the oldest eric cook, but it isn't just the cookbook. it's parked, recipes, and par socio cultural mix. flo, how prominent vega broke his passion for food with him from baghdad to southern spain on challenges are well the 1st of a 3 part series presents 21st century dishes derived from 1000 years old arab recipes flavors of the our golden age on elders era could sell so don, slipping to another civil war, fight thing in the northeast, is endangering already french all power sharing agreements with the war on getting a neighboring saddam with a new conflict himself. so don means the reach of this is inside the hello cadillac james phase of front you all power sharing agreement in the world's

youngest nation is being threatened by an upsurge in volumes south. so don's presidents, silva, curious as the army, is being attacked by on groups linked to his vice president grant with shaw the 2 or on the opposing sides of a 5 year civil war. before agreeing to rule together in 2018, the violence has been contained to the i'll put no state region unarmed group took control of the city of marcia, and is exchanged heavy weapons file with government troops. it's on clear who started the fighting. a general is among those killed and un peacekeepers of also being attacked and the capital t, as all the troops to surround the shops, home ministers and officials allied with him. i've also been detained. key is from the think the ethnic group, my shaw is a new uh, the president has a just the public to stay out to the fighting. this fee is gro, ethnic violence may escalate to you.

i am said that our country will not go back to it. though i didn't know who the south. so don has had a brief but to evident history. shortly after gaining independence of the country to send it into civil war. in 201-340-0000 people were killed. the conflict ended in 2018 with sell the kid rick, my shaw entering into a power sharing agreement. under the deal, the 2 factions was supposed to merge into a single national constitution was to be written and elections held. but none of those things have happened in recent years. the civil war a neighboring saddam is also, i bought more instability,

south it onto all the exports, have been completely halted of the major pipelines were disrupted. we'll go to a panel of guess to discuss this further in a moment, but 1st let's speak to nicholas heis and he's the un special representative for south sit down. he joins us frontier, but thank you very much for joining us on inside story. a simple but very worrying . question for you. how close is south saddam to another civil war? the principal can say, hey, really, back into conflict. we think would be catastrophic. entered, certainly be rim addition to the conflict. and the 2 civil wars they've had since their independence in 2011 and more to the region

which has enough floors and grab a junior as we speak, as you know, better than anyone else. there are all sorts of political groupings in south to dawn, but there are 2 main factions, one linked to the president, one linked to the vice president who is to blame for the color, color, and breakdown. we would probably receive those warranties just being responsible for the edge collection of changing and we are all together with the apartment is the mastery. can you me and he knows we have been touring for discrimination the attention of course on car um during that if the attention would you purchased, it wouldn't begin to be uh, this tension very or of the peace agreement which currently has been people more and is in peace for the last 10 years. your site, people in peace for about 10 years. but it's not

a very pleasant life for most people in south sit on and frankly humanitarian conditions without a fresh conflict, i'm pretty desperate on. but the legal furniture to the situation here is the perfect storm. you know, there was demonstrating trudge over a 1000000 people have come, have structure, but to contract, inch to job. that's the neighboring country. a, the, there's been around french inflection. there is real poetry in the country and show entering from the vice chunk of extensions, whether it has to deal during damage to the issues such as making piece to you refer to the wall in the noise that devastating conflict in a suit. um, how much is this a result of the spillover from that? because the oil from the pipeline was the main results, the main money coming into south saddam. and i've seen some analysts say that

actually the corruption and the spoils from the oil was the glue that was keeping the country to go use the rushing from the electric water even use a to, to show, to go around the pressure version of conflict. and the kid is something we believe the principal financial strain coders can deal with and we get an order in a way, in new ways. but the number library extension for some time being on the, on the lead is to exercise restraint. ventercore up on the phone numbers to exercise restraint. you are, i hope you don't mind me saying a veteran, un official, you've led you an operations in iraq, afghanistan, somalia, you probably know a failed state if you see one is so sit on a failed state. now,

my report interest straight because i would want to believe it as a potential to create and to to create the conditions. much debility in democracy is need is for to demonstrate the nation. should we need to ship required to, to ship and country in that direction. and that would require the leaders to work together to build a college of trust. there is a prerequisite for referring to pc we but those leaders have not done not. you've had a peace agreement, supposedly since to a 2018, but coming out with the constitution coming up with the elections unifying the army . none of those key things have happened during the last 7 years. and you have the to same man at the top of south to don who being the since the countries

independence is time for a new political generation. i'm full, these 2 men to step a side i think we would have to go to the 2 people concerned that i think the country as a whole rest are creating conditions for the lease in cash to create a exchange common purpose funding for that plan. a coming nation, good to to make clear priorities and to create, to foundation of a new stage. you had a role in southern saddam, before it was even south saddam. you weren't one of those involved in the mediation in the peace process that led up to independence in 2011. those were exciting days. as you look back and look with things have gone. now,

what is your reflection on how badly things have gone wrong? location to stage originally and profound change. well disappointment because james, you remember, so i have students when she was on the new chicago and was greeted and you know, she just failed to live up to the arms. richard schneider understand its packaging support is facing. the project should have structure drawn. nicholas hayes some special representative for the un set country general and head of the un mission in south saddam assigned to you for joining us. thank you. well, let's go now to our other guests today. joining us on the panel from nairobi. i don't both. well, international crisis groups project direct to for the whole of africa. i'm from rome. we have now go out to the pool, who is south so,

so saucer done research at human rights watch. thank you both for talking to us. now, what can i start with you? you heard the you ends top now i'm the heads of the un mission on miss, which has about 14000 peacekeepers in the country saying his principal concern is civil war. he said they are on the precipice. do you believe that's the situation? and it's also known as the best base because the situation is nasir. you cannot be right in nice solution. there are many other trigger points, many other flesh points in the country. not there is just one of the latest that we have seen since the beginning of the year. um, what we are witnessing and nasir has had a devastating impact on civilians because since constructs the, renewed in the february, thousands of civilians slept at homes and are in desperate conditions without access to health, without food, without access to drinking water. and you know,

it's not set up another much of thoughts don't, has to be facing as you went to the crisis into the color of break. so you, the situation continues, of the consequences for computers will be quite, quite dire. but even then at the beginning, in february we solve the use of heavy weapons. we ought to be heavy weaponry. want to shells and shooting strikes. i'm going to, um, the governor said it was a i o positions, but also civilian severe areas was worship. and i think about tends to be as well, were killed. and i think a un peacekeeping was injured in um, in the february. and also last week to us staffers along with many others lost their lives. so no sir is just one issue right now. insults and on, but there are other areas of concern including west of western be put to re away

the last many weeks that have been cashed as the have displaced thousands to be useful. the holes. there's also other areas including south and central equal to yeah. where the government has continued accounting, such as to compete with the national salvation font, which is not potty to a piece deal. so there is significant concerns that this little flash point might you need to to this. it is not handled well. if the, if there's no of, if there's no disconnection, that consequences, especially in this situation where thoughts about has been moving from one emergency to another in a very unstable region. dr. situation group escalate, supposed to be, it's all on the i good that just gave us a quite a good summary of the flash points around the country. in addition to that arrest taking place in the capital, juba, you heard the, you and special representative nicholas heis. i'm saying both sides are responsible

. how do you see it? who is responsible for the current spock in violence? i won't even talk about both sides themselves to them. but um, as you also mentioned, your interview with, with he some of the other major players here is the world's you dan. um if you can call a player as well. so i think, you know me, this is power steering government in south sudan has always had a lot of problems. there's been ongoing tension. the 1st vice president who was previously the rebel leader. we are going to charge, you know, he's surrounded by president tiers forces into bar, which is obviously a tense situation as it is. we have lots of escalation and various points within the past few years. i think what makes this time difference is the amount of pressure the war on sudan is putting on the political system on south sudan, both in terms of a lost revenue, but also in terms of the conflict itself, which is now very much raging on south syrians. border and a very, very polarized regional environment. and would you have some countries supporting

one side, some countries the other and it's just getting very difficult for solved data which is very fragile. very weak has all these visitors within it. it's getting, it's getting what we're, what we're really worried about is basically if you have a political crisis, you have a security crisis that this could merge with the warrants to dan and, and, and grow quite b. yeah. what can you take up that point about the war in the much bigger northern name? the seem to be 2 things that the, the, the double refugees. some had fled to saddam from south saddam. but coming back again and other refugees coming from. so dawn and also the economy and the, the shutting down i'll see is normal pricing any way of the oil pipeline? well, the fault is because we have a 1000000 people that have fled. uh, this is donald moore, the, to subsidize. and this since 2023 has really excited to be to it already has

created a huge stress on this, you materials up to insults and on those who are coming to coming back to coming to subsidize majority. and so majority of the subsidies return these who have fled multiple times. this last house with offices done, and many of them had to feedback. but there are lots of also many cities who have fled to south to don. and you and have multiple of the other products in the region . and so we're seeing that the conflicting institute on which human rights watch, you know, it has to be documenting since the beginning and human rights, which has been called for the protection of sympathy and mandates. as well as for the awesome, the green dot for to be extended across the whole country. and so if the conflict in saddam is not in dress and you know, so don, insulted on despite the separation, have continued to be attached at the hip because of many issues socially but

politically and people are only coming. and so it is not a wild guess that as the continued as the conflict into the dog continues. and it also makes the boldest pores, the possibility of flowing between the 2 countries. very easy as well. so it creates a much more 10 situation insulted on. and now what we're saying, you know, uh, what's also very concerning and you know, reminds us of events of 2013 and the peer to south dogs. what is the rest or key? what positions me does and that's right by the security service to continue this arrest. and so in spite of the fact that the president has actually called this arrest continue and the detection, all key does continues, arbitrary detections, not charge due process. and then this in itself is, is

a word important, a loan. i believe you were a journalist 14 years ago at the time of independence and covered the situation in south sea dawn. i mean, it was a very big picture, wasn't it? at the time, this is a country with an oil rich is it has a timber minerals. if it has a live stock, it can export what's gone wrong. well, you need more than oil revenue to build the country. i would say in, in fact having oil revenue when you haven't decided how to share that oil revenue or have any institutions to manage it, might that actually make the thing worse? so i think, you know, like you said, i was around at the time i tried asking a lot of these questions. um uh saying how were we so sure this will go right. there's a lot of signs and we'll go very wrongly. and what i found at the time is that people basically had over confidence that we know how to build a nation that we know how to build

a state. and i think some of that filter down to south needs a lead. unfortunately, where they, where they felt like, you know, with the international support, they were going that uh, you know, that they didn't have to think too seriously about some of these matters include, you know, and in the meanwhile they just fell into civil war instead. and they basically have a scramble, a sort of king of the hill scramble for controlling this, this oil revenue. and how many people calls out to be in the most corrupt country on the planet. which, which, you know is what happens when you have a joint part of oil money, no institutions and no political settlement about how to, to govern the country. so i think there's a lot of blaine to be shared among many. i also think frankly, something like this probably wouldn't happen nowadays where there's, you know, it was an error in which people still believed in nation building and state buildings to a degree that i think uh, you know, now now is no longer there. a nag. well, if we looked at case, of course, after independence, it's suggested on became a completely separate country. but there is, it seems a little bit of

a sad symmetry between what has happened in saddam and south saddam certainly in. so dom a will that's tied very much to, to man, let me ask you about the situation in south dawn. how much does it come down to these 2 liters? well, given that they have dominated the political scene of the 2 readers, i know the obvious signatories to the peace deal, then not the only stakeholders to the p sacraments. we also forgot to forget that civil society, women leaders, academics oversold the signing of these piece agreements and why we tend to focus on the 2 main principles who have shaped, you know, the political see, you know, south dog for, you know, since 2005 out of the tassels. yeah, john graham. and there are also a lot of the stakeholders involved of the african union in the u. n. e. got in

various doing this and who are involved in this piece process takes about holding these processes to this individuals to account. but also about ensuring that such a, a mechanisms that have been put in place such as an undergo such as sections and travel bonds that the vision, you know, implement some of these mechanisms that have been put in place. and that there are processes to was ensuring accountability for the many horrendous for richard crime . so we have documented in many others have documented says country copy 2013. so at the end of the day, yes, which are in kia, unprecedented kia uh, fox, but the are seem to be the, you know, the 2 people that hold much of the interest insults a dog, but as many singles besides the active, this will, will tell you the country is bigger and the future belongs to many subsidies.

yeah, good. just to be clear, the one that point you were making about crimes being committed and these being the 2 man who's being in charge and, and they've been puting against each other for so long. what's the position of human rights? what should these 2 men actually be? facing charges in because she, when drives of uses serious crimes have been committed, said where there is command responsibility of individuals who are responsible for the serious crimes should be facing trials. and if there is evidence spinning up to the to top men in to do for crimes committed by that respect to false is then that should be accountability to what's the precedent as well as to what's vice president, the 1st vice president which are all and what's your view on these 2 leaders, i mean, would you agree that the time has come from both to leave the stage,

but the only way that might happen was if there was a deal that would lead to an election. and of course, there was a, there was a plan in 2018 that was supposed to even be elections at the end of last year. and this is a country that's never had elections. that yeah, correct. uh, since it depended since 2011 south sudan has never managed to hold elections. i might say the uh political uh, docking right now 12, but is no longer about elections. it's more about uh, president kia and um his succession. um, i think the general view is that there will probably not be elections or least cure will probably not step down a while he is still alive. and so a lot of the jockey now i'm on the south. we political lead is basically what happens, you know, what happens when our present carrier is no longer around. essentially what that means for, for react much are so i mean, we might see a situation where these, you know, where, where these 2 men continue to hold south sedan. um, you know,

for as long as the hostage in a sense for as long as they can. but i will say, i mean, we talked about these 2 men, but they both hold together respective political coalitions. and even when they're gone and you know, it's out to be as likely to still face many of the problems unless they can sit down and essentially do what they should have done before. and dependents would just sit down and have a proper national discussion about what power in the country looks like. what you know, how they will structure the country, how well revenue will be spend, etc. and they just didn't do that before their independence and no one meet them. now what you mentioned earlier on the international and regional actors in all of this. there are lots of them. mr. hastens united nations, the force. he leads 14000 peacekeepers. he has on the ground, you have the african union involved, you have the regional grouping. e got, do you have the european union? you have what's known as the troy cut, which is 3 countries that were involved from before the time of independence. no way the us and the u. k. has the international community got to accept some blame

for the mass that is self. sit on. yeah, absolutely. you know as much as thoughts and these leaders, you know, uh, take, uh, you know, shoes. uh, get a lot of lean uh for the suffering that has been important on subsidies. that is a lot more of the reach an international community can do. and if you are to look back, of course, hindsight is a beautiful thing. but if you look back in the last 2 years that have been missteps as well. um, chief of which, you know, as human rights watch, we have been advocating for the establishment of a hybrid court that would, that would try investigate and try individuals who are responsible for the most serious of abuses. this costs which dr. communion has, you know, pop establishment has not been established dates. when you look at the regional ne

bus at the regional player, since i'm on sandburg, who was established in 2018. they have found ways to ensure you know, to, to where this off and who has been violated, including with, you know, the participation of regional access and regional plans will facilitate said, you know, the transfer of weapons and other issues as well. there's also calling things what the are of costs. we're seeing a flurry of each national and you know, we have to give credit as well. the, the statements of being made a very strong statement, judging for the solution. that's a good step. but this needs to be sustained. and the key to let allan, we've talked about international attention, one country that's pulling out its people from a jew, but diplomats and others is the us. the us was one of the most in susie asked that countries in the creation of south to dom,

yet the us under the trump administration, has all sorts of cots is the us doing what it should given the us is role throughout the early days of saddam is playing is pop. now. how do you know, do you guys played a major role on south c downs independence? i think, you know, most within the region and, and south to down. i mean, many, basically credited the us with securing south to dans independence and us as more or less washed his hands of south to day. and i would say for quite a number of years now, i think, you know, what was the end of the trump administration is an even greater, a step back as well. so, i mean, you know, in terms of countries who are really still involved and can make a difference, we're mostly looking at african states, especially neighboring regional countries. kenya, ethiopia, south africa is still a major player when it comes to de, escalating this current crisis,

trying to prevent the full out. so the words, it's those places as well as the ongoing un mission that people are going to be, are going to be looking at to, to try and help uh, resolve this or at least mitigated. thank you very much and thank you to both august today and then both well on the go to full and nicholas heisen who joined us earlier. if you didn't catch all of the conversation, no problem, you can watch it again. any time you want on our website, which is 0, don't com. what should we discuss next time? your thoughts on suggestions are welcome. go to a facebook page. that's facebook dot com, forward slash a j inside story. or use x or handle is at a inside story. i'll be back in this chair every soon to learn from you james face and all the team here in doha space safe and well bye. for now, the not on al jazeera from trade was to seismic shift to us policy on garza and ukraine

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